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Rebok GW. Commentary on "Multimodal Exercise and Cognitive Training Program Improves Cognitive Function in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment". Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:475-477. [PMID: 38176967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
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Elkefi S, Blecker S, Bitan Y. Health Information Technology Supporting Adherence Memory Disorder Patients: A Systematic Literature Review. Appl Clin Inform 2024; 15:85-100. [PMID: 38295858 PMCID: PMC10830240 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with memory disorders have difficulty adhering to treatments. With technological advances, it remains important to investigate the potential of health information technology (HIT) in supporting medication adherence among them. OBJECTIVES This review investigates the role of HIT in supporting adherence to medication and therapies among patients with memory issues. It also captures the factors that impact technology adherence interventions. METHODS We searched the literature for relevant publications published until March 15, 2023, using technology to support adherence among patients with memory issues (dementia, Alzheimer's, amnesia, mild cognitive impairment, memory loss, etc.). The review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We conducted a quality assessment of the papers following the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS Fifteen studies were included after carefully reviewing the 3,773 articles in the search. Methodological quality, as appraised, ranged from 80 to 100% with eight studies rated 100%. The studies overall did not have a high risk of bias. Thus, all of the 15 studies were included. Technologies investigated were classified into four groups based on their impact: therapeutic patient education, simplifying treatment regimens, early follow-up visits and short-term treatment goals, and reminder programs. Different technologies were used (automatic drug dispensers or boxes, mobile health-based interventions, game-based interventions, e-health-based interventions, patient portals, and virtual reality). The factors impacting patients' adherence to technology-based treatment and medication were clustered into human-computer interaction and integration challenges. CONCLUSION This study contributes to the literature by classifying the technologies that supported medication adherence among patients with memory issues in four groups. It also explores and presents the possible limitations of existing solutions to drive future research in supporting care for people with memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Elkefi
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical School, Columbia University, United States
- Langone health, New York University Medical School, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Saul Blecker
- Langone health, New York University Medical School, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Yuval Bitan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Ben-Guiron University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Wong D, Pike K, Stolwyk R, Allott K, Ponsford J, McKay A, Longley W, Bosboom P, Hodge A, Kinsella G, Mowszowski L. Delivery of Neuropsychological Interventions for Adult and Older Adult Clinical Populations: An Australian Expert Working Group Clinical Guidance Paper. Neuropsychol Rev 2023:10.1007/s11065-023-09624-0. [PMID: 38032472 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of neuropsychological interventions addressing the cognitive, psychological, and behavioural consequences of brain conditions is increasingly recognised as an important, if not essential, skill set for clinical neuropsychologists. It has the potential to add substantial value and impact to our role across clinical settings. However, there are numerous approaches to neuropsychological intervention, requiring different sets of skills, and with varying levels of supporting evidence across different diagnostic groups. This clinical guidance paper provides an overview of considerations and recommendations to help guide selection, delivery, and implementation of neuropsychological interventions for adults and older adults. We aimed to provide a useful source of information and guidance for clinicians, health service managers, policy-makers, educators, and researchers regarding the value and impact of such interventions. Considerations and recommendations were developed by an expert working group of neuropsychologists in Australia, based on relevant evidence and consensus opinion in consultation with members of a national clinical neuropsychology body. While the considerations and recommendations sit within the Australian context, many have international relevance. We include (i) principles important for neuropsychological intervention delivery (e.g. being based on biopsychosocial case formulation and person-centred goals); (ii) a description of clinical competencies important for effective intervention delivery; (iii) a summary of relevant evidence in three key cohorts: acquired brain injury, psychiatric disorders, and older adults, focusing on interventions with sound evidence for improving activity and participation outcomes; (iv) an overview of considerations for sustainable implementation of neuropsychological interventions as 'core business'; and finally, (v) a call to action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Wong
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kerryn Pike
- School of Psychology and Public Health & John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Rene Stolwyk
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelly Allott
- , Orygen, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennie Ponsford
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam McKay
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- MERRC, Rehabilitation and Mental Health Division, Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Australia
| | - Wendy Longley
- Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Uniting War Memorial Hospital, Waverley, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pascalle Bosboom
- MindLink Psychology, West Perth, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | - Glynda Kinsella
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Loren Mowszowski
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology & Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Nahas C, Gandit M, Quillion-Dupré L, Monfort E. How to engage patients in computerized cognitive training: a cognitive rehabilitation expert's perspective. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37994038 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2023.2284879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between a patient and their therapist plays a crucial role in patient engagement. While Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT) may assist in preserving cognitive skills in cases of aging, dementia or acquired brain injuries, its effectiveness has not been definitively proven. Improving user engagement, acceptance, and software usability could aid in addressing this issue. The present study aims to identify potential obstacles and facilitators by examining the perspectives of rehabilitation professionals on the current usage of CCT software. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 rehabilitation professionals, familiar with a CCT software. The data were transcribed and followed by an independent iterative thematic analysis. RESULTS Two major themes were identified: (1) facilitating factors and (2) difficulties related to use. The main obstacles were difficulties related to the computerized nature of the exercises, technology use, understanding the software and general learning difficulties. The main facilitators were the ecological and novel nature of the exercises, and the adaptability of the difficulty levels. CONCLUSION The complexity of the CCT presents challenges for its usage by rehabilitation professionals, which in turn can impede patient utilization as well. To address this issue and promote sustainable use of the software, providing instruction delivery to facilitate learning and understanding of the CCT is essential. Additionally, creating a standardized foundation that therapists can refer to for guidance may also aid in optimizing the software's usage. It is recommended to utilize a model for CCT acceptability and acceptance in developing these solutions to enhance patient engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Nahas
- TIMC Laboratory, Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
- LIP/PC2S, EA 4145, Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- COVIRTUA Healthcare, Colomiers, France
| | - Marc Gandit
- LIP/PC2S, EA 4145, Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Monfort
- TIMC Laboratory, Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
