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Anabire NG, Billak GD, Helegbe GK. Alcohol intake, smoking, self-medication practices and burden of anaemia among traders in Tamale metropolis of Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:214. [PMID: 37700371 PMCID: PMC10498630 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lifestyle choices including physical inactivity, smoking, abuse of alcohol and drugs, unhealthy diet are common among traders and market women and these behavioural activities predispose individuals to ill-health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and chronic anaemia. We evaluated lifestyle choices such as alcohol intake, smoking and resorting to self-medication among traders in the Tamale Central market in Ghana. We then associated these lifestyle choices with anaemia. RESULTS A total of 400 participants were recruited for this study. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels of participants were measured using Mission® Plus Hb meter and anaemia was diagnosed by Hb < 12 g/dl for non-pregnant females and Hb < 13 g/dl for males. Of the participants, a majority (69.3%) were males, and most of them (56.0%) were within 18-35 years age bracket. While alcohol intake and smoking were uncommon, self-medication was a common practice among the participants. Anaemia was a common condition; diagnosed in 44.5% of participants, but was independent of age, alcohol intake and smoking. However, anaemia was more common in females (χ2 = 15.9, p < 0.001) and was associated with self-medication (χ2 = 5.7, p = 0.017). We recommend that traders in the Tamale metropolis should seek routine health check-ups to help avert adverse health consequences associated with anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Doopaar Billak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
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Kotepui M, Duangchan T, Mahittikorn A, Mekhora C, Anabire NG, Kotepui KU. Interleukin-5 levels in relation to malaria severity: a systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:226. [PMID: 37537570 PMCID: PMC10401852 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of cytokines such as interleukin-5 (IL-5) in the pathogenesis of malaria remains unclear. This systematic review sought to synthesize variations in IL-5 levels between severe and uncomplicated malaria, as well as between malaria and controls not afflicted with the disease. METHODS This systematic review was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42022368773). Searches for studies that reported IL-5 levels in patients with malaria (any severity) and/or uninfected individuals were performed in Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and MEDLINE, between 1st and 10th October, 2022. The risk of bias among all included studies was minimized using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for reporting observational studies. The differences in IL-5 levels between malaria and uninfected controls, and between severe and uncomplicated malaria were synthesized by narrative synthesis. RESULTS Among 1177 articles identified in the databases, 23 matched the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. Qualitative syntheses showed the heterogeneity of IL-5 levels between different severities of clinical malaria and uninfected controls. The majority of the included studies (12/15 studies, 80%) found no change in IL-5 levels between malaria cases and uninfected controls. Similarly, most studies found no difference in IL-5 levels between severe (regardless of complications) and uncomplicated malaria (4/8 studies, 50%). The qualitative syntheses revealed that most studies found no difference in IL-5 levels between severe and non-severe malaria. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive review suggests that IL-5 levels are unchanged in patients with different levels of clinical severity of malaria and uninfected controls. Given the limited number of published studies on IL-5 levels in malaria, there is a need for additional research to determine the function of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Thitinat Duangchan
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Chusana Mekhora
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Helegbe GK, Wemakor A, Ameade EPK, Anabire NG, Anaba F, Bautista JM, Zorn BG. Co-Occurrence of G6PD Deficiency and SCT among Pregnant Women Exposed to Infectious Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5085. [PMID: 37568487 PMCID: PMC10419962 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, women have an increased relative risk of exposure to infectious diseases. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of the co-occurrence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) and sickle cell trait (SCT) and the impact on anemia outcomes among pregnant women exposed to frequent infectious diseases. Over a six-year period (March 2013 to October 2019), 8473 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANCs) at major referral hospitals in Northern Ghana were recruited and diagnosed for common infectious diseases (malaria, syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV), G6PDd, and SCT. The prevalence of all the infections and anemia did not differ between women with and without G6PDd (χ2 < 3.6, p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Regression analysis revealed a significantly higher proportion of SCT in pregnant women with G6PDd than those without G6PDd (AOR = 1.58; p < 0.011). The interaction between malaria and SCT was observed to be associated with anemia outcomes among the G6PDd women (F-statistic = 10.9, p < 0.001). Our findings show that anemia is a common condition among G6PDd women attending ANCs in northern Ghana, and its outcome is impacted by malaria and SCT. This warrants further studies to understand the impact of antimalarial treatment and the blood transfusion outcomes in G6PDd/SCT pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1883, Ghana;
