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Chen Y, Zhang X, Ma M, Zhuang Y, Chang L, Xiao L, Wang G. Extracellular Compounds from Pathogenic Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas piscicida X-8 Cause Bleaching Disease, Triggering Active Defense Responses in Commercially Farmed Saccharina japonica. Biology (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36671739 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria can trigger active defense responses in higher plants, leading to hypersensitive programmed cell death (PCD) to against those bacteria. However, related research on seaweeds is very limited. Pseudoalteromonas piscicida X-8 (PpX-8) has been identified as the pathogen that causes bleaching disease in commercially farmed Saccharina japonica. In this study, using an inoculation assay and microscopic observations, we found that the proportion of bleaching tissue pieces inoculated with PpX-8 extracellular compounds was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that inoculated with heated extracellular compounds, indicating that the virulence factors of PpX-8 exist in extracellular compounds and they are heat-sensitive. Using TEM, we observed typical morphological characteristics of PCD after inoculation with extracellular compounds, including chloroplast shrinkage, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and intact mitochondrial structures. Moreover, we detected biochemical characteristics of PCD, such as 3′-OH ends resulting from DNA cleavage and caspase-3-like enzymatic activity, using a TUNEL assay and fluorescence staining. Therefore, PpX-8 extracellular compounds can induce PCD, thus triggering active defense responses in S. japonica. These results indicate that seaweeds and higher plants are conservative in their active defense responses against pathogenic bacteria. The results of this study lay the foundation for further investigation of the virulence mechanisms of PpX-8.
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Zhang D, Liu T, Sheng J, Lv S, Ren L. TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Physiological Regulatory Networks of Embryo Dehydration Protection in Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera). Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:792057. [PMID: 34975978 PMCID: PMC8718645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.792057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lotus is an aquatic plant that is sensitive to water loss, but its seeds are longevous after seed embryo dehydration and maturation. The great difference between the responses of vegetative organs and seeds to dehydration is related to the special protective mechanism in embryos. In this study, tandem mass tags (TMT)-labeled proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) technologies were used to obtain novel insights into the physiological regulatory networks during lotus seed dehydration process. Totally, 60,266 secondary spectra and 32,093 unique peptides were detected. A total of 5,477 proteins and 815 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified based on TMT data. Of these, 582 DEPs were continuously downregulated and 228 proteins were significantly up-regulated during the whole dehydration process. Bioinformatics and protein-protein interaction network analyses indicated that carbohydrate metabolism (including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, galactose, starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and cell wall organization), protein processing in ER, DNA repair, and antioxidative events had positive responses to lotus embryo dehydration. On the contrary, energy metabolism (metabolic pathway, photosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis) and secondary metabolism (terpenoid backbone, steroid, flavonoid biosynthesis) gradually become static status during lotus embryo water loss and maturation. Furthermore, non-enzymatic antioxidants and pentose phosphate pathway play major roles in antioxidant protection during dehydration process in lotus embryo. Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and the accumulation of oligosaccharides, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, and heat shock proteins may be the key factors to ensure the continuous dehydration and storage tolerance of lotus seed embryo. Stress physiology detection showed that H2O2 was the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) component inducing oxidative stress damage, and glutathione and vitamin E acted as the major antioxidant to maintain the REDOX balance of lotus embryo during the dehydration process. These results provide new insights to reveal the physiological regulatory networks of the protective mechanism of embryo dehydration in lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangyuan Sheng
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lv
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ren
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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3