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Hwang HF, Tseng KC, Chen SJ, Yu WY, Chen CY, Lin MR. Effects of home-based computerized cognitive training and tai chi exercise on cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:2170-2178. [PMID: 37365961 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2225430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized trial was conducted to investigate the effects of computerized cognitive training (CCT) and tai chi exercise (TCE) vs. health education (HE) on cognitive functions in 189 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Cognitive functions were assessed by the five-domain Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) (attention, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization, and memory) and the modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-M), while the timed up and go (TUG), Tinetti's balance, activities of daily living (ADLs), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) were also evaluated. Each intervention was delivered once a week for 6 months. All outcomes were followed up at 6 and 12 months of the study. RESULTS Compared to HE, CCT increased scores on the MDRS's total, initiation/perseveration, construction, and conceptualization domains and on the TICS-M at 6 months and those on the MDRS's total, attention, construction, conceptualization, and memory domains and on the TICS-M at 12 months; TCE increased scores on the MDRS's total and construction domains and on the TICS-M at 6 months and those on the MDRS's total, attention, initiation/perseveration, and conceptualization domains and on the TICS-M at 12 months. Moreover, CCT improved the TUG at 6 and 12 months and Tinetti's balance at 12 months, and TCE improved the TUG at 6 and 12 months, Tinetti's balance, and ABC at 6 and 12 months, and ADLs at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS The effects of CCT and TCE on improving global cognition and certain cognitive domains for older MCI adults may have been small but they lasted for at least 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei-Fen Hwang
- Department of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sy-Jou Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Yu Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yi Chen
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mau-Roung Lin
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Jaeggi SM, Weaver AN, Carbone E, Trane FE, Smith-Peirce RN, Buschkuehl M, Flueckiger C, Carlson M, Jonides J, Borella E. EngAge - A metacognitive intervention to supplement working memory training: A feasibility study in older adults. Aging Brain 2023; 4:100083. [PMID: 38098966 PMCID: PMC10719574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Working Memory (WM) training has shown promise in supporting cognitive functioning in older adult populations, but effects that generalize beyond the trained task have been inconsistent. Targeting cognitive processes in isolation might be a limiting factor given that metacognitive and motivational factors have been shown to impact older adults' engagement with challenging cognitive activities, such as WM training. The current feasibility study implemented a novel metacognitive intervention in conjunction with WM training in older adults and examined its potential amplifying short- and long-term effects on cognitive and self-report outcomes as compared to WM or active control training alone. One-hundred and nineteen older adults completed a cognitive training over the course of 20 sessions at home. The cognitive training targeted either WM or general knowledge. In addition, one of the WM training groups completed a metacognitive program via group seminars. We tested for group differences in WM, inhibitory control, and episodic memory, and we assessed participants' perceived self-efficacy and everyday memory failures. At post-test, we replicated earlier work by demonstrating that participants who completed the WM intervention outperformed the active control group in non-trained WM measures, and to some extent, in inhibitory control. However, we found no evidence that the supplemental metacognitive program led to benefits over and above the WM intervention. Nonetheless, we conclude that our metacognitive program is a step in the right direction given the tentative long-term effects and participants' positive feedback, but more longitudinal data with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these early findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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Tsen C, Andreatto CADA, Aily JB, Pelicioni PHS, Neto DB, Mattiello SM, Gomes GADO, de Andrade LP. Effects of telehealth on functional capacity, mental health and quality of life among older people with dementia: LAPESI telehealth protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int 2023; 28:e1981. [PMID: 36445170 DOI: 10.1002/pri.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telehealth can be an alternative action at a distance that can help as a form of motor intervention, alleviating the deleterious effects arising from social distancing on functional capacity, mental health and quality of life among older people with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic. PURPOSE We aim to analyze the effects of a telehealth program on functional capacity, mental health and quality of life among older people with dementia and their caregivers. METHODS seventy-eight individuals with mild and moderate dementia and their caregivers will answer an anamnesis and be evaluated through Clinical Dementia Assessment Score. They will also be evaluated by blinded examiners in terms of functional capacity (Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0), mental health (Mini-Mental State Examination, Clock Drawing Test, Verbal Fluency test and the Neuropsychiatric Inventor) and quality of life (Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale). Afterward, the volunteers will be randomized into the telehealth training group and the control group. The TR will perform systematic physical and cognitive exercises in 50-min sessions three times a week with professional monitoring, while the CG will receive non-systematized guidance, both for 12 weeks. Participants will be evaluated at baseline, immediately after the three-month interventions and with a 12-week follow- up. DISCUSSION Technological approaches such as telehealth can be a viable alternative in home care service during times of pandemic. We expect that older people with dementia and their caregivers have high adherence to the telehealth program and improve their functional capacity, mental health and quality of life of older people with dementia. Telehealth is an alternative that can contribute to public policies and the development of effective intervention strategies that neutralize adverse outcomes. It can also be presented as an alternative to home care services, which could reduce demands for health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tsen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Bianca Aily
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Silva Pelicioni
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Décio Bueno Neto
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stela Márcia Mattiello
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Crane BM, Drazich BF, Taylor JL, Moored KD, Ahmad O, Krakauer JW, Carlson MC. Older Adults and Three-Dimensional Exergaming: Motivators and Barriers to Participation and Retention. Games Health J 2023; 12:150-157. [PMID: 36706426 PMCID: PMC10325799 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2022.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive and physical activity are important for daily functioning. However, limited research exists on the motivators and barriers associated with older adults participating and adhering to exergame studies that promote physical and cognitive activity. Our objective was to examine older adults' motivators and barriers to joining and completing a three-dimensional exergame study. Methods: Fourteen older adults who participated in the exergame study contributed to one of three focus group discussions. Inductive and deductive methods were used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Motivators for joining were generativity, peer referrals, self-improvement, and curiosity. Accomplishment, immersion, and exercise were motivators for retention. Participants also cited the structured schedule and adaptive difficulty features as motivators for retention. Barriers to participation included frustration due to lack of level advancement and fatigue/pain during gameplay. Some (n = 3) reported camera tracking issues as a barrier. Unanticipated gender-based trends arose when examining perceptions of the study team's role and motivators for retention. Conclusion: These findings will inform future research strategies for participant recruitment, enrollment, and retention, in addition to providing insights into the design of motivating, enjoyable, and sustainable exergames for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna M. Crane
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Janiece L. Taylor
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle D. Moored
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Omar Ahmad
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John W. Krakauer