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Anthony Wemakor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1883, Ghana
| | - Evans Paul Kwame Ameade
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1883, Ghana
| | - Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1883, Ghana;
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Frank Anaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala P.O. Box TL 1883, Ghana
| | - Jose M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Bruno Gonzalez Zorn
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Asantewaa G, Anabire NG, Bauer M, Weis S, Neugebauer S, Quaye O, Helegbe GK. Serum Metabolome Signatures Characterizing Co-Infection of Plasmodium falciparum and HBV in Pregnant Women. Diseases 2023; 11:94. [PMID: 37489446 PMCID: PMC10366841 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is on the rise among pregnant women in northern Ghana. Mono-infection with either of these two pathogens results in unique metabolic alterations. Thus, we aimed to explicate the effects of this co-infection on the metabolome signatures of pregnant women, which would indicate the impacted metabolic pathways and provide useful prognostic or diagnostic markers. Using an MS/MS-based targeted metabolomic approach, we determined the serum metabolome in pregnant women with P. falciparum mono-infection, HBV mono-infection, P. falciparum, and HBV co-infection and in uninfected (control) women. We observed significantly decreased sphingolipid concentrations in subjects with P. falciparum mono-infection, whereas amino acids and phospholipids were decreased in subjects with HBV mono-infection. Co-infections were found to be characterized distinctively by reduced concentrations of phospholipids and hexoses (mostly glucose) as well as altered pathways that contribute to redox homeostasis. Overall, PC ae C40:1 was found to be a good discriminatory metabolite for the co-infection group. PC ae C40:1 can further be explored for use in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria and chronic hepatitis B co-morbidity as well as to distinguish co-infections from cases of mono-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Asantewaa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG54, Ghana; (G.A.); (N.G.A.); (O.Q.)
| | - Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG54, Ghana; (G.A.); (N.G.A.); (O.Q.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL1350, Ghana
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Hans-Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG54, Ghana; (G.A.); (N.G.A.); (O.Q.)
| | - Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG54, Ghana; (G.A.); (N.G.A.); (O.Q.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL1350, Ghana
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Omatola CA, Okolo MO. Hepatitis B and Asymptomatic Malaria Infection among Pregnant Women in a Semiurban Community of North-Central Nigeria. J Environ Public Health 2021; 2021:9996885. [PMID: 34876911 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9996885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The overlap of malaria and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections present a major threat to public health throughout endemic countries of tropical and sub-Saharan Africa. There is a paucity of data on the prevalence and associated factors of malaria and HBV infections among pregnant women in Ejule, a semiurban area of Nigeria. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the seroprevalence of malaria and HBV among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ejule Metropolis. Materials and Methods In a hospital-based cross-sectional study, blood samples collected from 200 apparently healthy pregnant women at the Ilemona Clinic were screened for Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and HBsAg using histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), respectively. Relevant sociodemographic and putative risk factor information was obtained with structured questionnaires. Results The prevalence of the infections was 44 (22%), 5 (2.5%), and 1 (0.5%) for P. falciparum monoinfection and HBV monoinfection and coinfection, respectively. Single and concurrent infections peaked at ages 31-40 years but decreased with older ages. High P. falciparum, 31 (59.62%), and HBV 2 (3.85%) infection were observed among those without formal education. Contrary to ages, occupation, and knowledge of infection, malaria parasitemia differed significantly with lower educational qualification (p ≤ 0.001), being single (p=0.001), and inconsistent use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) (p=0.04, OR = 5, CI: 0.10-0.47). History of blood donation (OR = 5, p=0.04, CI: 1.10-32.80) and multiple sex partners (OR = 11.9, p=0.01, CI: 0.01-0.93) were found to be significantly associated with hepatitis B surface antigenemia rate during pregnancy. No evidence of HBV infection was observed in women with a history of HBV vaccination. Conclusions Malaria is still highly prevalent among pregnant women due to high illiteracy and noncompliance to using ITNs. Therefore, routine screening and educating pregnant mothers are crucial in eliminating malaria in endemic settings. The low rate of hepatitis B and coinfection with malaria shows that further improvement in HBV vaccination could considerably reduce the disease burden among pregnant women.