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Kobylińska A, Posmyk MM. Melatonin Protects Tobacco Suspension Cells against Pb-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13368. [PMID: 34948164 PMCID: PMC8703733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that melatonin is an important molecule in plant physiology. It seems that the most important is that melatonin effectively eliminates oxidative stress (direct and indirect antioxidant) and switches on different defence strategies (preventive and interventive actions) during environmental stresses. In the presented report, exogenous melatonin potential to protect Nicotiana tabacum L. line Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) exposed to lead against death was examined. Analyses of cell proliferation and viability, the level of intracellular calcium, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as well as possible translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and subsequent caspase-like proteolytic activity were conducted. Our results indicate that pretreatment BY-2 with melatonin protected tobacco cells against mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-like activation caused by lead. The findings suggest the possible role of this indoleamine in the molecular mechanism of mitochondria, safeguarding against potential collapse and cytochrome c release. Thus, it seems that applied melatonin acted as an effective factor, promoting survival and increasing plant tolerance to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Maria Posmyk
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
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Chaban IA, Gulevich AA, Smirnova EA, Baranova EN. Morphological and Ultrastructural Features of Formation of the Skin of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Kernel. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112538. [PMID: 34834901 PMCID: PMC8624426 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The integumentary tissues of plant seeds protect the embryo (new sporophyte) forming in them from unfavorable external conditions; therefore, comprehensive knowledge about the structural and functional specificity of seed covers in various plants may be of both theoretical and practical interest. As a result of our study, additional data were obtained on the morphological and ultrastructural features of the formation of a multilayer skin of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernel (caryopsis). The ultrastructure research analysis showed that differentiation of the pericarp and inner integument of the ovule leads to the formation of functionally different layers of the skin of mature wheat grain. Thus, the differentiation of exocarp and endocarp cells is accompanied by a significant thickening of the cell walls, which reliably protect the ovule from adverse external conditions. The cells of the two-layer inner integument of the ovule differentiate into cuticular and phenolic layers, which are critical for protecting daughter tissues from various pathogens. The epidermis of the nucellus turns into a layer of mucilage, which apparently helps to maintain the water balance of the seed. Morphological and ultrastructural data showed that the formation of the kernel's skin occurs in coordination with the development of the embryo and endosperm up to the full maturity of the kernel. This is evidenced by the structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus, characteristic of metabolically active protoplasts of cells, which is observed in most integumentary layers at the late stages of maturation. This activity can also be confirmed by a significant increase in the thickness of the cell walls in the cells of two layers of the exocarp and in cross cells in comparison with the earlier stages. Based on these results, we came to the conclusion that the cells of a majority in the covering tissues of the wheat kernel during its ontogenesis are transformed into specialized layers of the skin by terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (E.N.B.); Tel.: +7-(903)-6245971 (E.N.B.)
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena A. Smirnova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- Plant Protection Laboratory, N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (E.N.B.); Tel.: +7-(903)-6245971 (E.N.B.)
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Saada S, Solomon CU, Drea S. Programmed Cell Death in Developing Brachypodium distachyon Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169086. [PMID: 34445790 PMCID: PMC8396479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal developmental sequence in a grass grain entails the death of several maternal and filial tissues in a genetically regulated process termed programmed cell death (PCD). The progression and molecular aspects of PCD in developing grains have been reported for domesticated species such as barley, rice, maize and wheat. Here, we report a detailed investigation of PCD in the developing grain of the wild model species Brachypodium distachyon. We detected PCD in developing Brachypodium grains using molecular and histological approaches. We also identified in Brachypodium the orthologs of protease genes known to contribute to grain PCD and surveyed their expression. We found that, similar to cereals, PCD in the Brachypodium nucellus occurs in a centrifugal pattern following anthesis. However, compared to cereals, the rate of post-mortem clearance in the Brachypodium nucellus is slower. However, compared to wheat and barley, mesocarp PCD in Brachypodium proceeds more rapidly in lateral cells. Remarkably, Brachypodium mesocarp PCD is not coordinated with endosperm development. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that barley and wheat possess more vacuolar processing enzymes that drive nucellar PCD compared to Brachypodium and rice. Our expression analysis highlighted putative grain-specific PCD proteases in Brachypodium. Combined with existing knowledge on grain PCD, our study suggests that the rate of nucellar PCD moderates grain size and that the pattern of mesocarp PCD influences grain shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Saada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Charles Ugochukwu Solomon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, Uturu PMB 2000, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (S.S.); (S.D.)