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle C. Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zary N, Adcock-Omlin M, de Bruin ED. Design Considerations for an Exergame-Based Training Intervention for Older Adults With Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: Qualitative Study Including Focus Groups With Experts and Health Care Professionals and Individual Semistructured In-depth Patient Interviews. JMIR Serious Games 2023; 11:e37616. [PMID: 36602851 PMCID: PMC9853342 DOI: 10.2196/37616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exergames have attracted growing interest in the prevention and treatment of neurocognitive disorders. The most effective exergame and training components (ie, exercise and training variables such as frequency, intensity, duration, or volume of training and type and content of specific exergame scenarios) however remain to be established for older adults with mild neurocognitive disorders (mNCDs). Regarding the design and development of novel exergame-based training concepts, it seems of crucial importance to explicitly include the intended users' perspective by adopting an interactive and participatory design that includes end users throughout different iterative cycles of development. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the capabilities, treatment preferences, and motivators for the training of older adults with mNCD and the perspectives of individuals on training goals and settings and requirements for exergame and training components. METHODS A qualitative study including expert focus groups and individual semistructured in-depth patient interviews was conducted. Data were transcribed to a written format to perform qualitative content analysis using QCAmap software. RESULTS In total, 10 experts and health care professionals (80% females) and 8 older adults with mNCD (38% females; mean age 82.4, SD 6.2 years) were recruited until data saturation was observed. CONCLUSIONS The psychosocial consequences of patients' self-perceived cognitive deterioration might be more burdensome than the cognitive changes themselves. Older adults with mNCD prefer integrative forms of training (such as exergaming) and are primarily motivated by enjoyment or fun in exercising and the effectiveness of the training. Putting the synthesized perspectives of training goals, settings, and requirements for exergames and training components into context, our considerations point to opportunities for improvement in research and rehabilitation, either by adapting existing exergames to patients with mNCDs or by developing novel exergames and exergame-based training concepts specifically tailored to meet patient requirements and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Adcock-Omlin
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Motor Control and Learning Group - Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Health, OST - Eastern Swiss University of Applied Sciences, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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10
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Ro D, Lee J, Lee G, Shin S, Kim YH. Effect of interactive multitouch game-based cognitive intervention on cognitive function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231176648. [PMID: 37256004 PMCID: PMC10226180 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231176648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effects of an interactive multitouch game-based cognitive intervention (ICI) on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Methods Thirty-two older adults (19 women) between 65 and 84 years of age (mean age, 74.47 ± 4.30 years) without a history of neurological disease participated. They were randomized into two groups: intervention and control. The intervention group took part in ICI sessions using HAPPYTABLE® (Spring Soft Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) (ICI group), and the control group underwent a traditional paper-and-pencil-based cognitive intervention (TCI group). Both groups completed 10 intervention sessions over four consecutive weeks. Cognitive function was assessed before (pre-intervention) and after (post-intervention) intervention. Executive function was evaluated through the Color-Word Stroop Test (CWST) and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Memory was assessed through the Verbal Learning Test (VLT) and Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT). Results The ICI and TCI groups showed significant improvements in some cognitive functions after the intervention. Both groups showed substantial improvements in VLT and RCFT (P < 0.05), reflecting memory function. Regarding the executive role, the ICI group showed significant post-intervention improvements in the conditions of the CWST incongruent (ICI 76.31 ± 23.82; P = 0.004) compared to the pre-intervention scores. ANCOVA with pre-intervention scores and gender as covariates revealed improved results in the ICI group compared with the VLT delayed (ICI 9.18 ± 1.68, TCI 7.56 ± 2.13; P = 0.015) and VLT recognition task (ICI 22.81 ± 1.22, TCI 21.38 ± 1.09; P = 0.035). Conclusions These findings revealed that both ICI and TCI helped increase cognitive performance in community-dwelling older persons; nevertheless, ICI showed better improvement in memory function than TCI. Thus, the ICI can be used to improve cognitive performance among older adults living in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Ro
- Department of Medical Device Management
& Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical and
Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Medical IT Convergence
Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of
Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and
Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and
Technology, SAIHST, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of
Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical Device Management
& Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical and
Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and
Technology, SAIHST, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation, Haeundae
Sharing and Happiness Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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11
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Singh A, Chakraborty S, He Z, Tian S, Zhang S, Lustria MLA, Charness N, Roque NA, Harrell ER, Boot WR. Deep learning-based predictions of older adults' adherence to cognitive training to support training efficacy. Front Psychol 2022; 13:980778. [PMID: 36467206 PMCID: PMC9713845 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.980778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, the number of older adults experiencing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease, and other forms of dementia will increase dramatically over the next few decades. Unfortunately, cognitive changes associated with these conditions threaten independence and quality of life. To address this, researchers have developed promising cognitive training interventions to help prevent or reverse cognitive decline and cognitive impairment. However, the promise of these interventions will not be realized unless older adults regularly engage with them over the long term, and like many health behaviors, adherence to cognitive training interventions can often be poor. To maximize training benefits, it would be useful to be able to predict when adherence lapses for each individual, so that support systems can be personalized to bolster adherence and intervention engagement at optimal time points. The current research uses data from a technology-based cognitive intervention study to recognize patterns in participants' adherence levels and predict their future adherence to the training program. We leveraged the feature learning capabilities of deep neural networks to predict patterns of adherence for a given participant, based on their past behavior. A separate, personalized model was trained for each participant to capture individualistic features of adherence. We posed the adherence prediction as a binary classification problem and exploited multivariate time series analysis using an adaptive window size for model training. Further, data augmentation techniques were used to overcome the challenge of limited training data and enhance the size of the dataset. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research effort to use advanced machine learning techniques to predict older adults' daily adherence to cognitive training programs. Experimental evaluations corroborated the promise and potential of deep learning models for adherence prediction, which furnished highest mean F-scores of 75.5, 75.5, and 74.6% for the Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, and CNN-LSTM models respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Shayok Chakraborty
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Shayok Chakraborty
| | - Zhe He
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States,College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Shubo Tian
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Mia Liza A. Lustria
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Neil Charness
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Nelson A. Roque
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Erin R. Harrell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Walter R. Boot