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Jonny J, Violetta L. Acute Kidney Injury and Jaundice in a Patient With Concurrent Severe Malaria and Acute Exacerbation of Hepatitis B. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 9:23247096211043712. [PMID: 34477014 PMCID: PMC8422820 DOI: 10.1177/23247096211043712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may travel to areas with high endemicity of malaria. The overlap between malaria and HBV infection can be clinically severe and present a diagnostic challenge as both diseases manifest similar symptoms. This case describes a fatal case of a 43-year-old man with chronic HBV infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria that presents as acute kidney injury (AKI) and jaundice following a trip to malaria-endemic region. Despite administering antimalarial and 6 courses of renal replacement therapy, the patient’s clinical condition did not improve, leading to septic shock, multi-organ dysfunction, and eventually, death. AKI and jaundice are commonly seen in severe P. falciparum malaria, as well as acute exacerbation of chronic HBV. This case emphasizes the importance to consider malarial screening when evaluating sick returning travelers, even in those with underlying chronic HBV. Given the severity of coinfection, prompt identification of this overlap can avert the rapid deterioration of severe malaria by early administration of intravenous artesunate and renal replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Jonny
- Gatot Soebroto Army Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Anabire NG, Aryee PA, Ziblim Z, Suurbaar J, Ansah F, Helegbe GK. Asymptomatic malaria and hepatitis B do not influence cytokine responses of persons involved in chronic sedentary activities. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:957. [PMID: 33317454 PMCID: PMC7737354 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Sedentary lifestyles have been linked to increased odds of stress, elevated anxiety and diminished wellbeing, inducing cytokine production and predispose to hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. In endemic areas, Plasmodium falciparum and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections can trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. However, the impact of these infections on cytokine response profiles in individuals engaged in chronic sedentary activities is unknown. This study was aimed at addressing these concerns using a predominantly sedentary population of traders in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Method Four hundred respondents were categorized, based on their number of working years (< or ≥ 5 years) and number of working hours per day (< or ≥ 10 h), into sedentary (≥5 years + ≥ 10 h) and non-sedentary (≥ 5 years + < 10 h, < 5 years + ≥ 10 h and < 5 years + < 10 h) groups. The participants were tested for P. falciparum and HBV infections using polymerase chain reaction. Blood pressure and cytokines responses were measured. Associations and comparison analysis between variables were determined, and test statistics with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Infection status included: un-infected (93.5%), P. falciparum mono-infected (1.0%), HBV mono-infected (3.0%) or P. falciparum /HBV co-infected (2.5%). Majority of the participants, 57.0% (n = 228) were involved in chronic sedentary life style. That notwithstanding, sedentary lifestyle was independent of the infection groups (χ2 = 7.08, p = 0.629). Hypertension was diagnosed in 53.8% of respondents and was independent of infection status (X2 = 6.33, p = 0.097). Pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-7 and IL-13) cytokine responses were similar among individuals with different sedentary working time and between hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Among individuals with different infection status, pro-inflammatory (TNF-α; p = 0.290, IL-1β; p = 0.442, IL-6; p = 0.686, IFN-γ; p = 0.801, IL-8; p = 0.546, IL-12; p = 0.154) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10; p = 0.201, IL-7; p = 0.190, IL-13; p = 0.763) cytokine responses were similar. Conclusion Our data suggest that asymptomatic infections of P. falciparum and HBV together with a high prevalence of hypertension did not have any significant impact on cytokine response profiles among predominantly sedentary traders in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL, 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Paul Armah Aryee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL, 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Zulka Ziblim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL, 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Suurbaar
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL, 1883, Tamale, Ghana.
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Anabire NG, Tetteh WJ, Obiri-Yaboah D, Annan I, Luuse AT, Aryee PA, Helegbe GK, Hagan OCK, Eliason S. Evaluation of hepatic and kidney dysfunction among newly diagnosed HIV patients with viral hepatitis infection in Cape Coast, Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:466. [PMID: 31366401 PMCID: PMC6669969 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV positive individuals infected with viral hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) are at an increased risk of progression to kidney and liver failures. Therefore, prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy, early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment protocols are imperative for co-infected individuals. This study evaluated the prevalence of HBV and HCV, and extent of liver and renal dysfunction among 90 newly diagnosed HIV patients attending the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital HIV clinic. RESULTS Levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate-platelet ratio index and estimated glomerular filtration rate were used respectively to diagnose hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Association analyses were evaluated by Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and considered significant at p < 0.05. Using rapid diagnostic tests, 75.6% (n = 68) had HIV1 mono-infection, 24.4% (n = 22) had HIV1/HBV co-infection while 0.0% (n = 0) had HIV1/HCV co-infection. The prevalence of hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis, and CKD were 7.8% (n = 7), 2.2% (n = 2), and 15.5% (n = 14) respectively. Similar proportions of HIV1/HBV and HIV1 were diagnosed with liver fibrosis (p = 0.431). In relation to hepatotoxicity Grade, a high proportion of HIV1/HBV were diagnosed with Grade 2 (p = 0.042). Also, severely reduced kidney function (CKD stage 4) was observed in only HIV1/HBV (n = 2, 9.1%, p = 0.053).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | | | - Isaac Annan
- Howard Community College, 10901 Little Patuxent Parkway, Columbia, MD 21044 USA
| | - Arnold Togiwe Luuse
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Paul Armah Aryee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Sabastian Eliason
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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