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Zhang S, Ghatak A, Bazargani MM, Bajaj P, Varshney RK, Chaturvedi P, Jiang D, Weckwerth W. Spatial distribution of proteins and metabolites in developing wheat grain and their differential regulatory response during the grain filling process. Plant J 2021; 107:669-687. [PMID: 34227164 PMCID: PMC9291999 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grain filling and grain development are essential biological processes in the plant's life cycle, eventually contributing to the final seed yield and quality in all cereal crops. Studies of how the different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain components contribute to the overall development of the seed are very scarce. We performed a proteomics and metabolomics analysis in four different developing components of the wheat grain (seed coat, embryo, endosperm, and cavity fluid) to characterize molecular processes during early and late grain development. In-gel shotgun proteomics analysis at 12, 15, 20, and 26 days after anthesis (DAA) revealed 15 484 identified and quantified proteins, out of which 410 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the seed coat, 815 in the embryo, 372 in the endosperm, and 492 in the cavity fluid. The abundance of selected protein candidates revealed spatially and temporally resolved protein functions associated with development and grain filling. Multiple wheat protein isoforms involved in starch synthesis such as sucrose synthases, starch phosphorylase, granule-bound and soluble starch synthase, pyruvate phosphate dikinase, 14-3-3 proteins as well as sugar precursors undergo a major tissue-dependent change in abundance during wheat grain development suggesting an intimate interplay of starch biosynthesis control. Different isoforms of the protein disulfide isomerase family as well as glutamine levels, both involved in the glutenin macropolymer pattern, showed distinct spatial and temporal abundance, revealing their specific role as indicators of wheat gluten quality. Proteins binned into the functional category of cell growth/division and protein synthesis/degradation were more abundant in the early stages (12 and 15 DAA). At the metabolome level all tissues and especially the cavity fluid showed highly distinct metabolite profiles. The tissue-specific data are integrated with biochemical networks to generate a comprehensive map of molecular processes during grain filling and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyMolecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS)University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyMolecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS)University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | | | - Prasad Bajaj
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Systems BiologyInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad502324India
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Systems BiologyInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad502324India
- State Agricultural Biotechnology CentreCentre for Crop and Food InnovationMurdoch UniversityMurdochWA6150Australia
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyMolecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS)University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop EcophysiologyMinistry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyMolecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS)University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME)University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
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7
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Zhou LL, Gao KY, Cheng LS, Wang YL, Cheng YK, Xu QT, Deng XY, Li JW, Mei FZ, Zhou ZQ. Short-term waterlogging-induced autophagy in root cells of wheat can inhibit programmed cell death. Protoplasma 2021; 258:891-904. [PMID: 33486619 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic components in eukaryotes. In wheat, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates programmed cell death (PCD) is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that short-term waterlogging-induced autophagy inhibited PCD in root cells of wheat. The waterlogging-tolerant wheat cultivar Huamai 8 and the waterlogging-sensitive wheat cultivar Huamai 9 were used as experimental materials, and their roots were waterlogged for 0-48 h. Waterlogging stress increased the number of autophagic structures, the expression levels of autophagy-related genes (TaATG), and the occurrence of PCD in root cells. PCD manifested as morphological changes in the cell nucleus, significant enhancement of DNA laddering bands, and increases in caspase-like protease activity and the expression levels of metacaspase genes. The autophagy promoter rapamycin (RAPA) reduced PCD levels, whereas the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) enhanced them. The expression levels of TaATG genes and the number of autophagic structures were lower in cortex cells than in stele cells, but the levels of PCD were higher in cortex cells. The number of autophagic structures was greater in Huamai 8 than in Huamai 9, but the levels of PCD were lower. In summary, our results showed that short-term waterlogging induced autophagy which could inhibit PCD. Mechanisms of response to waterlogging stress differed between cortex and stele cells and between two wheat cultivars of contrasting waterlogging tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lang Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Kai-Yue Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Sha Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yue-Li Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Keng Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiu-Tao Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Deng
- College of Food and Biological Science and Technology, Wuhan Institute of Design and Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ji-Wei Li
- College of Food and Biological Science and Technology, Wuhan Institute of Design and Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fang-Zhu Mei
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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8
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Nowicka A, Sahu PP, Kovacik M, Weigt D, Tokarz B, Krugman T, Pecinka A. Endopolyploidy Variation in Wild Barley Seeds across Environmental Gradients in Israel. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:711. [PMID: 34068721 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild barley is abundant, occupying large diversity of sites, ranging from the northern mesic Mediterranean meadows to the southern xeric deserts in Israel. This is also reflected in its wide phenotypic heterogeneity. We investigated the dynamics of DNA content changes in seed tissues in ten wild barley accessions that originated from an environmental gradient in Israel. The flow cytometric measurements were done from the time shortly after pollination up to the dry seeds. We show variation in mitotic cell cycle and endoreduplication dynamics in both diploid seed tissues (represented by seed maternal tissues and embryo) and in the triploid endosperm. We found that wild barley accessions collected at harsher xeric environmental conditions produce higher proportion of endoreduplicated nuclei in endosperm tissues. Also, a comparison of wild and cultivated barley strains revealed a higher endopolyploidy level in the endosperm of wild barley, that is accompanied by temporal changes in the timing of the major developmental phases. In summary, we present a new direction of research focusing on connecting spatiotemporal patterns of endoreduplication in barley seeds and possibly buffering for stress conditions.