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Chatterjee P, Kumar DA, Naqushbandi S, Chaudhary P, Khenduja P, Madan S, Fatma S, Khan MA, Singh V. Effect of Multimodal Intervention (computer based cognitive training, diet and exercise) in comparison to health awareness among older adults with Subjective Cognitive Impairment (MISCI-Trial)-A Pilot Randomized Control Trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276986. [PMID: 36327345 PMCID: PMC9632783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was aimed to investigate the effect of multimodal intervention on the cognitive functions of older adults with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty subjects were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive either computer based cognitive therapy (CBCT) or CBCT+Mediterranean equivalent diet (MED) or CBCT+MED+ Exercise regime and the control group. The intervention group received supervised CBCT twice a week to have 40 sessions, each of 40 minutes duration, and/ or supervised aerobic and resistive exercise twice a week for 24 weeks and or MED at home under the supervision of a dietician. The control group was provided with health awareness instructions for brain stimulating activities such as sudoku, mental maths, and learning music and new skills. RESULTS Cognitive functions which was the primary outcome measure were assessed using the Post Graduate Institute Memory Scale (PGI-MS), and Stroop Colour and Word Test at baseline and after 6 months intervention period. As assessed by the PGI-MS, there was significant improvement in domains such as mental balance, attention and concentration, delayed recall, immediate recall, verbal retention of dissimilar pairs, Visual retention, and total score both in the unimodal and multimodal intervention groups. However, the improvement was observed to be the highest in the multimodal intervention group as compared to unimodal group. All the participants completed the trial. CONCLUSION This pilot randomized control trial indicated that multimodal intervention could be an effective non-pharmacological intervention in individuals with SCI for improving their cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Chatterjee
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Deepa Anil Kumar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Naqushbandi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Chaudhary
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Preetika Khenduja
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Madan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sobia Fatma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Maroof A. Khan
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajeet Singh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Turnbull A, Seitz A, Tadin D, Lin FV. Unifying framework for cognitive training interventions in brain aging. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101724. [PMID: 36031055 PMCID: PMC10681332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive training is a promising tool for slowing or preventing cognitive decline in older adults at-risk for dementia. Its success, however, has been limited by a lack of evidence showing that it reliably causes broad training effects: improvements in cognition across a range of domains that lead to real-world benefits. Here, we propose a framework for enhancing the effect of cognitive training interventions in brain aging. The focus is on (A) developing cognitive training task paradigms that are informed by population-level cognitive characteristics and pathophysiology, and (B) personalizing how these sets are presented to participants during training via feedback loops that aim to optimize "mismatch" between participant capacity and training demands using both adaptation and random variability. In this way, cognitive training can better alter whole-brain topology in a manner that supports broad training effects in the context of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Turnbull
- University of Rochester, USA; Stanford University, USA
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Marin A, DeCaro R, Schiloski K, Elshaar A, Dwyer B, Vives-Rodriguez A, Palumbo R, Turk K, Budson A. Home-Based Electronic Cognitive Therapy in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e34450. [PMID: 36094804 PMCID: PMC9513684 DOI: 10.2196/34450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Can home-based computerized cognitive training programs be a useful tool to sustain cognition and quality of life in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD)? To date, the progressive nature of the disease has made this question difficult to answer. Computerized platforms provide more accessibility to cognitive trainings; however, the feasibility of long-term, home-based computerized programs for patients with AD dementia remains unclear. Objective We aimed to investigate the feasibility of a 24-week home-based intervention program using the Constant Therapy app and its preliminary efficacy on cognition in patients with AD. Constant Therapy is a program developed for patients with speech and cognitive deficits. We hypothesized that patients with AD would use Constant Therapy daily over the course of the 24-week period. Methods Data were collected over a 48-week period. We recruited participants aged between 50 and 90 years with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to AD or mild AD dementia. Participants were randomly assigned to either the Constant Therapy (n=10) or active control (n=9) group. The Constant Therapy group completed a tablet-based training during the first 24 weeks; the second 24 weeks of computerized training were optional. The active control group completed paper-and-pencil games during the first 24 weeks and were invited to complete an optional Constant Therapy training during the second 24 weeks. Every 6 weeks, the participants completed the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The participants independently accessed Constant Therapy using an Apple iPad. Our primary feasibility outcomes were the rate of adherence and daily use of Constant Therapy over 24 weeks. Our secondary outcomes were Constant Therapy performance over 24 weeks and change in RBANS scores between the 2 experimental groups. Results Feasibility analyses were computed for participants who completed 24 weeks of Constant Therapy. We found that long-term use of the Constant Therapy program was feasible in patients with AD over 24 weeks (adherence 80%; program use 121/168 days, for 32 minutes daily). These participants showed an overall improvement in accuracy and latency (P=.005) in the Constant Therapy scores, as well as specific improvements in visual and auditory memory, attention, and arithmetic tasks. The Constant Therapy group showed improvement in the RBANS coding subtest. No unexpected problems or adverse events were observed. Conclusions Long-term (eg, 24 weeks) computerized cognitive training using Constant Therapy is feasible in patients with AD in the mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia stages. Patients adhered more to Constant Therapy than to the paper-and-pencil training over 24 weeks and improved their performance over time. These findings support the development of future randomized controlled trials that will investigate the efficacy of Constant Therapy to sustain cognitive function in patients with AD. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02521558; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02521558
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marin
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Renée DeCaro
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kylie Schiloski
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ala'a Elshaar
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brigid Dwyer
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana Vives-Rodriguez
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katherine Turk
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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He Z, Tian S, Singh A, Chakraborty S, Zhang S, Lustria MLA, Charness N, Roque NA, Harrell ER, Boot WR. A Machine-Learning Based Approach for Predicting Older Adults' Adherence to Technology-Based Cognitive Training. Inf Process Manag 2022; 59:103034. [PMID: 35909793 PMCID: PMC9337718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adequate adherence is a necessary condition for success with any intervention, including for computerized cognitive training designed to mitigate age-related cognitive decline. Tailored prompting systems offer promise for promoting adherence and facilitating intervention success. However, developing adherence support systems capable of just-in-time adaptive reminders requires understanding the factors that predict adherence, particularly an imminent adherence lapse. In this study we built machine learning models to predict participants' adherence at different levels (overall and weekly) using data collected from a previous cognitive training intervention. We then built machine learning models to predict adherence using a variety of baseline measures (demographic, attitudinal, and cognitive ability variables), as well as deep learning models to predict the next week's adherence using variables derived from training interactions in the previous week. Logistic regression models with selected baseline variables were able to predict overall adherence with moderate accuracy (AUROC: 0.71), while some recurrent neural network models were able to predict weekly adherence with high accuracy (AUROC: 0.84-0.86) based on daily interactions. Analysis of the post hoc explanation of machine learning models revealed that general self-efficacy, objective memory measures, and technology self-efficacy were most predictive of participants' overall adherence, while time of training, sessions played, and game outcomes were predictive of the next week's adherence. Machine-learning based approaches revealed that both individual difference characteristics and previous intervention interactions provide useful information for predicting adherence, and these insights can provide initial clues as to who to target with adherence support strategies and when to provide support. This information will inform the development of a technology-based, just-in-time adherence support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe He