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9
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Suleman M, Ma M, Ge G, Hua D, Li H. The role of alternative oxidase in plant hypersensitive response. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:415-419. [PMID: 33480175 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of plants is crucial in defining the fate of a plant cell during plant-pathogen interactions. This response is often accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction leading to the death of a plant cell and restricted pathogen growth. Plant mitochondria, in this case, play a key role by maintaining a balance between cell respiration and reactive oxygen species formation. One of the key features of the hypersensitive response is the shift of the normal plant respiratory pathway to a special 'alternative' pathway. Plants contain an enzyme, alternative oxidase, for maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the cell. This energy dissipating respiration provides a branch in normal respiration by using ubiquinone to form water and heat, thus maintaining the energy status of the cell. Alternative oxidase is thought to minimize production of reactive oxygen species and can also function in 'anti-apoptotic' machinery in plant cells. In this mini review, we briefly describe the alternative respiratory pathway and explain the role of alternative oxidase in important cellular processes, such as programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suleman
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - M Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - G Ge
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - D Hua
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Li
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Radchuk V, Tran V, Hilo A, Muszynska A, Gündel A, Wagner S, Fuchs J, Hensel G, Ortleb S, Munz E, Rolletschek H, Borisjuk L. Grain filling in barley relies on developmentally controlled programmed cell death. Commun Biol 2021; 4:428. [PMID: 33785858 PMCID: PMC8009944 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains contribute substantially to the human diet. The maternal plant provides the carbohydrate and nitrogen sources deposited in the endosperm, but the basis for their spatial allocation during the grain filling process is obscure. Here, vacuolar processing enzymes have been shown to both mediate programmed cell death (PCD) in the maternal tissues of a barley grain and influence the delivery of assimilate to the endosperm. The proposed centrality of PCD has implications for cereal crop improvement. Radchuk et al. report on the role of vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) in mediating programmed cell death (PCD) in the maternal tissues of a barley grain and influencing the delivery of assimilate to the endosperm. This study presents a means of increasing the efficiency of the grain filling process in the major cereal crop species by manipulating the timing of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany.
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Alexander Hilo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Muszynska
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Andre Gündel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany.
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Nowicka A, Kovacik M, Tokarz B, Vrána J, Zhang Y, Weigt D, Doležel J, Pecinka A. Dynamics of endoreduplication in developing barley seeds. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:268-282. [PMID: 33005935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues (including seed coats and pericarp) nested inside one another. Cereal grains represent a special type of seeds, with the largest part formed by the endosperm, a specialized triploid tissue ensuring embryo protection and nourishment. We investigated dynamic changes in DNA content in three of the major seed tissues from the time of pollination up to the dry seed. We show that the cell cycle is under strict developmental control in different seed compartments. After an initial wave of active cell division, cells switch to endocycle and most endoreduplication events are observed in the endosperm and seed maternal tissues. Using different barley cultivars, we show that there is natural variation in the kinetics of this process. During the terminal stages of seed development, specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nuclei occurs in the endosperm. This is accompanied by reduced stability of the nuclear genome, progressive loss of cell viability, and finally programmed cell death. In summary, our study shows that endopolyploidization and cell death are linked phenomena that frame barley grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowicka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- The Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martin Kovacik
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Tokarz
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Research School Biology (RSB), University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Dorota Weigt
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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12
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Wilkinson LG, Yang X, Burton RA, Würschum T, Tucker MR. Natural Variation in Ovule Morphology Is Influenced by Multiple Tissues and Impacts Downstream Grain Development in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1374. [PMID: 31737006 PMCID: PMC6834768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ovule plays a critical role in cereal yield as it is the site of fertilization and the progenitor of the grain. The ovule primordium is generally comprised of three domains, the funiculus, chalaza, and nucellus, which give rise to distinct tissues including the integuments, nucellar projection, and embryo sac. The size and arrangement of these domains varies significantly between model eudicots, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and agriculturally important monocotyledonous cereal species, such as Hordeum vulgare (barley). However, the amount of variation in ovule development among genotypes of a single species, and its functional significance, remains unclear. To address this, wholemount clearing was used to examine the details of ovule development in barley. Nine sporophytic and gametophytic features were examined at ovule maturity in a panel of 150 European two-row spring barley genotypes, and compared with grain traits from the preceding and same generation. Correlations were identified between ovule traits and features of grain they produced, which in general highlighted a negative correlation between nucellus area, ovule area, and grain weight. We speculate that the amount of ovule tissue, particularly the size of the nucellus, may affect the timing of maternal resource allocation to the fertilized embryo sac, thereby influencing subsequent grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Tobias Würschum
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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13
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Radchuk V, Sharma R, Potokina E, Radchuk R, Weier D, Munz E, Schreiber M, Mascher M, Stein N, Wicker T, Kilian B, Borisjuk L. The highly divergent Jekyll genes, required for sexual reproduction, are lineage specific for the related grass tribes Triticeae and Bromeae. Plant J 2019; 98:961-974. [PMID: 31021020 PMCID: PMC6851964 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetically related groups of species contain lineage-specific genes that exhibit no sequence similarity to any genes outside the lineage. We describe here that the Jekyll gene, required for sexual reproduction, exists in two much diverged allelic variants, Jek1 and Jek3. Despite low similarity, the Jek1 and Jek3 proteins share identical signal peptides, conserved cysteine positions and direct repeats. The Jek1/Jek3 sequences are located at the same chromosomal locus and inherited in a monogenic Mendelian fashion. Jek3 has a similar expression as Jek1 and complements the Jek1 function in Jek1-deficient plants. Jek1 and Jek3 allelic variants were almost equally distributed in a collection of 485 wild and domesticated barley accessions. All domesticated barleys harboring the Jek1 allele belong to single haplotype J1-H1 indicating a genetic bottleneck during domestication. Domesticated barleys harboring the Jek3 allele consisted of three haplotypes. Jekyll-like sequences were found only in species of the closely related tribes Bromeae and Triticeae but not in other Poaceae. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging revealed intrinsic grain structure in Triticeae and Bromeae, associated with the Jekyll function. The emergence of Jekyll suggests its role in the separation of the Bromeae and Triticeae lineages within the Poaceae and identifies the Jekyll genes as lineage-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
- Present address:
Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Elena Potokina
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)St. Petersburg190000Russian Federation
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics 5University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
- Present address:
Global Crop Diversity Trust53113BonnGermany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz‐Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)06466GaterslebenGermany
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14
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Abstract
Plant proteomes contain hundreds of proteases divided into different families based on evolutionary and functional relationship. In particular, plant cysteine proteases of the C1 (papain-like) and C13 (legumain-like) families play key roles in many physiological processes. The legumain-like proteases, also called vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), perform a multifunctional role in different plant organs and during different stages of plant development and death. VPEs are similar to animal caspases, and although caspase activity was identified in plants almost 40 years ago, there still remains much research to be done to gain a complete understanding of their various roles and functions in plants. Here we not only summarize the current existing knowledge of plant VPEs, including recent developments in the field, but also highlight the future prospective areas to be investigated to obtain a more detailed understanding of the role of VPEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend Juan Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Cullis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Karl J. Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Buono RA, Hudecek R, Nowack MK. Plant proteases during developmental programmed cell death. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:2097-2112. [PMID: 30793182 PMCID: PMC7612330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are among the key regulators of most forms of programmed cell death (PCD) in animals. Many PCD processes have also been associated with protease expression or activation in plants, However, functional evidence for the roles and actual modes of action of plant proteases in PCD remains surprisingly limited. In this review, we provide an update on protease involvement in the context of developmentally regulated plant PCD. To illustrate the diversity of protease functions, we focus on several prominent developmental PCD processes, including xylem and tapetum maturation, suspensor elimination, endosperm degradation, and seed coat formation, as well as plant senescence processes. Despite the substantial advances in the field, protease functions are often only correlatively linked to developmental PCD, and the specific molecular roles of proteases in many developmental PCD processes remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrade Buono