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Shubo Tian
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Shayok Chakraborty
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Mia Liza A. Lustria
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Neil Charness
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Nelson A. Roque
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida USA
| | - Erin R. Harrell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA
| | - Walter R. Boot
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida USA
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Redlinger E, Glas B, Rong Y. Impact of Visual Game-Like Features on Cognitive Performance in a Virtual Reality Working Memory Task: Within-Subjects Experiment. JMIR Serious Games 2022; 10:e35295. [PMID: 35482373 PMCID: PMC9100375 DOI: 10.2196/35295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the pursuit of improved cognitive function through working memory training has been the subject of decades of research, the recent growth in commercial adaptations of classic working memory tasks in the form of gamified apps warrants additional scrutiny. In particular, the emergence of virtual reality as a platform for cognitive training presents opportunities for the use of novel visual features. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to add to the body of knowledge regarding the use of game-like visual design elements by specifically examining the application of two particular visual features common to virtual reality environments: immersive, colorful backgrounds and the use of 3D depth. In addition, electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected to identify potential neural correlates of any observed changes in performance. METHODS A simple visual working memory task was presented to participants in several game-like adaptations, including the use of colorful, immersive backgrounds and 3D depth. The impact of each adaptation was separately assessed using both EEG and performance assessment outcomes and compared with an unmodified version of the task. RESULTS Results suggest that although accuracy and reaction time may be slightly affected by the introduction of such game elements, the effects were small and not statistically significant. Changes in EEG power, particularly in the beta and theta rhythms, were significant but failed to correlate with any corresponding changes in performance. Therefore, they may only reflect cognitive changes at the perceptual level. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data suggest that the addition of these specific visual features to simple cognitive tasks does not appear to significantly affect performance or task-dependent cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Redlinger
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Institute of Innovative Research / Koike & Yoshimura Lab, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yang Rong
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Diaz Baquero AA, Bartolomé MVP, Toribio-guzmán JM, Martínez-abad F, Parra Vidales E, Bueno Aguado Y, van der Roest HG, Franco-martín MA. Determinants of Adherence to a “GRADIOR” Computer-Based Cognitive Training Program in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Mild Dementia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1714. [PMID: 35330040 PMCID: PMC8955227 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Computer-based programs have been implemented from a psychosocial approach for the care of people with dementia (PwD). However, several factors may determine adherence of older PwD to this type of treatment. The aim of this paper was to identify the sociodemographic, cognitive, psychological, and physical-health determinants that helped predict adherence or not to a “GRADIOR” computerized cognitive training (CCT) program in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia. Method: This study was part of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) (ISRCTN: 15742788). However, this study will only focus on the experimental group (n = 43) included in the RCT. This group was divided into adherent people (compliance: ≥60% of the sessions and persistence in treatment up to 4 months) and non-adherent. The participants were 60–90 age and diagnosed with MCI and mild dementia. We selected from the evaluation protocol for the RCT, tests that evaluated cognitive aspects (memory and executive functioning), psychological and physical health. The CCT with GRADIOR consisted of attending 2–3 weekly sessions for 4 months with a duration of 30 min Data analysis: Phi and Biserial-point correlations, a multiple logical regression analysis was obtained to find the adherence model and U Mann–Whitney was used. Results: The adherence model was made up of the Digit Symbol and Arithmetic of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and Lexical Verbal Fluency (LVF) -R tests. This model had 90% sensitivity, 50% specificity and 75% precision. The goodness-of-fit p-value of the model was 0.02. Conclusions: good executive functioning in attention, working memory (WM), phonological verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility predicted a greater probability that a person would be adherent.
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18
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Trenorden KI, Hull MJ, Lampit A, Greaves D, Keage HAD. Older adults’ experiences of a computerised cognitive training intervention: a mixed methods study. Australian Journal of Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2036581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. I. Trenorden
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M. J. Hull
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- UniSA Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A. Lampit
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D. Greaves
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- UniSA Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - H. A. D. Keage
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Neuvonen E, Lehtisalo J, Solomon A, Antikainen R, Havulinna S, Hänninen T, Laatikainen T, Lindström J, Rautio N, Soininen H, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Kivipelto M, Ngandu T. Psychosocial determinants for adherence to a healthy lifestyle and intervention participation in the FINGER trial: an exploratory analysis of a randomised clinical trial. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1793-1805. [PMID: 35182352 PMCID: PMC9283154 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Psychosocial factors may affect adherence to lifestyle interventions and lifestyle changes. The role of psychosocial factors in dementia prevention needs more research. We aimed at clarify the issue in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER). Methods The population included 1260 participants aged 60–77 years at risk for cognitive decline, randomised to a multidomain lifestyle intervention or regular health advice for 2 years. Adherence was evaluated as participation in the provided activities and actual lifestyle changes, separately for each domain (diet, exercise, social/cognitive activity, vascular risk management) and combined into multidomain. Psychosocial factors were measured at trial baseline (depressive symptoms; study perception; health-related quality of life, HRQoL) and earlier life (hopelessness; satisfaction with family life, achievements, and financial situation). Results Depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and nonpositive study perception were negatively and HRQoL positively associated with participation in the multidomain intervention. Depressive symptoms, lower HRQoL, hopelessness and dissatisfaction with financial situation were associated with unhealthier lifestyles at baseline. Baseline depressive symptoms and lower HRQoL predicted less improvement in lifestyle, but did not modify the intervention effect on lifestyle change. Discussion and conclusions Several psychosocial factors were associated with participation in lifestyle intervention, while fewer of them contributed to lifestyle changes. Although the intervention was beneficial for lifestyle changes independent of psychosocial factors, those most in need of lifestyle improvement were less likely to be active. Tailoring lifestyle-modifying strategies based on the need for psychosocial support may add efficacy in future trials. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01041989 2010-01-05 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40520-022-02088-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Neuvonen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jenni Lehtisalo
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alina Solomon
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Riitta Antikainen
- Center for Life Course Health Research/Geriatrics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Satu Havulinna
- Ageing, Disability and Functioning Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Hänninen
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services (Siun Sote), Tikkamäentie 16, 80210, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Rautio
- Center for Life Course Health Research/Geriatrics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Strandberg
- Center for Life Course Health Research/Geriatrics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80215, Jiddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Vägen 22, 171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
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Ramme RA, Neumann DL, Donovan CL. The relationship between cognitive ability and motivation during cognitive tasks of varying complexity. Learning and Motivation 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Akenine U, Thunborg C, Kivipelto M, Fallahpour M. Experiences of Participation in a Multimodal Preventive Trial MIND-ADMINI Among Persons with Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease: A Qualitative Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:219-234. [PMID: 35125872 PMCID: PMC8811792 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s345607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the world’s leading public health challenges. One-third of AD cases are attributable to modifiable vascular and lifestyle-related risk factors. The Multimodal Preventive Trial for Alzheimer’s Disease, MIND-ADMINI a 6-month multinational parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT), targeted persons with prodromal AD and built on the positive outcomes from the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) trial. The intervention consisted of four main components of (i) physical exercise training program, (ii) nutrition guidance, (iii) cognitive training, and (iv) social stimulation, as well as (iv) monitoring of metabolic/vascular risk factors. Aim The study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of participation in MIND-ADMINI among persons with prodromal AD. Methods This qualitative study was part of the larger MIND-ADMINI project. Eight participants were interviewed twice, before and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The results are presented as categories of (i) knowledge of AD and prevention, (ii) motives for study participation, (iii) experiences of the received information about the study, (iv) taking the decision to participate, (v) expectations on study participation, (vi) experiences of study participation and (vii) internal and external factors influencing study participation. Conclusion The MIND-ADMINI was well-tolerated by the participants. At the beginning of the study, the number of tasks and visits was perceived as burdensome but was later well-tolerated. The participant’ knowledge about AD and prevention increased during the trial. Their motives for participating in MIND-ADMINI were described as both altruistic and self-beneficial. Health benefits from the study components, access to specialized medical care were identified as benefits. Managing the intensive flow of information was described a major challenge. The participants’ needs for personalized support during the trial stress the importance of applying a person-centered approach providing the preventive trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Akenine
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: Ulrika Akenine Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska vägen 37A, QA32, SE-171 64, Solna, Stockholm, SwedenTel +46 70 667 99 67 Email
| | - Charlotta Thunborg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Department of Physiotherapy, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Department of Physiotherapy, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Stockholms Sjukhem, Research & Development Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mandana Fallahpour
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Occupational Therapy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mandana Fallahpour Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Occupational Therapy, Alfred Nobels Allé 23, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Stockholm, SwedenTel +46 8 524 838 56 Email
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22
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Kouzuki M, Furukawa S, Mitani K, Urakami K. Examination of the cognitive function of Japanese community-dwelling older adults in a class for preventing cognitive decline during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248446. [PMID: 34898633 PMCID: PMC8668118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the changes in cognitive function due to restrictions in daily life during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive decline. This was a retrospective, case-control study. The participants include 88 older adults with mild cognitive decline (mean age = 81.0 [standard deviation = 6.5] years) who participated in a class designed to help prevent cognitive decline. This class was suspended from early-March to end of May 2020 to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and resumed in June 2020. We collected demographic and cognitive function test data (Touch Panel-type Dementia Assessment Scale [TDAS]) before and after class suspension and questionnaire data on their lifestyle and thoughts during the suspension. Change in TDAS scores from before and after the suspension was used to divide the participants into decline (2 or more points worsening) and non-decline (all other participants) groups, with 16 (18.2%) and 72 (81.8%) participants in each group, respectively. A logistic regression model showed that the odds ratio (OR) for cognitive decline was lower in participants whose responses were “engaged in hobbies” (OR = 0.07, p = 0.015), “worked on a worksheet about cognitive training provided by the town hall” (OR = 0.19, p = 0.026), and “had conversations over the phone” (OR = 0.28, p = 0.0495). There was a significant improvement in TDAS scores after class was resumed (p < 0.01). A proactive approach to intellectual activities and social ties may be important for the prevention of cognitive decline during periods of restrictions due to COVID-19. We found that cognitive function test scores before class suspension significantly improved after resuming classes. We speculate that continued participation in this class led to positive behavioral changes in daily life during periods of restriction due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kouzuki
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shota Furukawa
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mitani
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Katsuya Urakami
- Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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23
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Coley N, Andre L, Hoevenaar-Blom M, Ngandu T, Beishuizen C, Barbera M, van Wanrooij L, Kivipelto M, Soininen H, van Gool WA, Brayne C, Moll van Charante E, Richard E, Andrieu S. Factors predicting engagement of older adults with a coach-supported eHealth intervention promoting lifestyle change, and associations between engagement and changes in cardiovascular and dementia risk: secondary analysis of an 18-month multinational randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 24:e32006. [PMID: 35385395 PMCID: PMC9127655 DOI: 10.2196/32006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Digital health interventions could help to prevent age-related diseases, but little is known about how older adults engage with such interventions, especially in the long term, or whether engagement is associated with changes in clinical, behavioral, or biological outcomes in this population. Disparities in engagement levels with digital health interventions may exist among older people and be associated with health inequalities. Objective This study aimed to describe older adults’ engagement with an eHealth intervention, identify factors associated with engagement, and examine associations between engagement and changes in cardiovascular and dementia risk factors (blood pressure, cholesterol, BMI, physical activity, diet, and cardiovascular and dementia risk scores). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the 18-month randomized controlled Healthy Ageing Through Internet Counselling in the Elderly trial of a tailored internet-based intervention encouraging behavior changes, with remote support from a lifestyle coach, to reduce cardiovascular and cognitive decline risk in 2724 individuals aged ≥65 years, recruited offline in the Netherlands, Finland, and France. Engagement was assessed via log-in frequency, number of lifestyle goals set, measurements entered and messages sent to coaches, and percentage of education materials read. Clinical and biological data were collected during in-person visits at baseline and 18 months. Lifestyle data were self-reported on a web-based platform. Results Of the 1389 intervention group participants, 1194 (85.96%) sent at least one message. They logged in a median of 29 times, and set a median of 1 goal. Higher engagement was associated with significantly greater improvement in biological and behavioral risk factors, with evidence of a dose-response effect. Compared with the control group, the adjusted mean difference (95% CI) in 18-month change in the primary outcome, a composite z-score comprising blood pressure, BMI, and cholesterol, was −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.03), −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00), and 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) in the high, moderate, and low engagement groups, respectively. Low engagers showed no improvement in any outcome measures compared with the control group. Participants not using a computer regularly before the study engaged much less with the intervention than those using a computer up to 7 (adjusted odds ratio 5.39, 95% CI 2.66-10.95) or ≥7 hours per week (adjusted odds ratio 6.58, 95% CI 3.21-13.49). Those already working on or with short-term plans for lifestyle improvement at baseline, and with better cognition, engaged more. Conclusions Greater engagement with an eHealth lifestyle intervention was associated with greater improvement in risk factors in older adults. However, those with limited computer experience, who tended to have a lower level of education, or who had poorer cognition engaged less. Additional support or forms of intervention delivery for such individuals could help minimize potential health inequalities associated with the use of digital health interventions in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coley