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudecek
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
Flowering plants display a large spectrum of seed architectures. The volume ratio of maternal versus zygotic seed tissues changes considerably among species and underlies different nutrient-storing strategies. Such diversity arose through the evolution of cell elimination programs that regulate the relative growth of one tissue over another to become the major storage compartment. The elimination of the nucellus maternal tissue is regulated by developmental programs that marked the origin of angiosperms and outlined the most ancient seed architectures. This review focuses on such a defining mechanism for seed evolution and discusses the role of nucellus development in seed tissues and nutrient partitioning at the light of novel discoveries on its molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Ecole Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Bat 360, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Magnani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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17
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Radchuk V, Tran V, Radchuk R, Diaz-Mendoza M, Weier D, Fuchs J, Riewe D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Munz E, Heinzel N, Rolletschek H, Martinez M, Borisjuk L. Vacuolar processing enzyme 4 contributes to maternal control of grain size in barley by executing programmed cell death in the pericarp. New Phytol 2018; 218:1127-1142. [PMID: 28836669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm embryo and endosperm are limited in space because they grow inside maternal seed tissues. The elimination of cell layers of the maternal seed coat by programmed cell death (PCD) could provide space and nutrition to the filial organs. Using the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed as a model, we elucidated the role of vacuolar processing enzyme 4 (VPE4) in cereals by using an RNAi approach and targeting the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. A comparative characterization of transgenic versus wild-type plants included transcriptional and metabolic profiling, flow cytometry, histology and nuclear magnetic imaging of grains. The recombinant VPE4 protein exhibited legumain and caspase-1 properties in vitro. Pericarp disintegration was delayed in the transgenic grains. Although the VPE4 gene and enzymatic activity was decreased in the early developing pericarp, storage capacity and the size of the endosperm and embryo were reduced in the mature VPE4-repressed grains. The persistence of the pericarp in the VPE4-affected grains constrains endosperm and embryo growth and leads to transcriptional reprogramming, perturbations in signalling and adjustments in metabolism. We conclude that VPE4 expression executes PCD in the pericarp, which is required for later endosperm filling, and argue for a role of PCD in maternal control of seed size in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Like all eukaryotic organisms, plants possess an innate program for controlled cellular demise termed programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the functional conservation of PCD across broad evolutionary distances, an understanding of the molecular machinery underpinning this fundamental program in plants remains largely elusive. As in mammalian PCD, the regulation of plant PCD is critical to development, homeostasis, and proper responses to stress. Evidence is emerging that autophagy is key to the regulation of PCD in plants and that it can dictate the outcomes of PCD execution under various scenarios. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of PCD processes in plants, with an emphasis on stress-induced PCD. We also discuss the implications of the paradox that is functional conservation of apoptotic hallmarks in plants in the absence of core mammalian apoptosis regulators, what that means, and whether an equivalent form of death occurs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
| | - Ryan Kessens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia;
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19
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Mascher M, Gundlach H, Himmelbach A, Beier S, Twardziok SO, Wicker T, Radchuk V, Dockter C, Hedley PE, Russell J, Bayer M, Ramsay L, Liu H, Haberer G, Zhang XQ, Zhang Q, Barrero RA, Li L, Taudien S, Groth M, Felder M, Hastie A, Šimková H, Staňková H, Vrána J, Chan S, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Ounit R, Wanamaker S, Bolser D, Colmsee C, Schmutzer T, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Grasso S, Tanskanen J, Chailyan A, Sampath D, Heavens D, Clissold L, Cao S, Chapman B, Dai F, Han Y, Li H, Li X, Lin C, McCooke JK, Tan C, Wang P, Wang S, Yin S, Zhou G, Poland JA, Bellgard MI, Borisjuk L, Houben A, Doležel J, Ayling S, Lonardi S, Kersey P, Langridge P, Muehlbauer GJ, Clark MD, Caccamo M, Schulman AH, Mayer KFX, Platzer M, Close TJ, Scholz U, Hansson M, Zhang G, Braumann I, Spannagl M, Li C, Waugh R, Stein N. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome. Nature 2017; 544:427-433. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Abstract
The complete elimination of unwanted cells during development is a repeated theme in both multicellular animals and in plants. In plants, such events have been extensively studied and reviewed in terms of their molecular regulation, of marker genes and proteins expressed, and in terms of cellular changes associated with their progression. This review will take a slightly different view of developmental cell elimination and will concentrate specifically on the numerous elimination events that occur during ovule and seed development (here grouped together as seed development). It asks why this cell elimination occurs in specific seed tissues, in order to understand something about the commonalities underlying how seemingly disparate events are triggered and regulated. Finally, by placing the seed in its broader evolutionary context, the question of why cell elimination may have emerged as such a key component of the seed developmental toolbox will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth C Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS (UMR 5667), INRA (UMR 0879), UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
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21
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Abstract
Each plant genome encodes hundreds of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can be divided into five distinct classes: cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, threonine-, and metalloproteinases. Despite the differences in their structural properties and activities, members of all of these classes in plants are involved in the processes of regulated cell death - a basic feature of eukaryotic organisms. Regulated cell death in plants is an indispensable mechanism supporting plant development, survival, stress responses, and defense against pathogens. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of plant proteolytic enzymes functioning in the initiation and execution of distinct types of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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22
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Wu X, Liu J, Li D, Liu CM. Rice caryopsis development I: Dynamic changes in different cell layers. J Integr Plant Biol 2016; 58:772-85. [PMID: 26472484 PMCID: PMC5064628 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice caryopsis as one of the most important food sources for humans has a complex structure that is composed of maternal tissues including the pericarp and testa and filial tissues including the endosperm and embryo. Although rice caryopsis studies have been conducted previously, a systematic characterization throughout the entire developmental process is still lacking. In this study, detailed morphological examinations of caryopses were made during the entire 30-day developmental process. We observed some rapid changes in cell differentiation events and cataloged how cellular degeneration processes occurred in maternal tissues. The differentiations of tube cells and cross cells were achieved by 9 days after pollination (DAP). In the testa, the outer integument was degenerated by 3 DAP, while the outer layer of the inner integument degenerated by 7 DAP. In the nucellus, all tissues with the exception of the nucellar projection and the nucellar epidermis degenerated in the first 5 DAP. By 21 DAP, all maternal tissues, including vascular bundles, the nucellar projection and the nucellar epidermal cells were degenerated. In summary, this study provides a complete atlas of the dynamic changes in cell differentiation and degeneration for individual maternal cell layers of rice caryopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoba Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Dongqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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23
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Van Durme M, Nowack MK. Mechanisms of developmentally controlled cell death in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2016; 29:29-37. [PMID: 26658336 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During plant development various forms of programmed cell death (PCD) are implemented by a number of cell types as inherent part of their differentiation programmes. Differentiation-induced developmental PCD is gradually prepared in concert with the other cell differentiation processes. As precocious or delayed PCD can have detrimental consequences for plant development, the actual execution of PCD has to be tightly controlled. Once triggered, PCD is irrevocably and rapidly executed accompanied by the breakdown of cellular compartments. In most developmental PCD forms, cell death is followed by cell corpse clearance. Devoid of phagocytic mechanisms, dying plant cells have to prepare their own demise in a cell-autonomous fashion before their deaths, ensuring the completion of cell clearance post mortem. Depending on the cell type, cell clearance can be complete or rather selective, and persistent corpses of particular cells accomplish vital functions in the plant body. The present review attempts to give an update on the molecular mechanisms that coordinate differentiation-induced PCD as vital part of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van Durme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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24
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Sinha RK, Pospíšil P, Maheshwari P, Eudes F. Bcl-2△21 and Ac-DEVD-CHO Inhibit Death of Wheat Microspores. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1931. [PMID: 28082995 PMCID: PMC5184288 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microspore cell death and low green plant production efficiency are an integral obstacle in the development of doubled haploid production in wheat. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of anti-apoptotic recombinant human B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2△21) and caspase-3-inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) in microspore cell death in bread wheat cultivars AC Fielder and AC Andrew. Induction medium containing Bcl-2△21 and Ac-DEVD-CHO yielded a significantly higher number of viable microspores, embryo-like structures and total green plants in wheat cultivars AC Fielder and AC Andrew. Total peroxidase activity was lower in Bcl-2△21 treated microspore cultures at 96 h of treatment compared to control and Ac-DEVD-CHO. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of total microspore protein showed a different scavenging activity for Bcl-2△21 and Ac-DEVD-CHO. Bcl-2△21 scavenged approximately 50% hydroxyl radical (HO•) formed, whereas Ac-DEVD-CHO scavenged approximately 20% of HO•. Conversely, reduced caspase-3-like activities were detected in the presence of Bcl-2△21 and Ac-DEVD-CHO, supporting the involvement of Bcl-2△21 and Ac-DEVD-CHO in increasing microspore viability by reducing oxidative stress and caspase-3-like activity. Our results indicate that Bcl-2△21 and Ac-DEVD-CHO protects cells from cell death following different pathways. Bcl-2△21 prevents cell damage by detoxifying HO• and suppressing caspase-3-like activity, while Ac-DEVD-CHO inhibits the cell death pathways by modulating caspase-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Sinha