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in Population health (CERPOP), University of Toulouse UPS, INSERM UMR1295, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, FR.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FR
| | - Laurine Andre
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in Population health (CERPOP), University of Toulouse UPS, INSERM UMR1295, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, FR
| | - Marieke Hoevenaar-Blom
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, NL.,Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL.,Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
| | - Cathrien Beishuizen
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Mariagnese Barbera
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, GB
| | - Lennard van Wanrooij
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, GB.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, FI
| | - Willem A van Gool
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, GB
| | - Eric Moll van Charante
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL.,Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, NL.,Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Sandrine Andrieu
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in Population health (CERPOP), University of Toulouse UPS, INSERM UMR1295, 37 allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, FR.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FR
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24
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Abstract
A cognitive intervention study was conducted with the purpose of exploring methods to improve adherence to a technology-based cognitive intervention and uncover individual differences that predict adherence (N = 120). The study was divided into two phases: Phase 1, in which participants were asked to follow a prescribed schedule of training that involved gamified neuropsychological tests administered via tablet, and Phase 2, in which participants were asked to play as frequently as they wished. Positive- and negative-framed messages about brain health were delivered via the software program, and measures of cognition, technology proficiency, self-efficacy, technology attitudes, and belief in the benefits of cognitive training were collected. Generalized linear mixed-effects models revealed that positive-framed messages encouraged greater adherence over negative-framed messages, but this effect was restricted to Phase 2 of the study in the absence of social pressure. Measures of memory and self-efficacy demonstrated some, but limited, ability to predict individual differences in adherence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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25
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Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Korkki S, Solomon A, Coley N, Antikainen R, Bäckman L, Hänninen T, Lindström J, Laatikainen T, Paajanen T, Havulinna S, Peltonen M, Neely AS, Strandberg T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. The effect of adherence on cognition in a multidomain lifestyle intervention (FINGER). Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:1325-1334. [PMID: 34668644 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifestyle interventions may prevent cognitive decline, but the sufficient dose of intervention activities and lifestyle changes is unknown. We investigated how intervention adherence affects cognition in the FINGER trial (pre-specified subgroup analyses). METHODS FINGER is a multicenter randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of multidomain lifestyle intervention (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01041989). A total of 1260 participants aged 60 to 77 with increased dementia risk were randomized to a lifestyle intervention and control groups. Percentage of completed intervention sessions, and change in multidomain lifestyle score (self-reported diet; physical, cognitive, and social activity; vascular risk) were examined in relation to change in Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) scores. RESULTS Active participation was associated with better trajectories in NTB total and all cognitive subdomains. Improvement in lifestyle was associated with improvement in NTB total and executive function. DISCUSSION Multidomain lifestyle changes are beneficial for cognitive functioning, but future interventions should be intensive enough, and supporting adherence is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Ngandu
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenni Lehtisalo
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saana Korkki
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alina Solomon
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Coley
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM-University of Toulouse UMR1295 (CERPOP), Toulouse, France.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Riitta Antikainen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomo Hänninen
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint municipal authority for North Karelia social and health services (Siun sote), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Havulinna
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Functioning and Service Needs Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Peltonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Stigsdotter Neely
- Department of Social Psychological Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.,Engineering Psychology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Timo Strandberg
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Bird
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
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27
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Cohen PhD ML, Ryan Ma AC, Lanzi PhD Ccc-Slp AM. Prevention of and Early Intervention for Cognitive Decline Due to Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Dela J Public Health 2021; 7:118-122. [PMID: 34604774 PMCID: PMC8482982 DOI: 10.32481/djph.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Cohen PhD
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Delaware Center for Cognitive Aging Research, Center for Health Assessment Research and Translation, University of Delaware
| | | | - Alyssa M Lanzi PhD Ccc-Slp
- Delaware Center for Cognitive Aging Research, Center for Health Assessment Research and Translation, University of Delaware
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28
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Senczyszyn A, Wallner R, Szczesniak DM, Łuc M, Rymaszewska J. The Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training Combined With Whole Body Cryotherapy in Improving Cognitive Functions in Older Adults. A Case Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649066. [PMID: 34248698 PMCID: PMC8267365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are common in elderly population, and constitute a high-risk group for progression to dementia. Innovative, complex, and engaging non-pharmacological methods of cognitive stimulation, implementable at this stage, are needed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT) combined with Whole Body Stimulation (WBC) on cognitive functions of older adults with SCD and MCI. Methods: A 9-week single-blind pre/post case control trial was conducted. The study enrolled 84 adults aged 60 or older, allocated to one of two intervention groups: EG; CCT with psychoeducation, EG2; CCT with psychoeducation and 10 WBC sessions, or the control group (CG), which comprised patients receiving usual care. The primary outcome measures were cognitive functions evaluated with MoCA scale and several other neuropsychological tools. Depressive symptoms assessed with the GDS scale constituted the secondary outcome measures. Results: The results show evidence for increased performance in the assessment of general cognitive functioning in both EGs (p ≤ 0.05). Significant improvement was also visible in several cognitive domains, such as verbal fluency (EG1 & EG2), learning ability and immediate memory (EG1 & EG2), delayed memory (EG2), attentional control (EG1), and information processing (EG2) (p ≤ 0.05). However, only in the group with combined interventions (CCT + WBC) the participants presented significantly less depressive symptoms (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that CCT, especially in combination with WBC, might be a practical and effective method of improving cognitive performance. Moreover, this combination leads to a reduction of depressive symptoms.