- Cereal Biotechnology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, LethbridgeAB, Canada
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
- *Correspondence: Rakesh K. Sinha,
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Priti Maheshwari
- Cereal Biotechnology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, LethbridgeAB, Canada
| | - François Eudes
- Cereal Biotechnology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, LethbridgeAB, Canada
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25
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Rolletschek H, Grafahrend-Belau E, Munz E, Radchuk V, Kartäusch R, Tschiersch H, Melkus G, Schreiber F, Jakob PM, Borisjuk L. Metabolic Architecture of the Cereal Grain and Its Relevance to Maximize Carbon Use Efficiency. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:1698-713. [PMID: 26395842 PMCID: PMC4634074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have characterized the spatial heterogeneity of the cereal grain's metabolism and demonstrated how, by integrating a distinct set of metabolic strategies, the grain has evolved to become an almost perfect entity for carbon storage. In vivo imaging revealed light-induced cycles in assimilate supply toward the ear/grain of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). In silico modeling predicted that, in the two grain storage organs (the endosperm and embryo), the light-induced shift in solute influx does cause adjustment in metabolic flux without changes in pathway utilization patterns. The enveloping, leaf-like pericarp, in contrast, shows major shifts in flux distribution (starch metabolism, photosynthesis, remobilization, and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity) allow to refix 79% of the CO2 released by the endosperm and embryo, allowing the grain to achieve an extraordinary high carbon conversion efficiency of 95%. Shading experiments demonstrated that ears are autonomously able to raise the influx of solutes in response to light, but with little effect on the steady-state levels of metabolites or transcripts or on the pattern of sugar distribution within the grain. The finding suggests the presence of a mechanism(s) able to ensure metabolic homeostasis in the face of short-term environmental fluctuation. The proposed multicomponent modeling approach is informative for predicting the metabolic effects of either an altered level of incident light or a momentary change in the supply of sucrose. It is therefore of potential value for assessing the impact of either breeding and/or biotechnological interventions aimed at increasing grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Rolletschek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Eva Grafahrend-Belau
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Ralf Kartäusch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Henning Tschiersch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Gerd Melkus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Peter M Jakob
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany (H.R., E.M., V.R., H.T., L.B.);Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-University of Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany (E.G.-B.);Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (E.M., P.M.J.);Research Center Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany (R.K., P.M.J.);Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9 (G.M.); andClayton School of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (F.S.)
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Hatsugai N, Yamada K, Goto-Yamada S, Hara-Nishimura I. Vacuolar processing enzyme in plant programmed cell death. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:234. [PMID: 25914711 PMCID: PMC4390986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine proteinase originally identified as the proteinase responsible for the maturation and activation of vacuolar proteins in plants, and it is known to be an ortholog of animal asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP/VPE/legumain). VPE has been shown to exhibit enzymatic properties similar to that of caspase 1, which is a cysteine protease that mediates the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway in animals. Although there is limited sequence identity between VPE and caspase 1, their predicted three-dimensional structures revealed that the essential amino-acid residues for these enzymes form similar pockets for the substrate peptide YVAD. In contrast to the cytosolic localization of caspases, VPE is localized in vacuoles. VPE provokes vacuolar rupture, initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD in the plant immune response. It has become apparent that the VPE-dependent PCD pathway is involved not only in the immune response, but also in the responses to a variety of stress inducers and in the development of various tissues. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of VPE to plant PCD and its role in vacuole-mediated cell death, and it also compares VPE with the animal cell death executor caspase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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