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29
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Redlinger E, Glas B, Rong Y. Impact of screen size on cognitive training task performance: An HMD study. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:166-173. [PMID: 34119616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the impact of different screen sizes in cognitive training, study subjects performed an adaptive training task at three separate visual angles using a head-mounted display (HMD). Cognitive load was assessed using EEG and compared with task performance (accuracy and response time) for each condition. While previous studies found performance benefits corresponding to increased screen size in memory and learning tasks, our results suggest such benefits may only apply up to a visual angle of approximately 20°, after which increases in size become inversely correlated with task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Rong
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
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30
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Takechi H, Yoshino H. Usefulness of CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment and training tool, for distinguishing patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from cognitively normal older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 21:192-196. [PMID: 33336432 PMCID: PMC7898622 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess whether CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment and training tool, could distinguish patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from cognitively normal older people. Methods This cross‐sectional study enrolled 166 participants with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal older people. In CogEvo, five types of cognitive tasks were carried out, and the z‐scores were used as a composite score. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics analyses were then carried out to evaluate the usefulness of CogEvo in distinguishing between the three groups. Results CogEvo and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores showed excellent correlation, and could significantly differentiate between the Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal older people groups (Mini‐Mental State Examination 20.4 ± 3.5, 25.5 ± 1.6 and 27.6 ± 2.0, respectively; CogEvo: −1.9 ± 0.9, −0.8 ± 0.8 and 0.0 ± 1.0, respectively; both P < 0.001 by analysis of variance). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and years of education significantly differentiated the mild cognitive dysfunction group (mild cognitive impairment plus mild Alzheimer's disease; n = 78) from the cognitively normal group (n = 88) (P < 0.001), whereas receiver operating characteristics analysis showed moderate accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.830). Conclusions These results suggest that CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment tool, is useful for evaluating early‐stage cognitive impairment. Further studies are required to assess its effectiveness as a combination assessment and training tool. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 192–196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takechi
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshino
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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31
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Navarro MD, Llorens R, Borrego A, Alcañiz M, Noé E, Ferri J. Competition Enhances the Effectiveness and Motivation of Attention Rehabilitation After Stroke. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:575403. [PMID: 33192404 PMCID: PMC7556305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.575403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficits are among the most common cognitive impairments observed after experiencing stroke. However, a very limited number of studies have investigated the effectiveness of interventions that specifically focus on the rehabilitation of attention deficits among subjects with impaired attention. Although several interventions have included the use of computerized programs to provide dynamic stimuli, real-time performance feedback, and motivating tasks, existing studies have not exploited the potential benefits of multi-user interactions. Group-based and competitive interventions have been reported to be more enjoyable and motivating, depending on individual traits, and may potentially be more demanding, which may increase their effectiveness. This study investigated the effectiveness and motivating abilities of an intervention specifically designed to address attention deficits. This intervention combined paper-and-pencil tasks and interactive, computerized, multi-touch exercises, which were administered, either non-competitively or competitively, to a group of 43 individuals with chronic stroke. The mediating effects of competitiveness were evaluated for both intervention effectiveness and motivation. Participants were randomly sorted into two groups and underwent 20 one-hour group-based sessions, during which they either worked individually or competed with peers, according to their group allocation. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention, using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test, the d2 Test of Attention, the Color Trail Test, the Digit Span Test, and the Spatial Span Test. The competitiveness and subjective experiences of the participants after the intervention were investigated with the Revised Competitiveness Index and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, respectively. The results showed that participants who competed demonstrated significantly greater improvements in all cognitive abilities, except for divided attention, and reported greater enjoyment than their non-competitive peers. Both groups reported comparable levels of perceived competence, pressure, and usefulness. Interestingly, the competitiveness of the participants did not alter either the effectiveness or the subjective experience of the intervention. These findings suggest that competition might enhance the effectiveness and enjoyment of rehabilitation interventions designed to address attention deficits in individuals post-stroke, regardless of their level of competitiveness and without having a negative effect on their perceived pressure and competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Navarro
- NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Fundación Vithas, València, Spain
| | - Roberto Llorens
- NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Fundación Vithas, València, Spain.,Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Adrián Borrego
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Mariano Alcañiz
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Enrique Noé
- NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Fundación Vithas, València, Spain
| | - Joan Ferri
- NEURORHB, Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación de Hospitales Vithas, Fundación Vithas, València, Spain
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32
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Bonnechère B, Langley C, Sahakian BJ. The use of commercial computerised cognitive games in older adults: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15276. [PMID: 32943742 PMCID: PMC7498601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain training programs are currently one effective solution to prevent cognitive decline in healthy aging. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing the use of commercially available computerised cognitive games to improve cognitive function in people aged above 60 years old without cognitive impairment. 1,543 participants from sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Statistically significant improvements were observed for processing speed (SMD increased 0.40 [95% CI 0.20-0.60], p < 0.001), working memory (0.21 [95% CI 0.08-0.34], p = 0.001), executive function (0.21 [95% CI 0.06-0.35], p = 0.006), and for verbal memory (0.12 [95% CI 0.01-0.24, p = 0.031), but not for attention or visuospatial abilities. No relationship between the age of the participants and the amount of training was found. Commercially available computerised cognitive games are effective in improving cognitive function in participants without cognitive impairment aged over 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonnechère
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Bldg, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK. .,Center for Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research - Public Health School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christelle Langley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Bldg, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Bldg, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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33
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Edwards JD, Philllips CB, O'Connor ML, O'Brien JL, Hudak EM, Nicholson JS. Applying the Health Belief Model to Quantify and Investigate Expectations for Computerized Cognitive Training. J Cogn Enhanc 2020; 5:51-61. [PMID: 33817548 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the demonstrated benefits of computerized cognitive training for older adults, little is known about the determinants of training behavior. We developed and tested scales to quantify expectations about such training, examine whether expectations predicted training adherence, and explore if training expectations changed from pre- to post-training. Participants (N=219) were healthy older adults aged 55-96 years (M=75.36, SD=9.39), enrolled in four studies investigating Dakim, Insight, or Posit Science Brain Fitness computerized cognitive training programs. Instruments were adapted from existing health behavior scales: Self Efficacy for Cognitive Training, Outcome Expectations for Cognitive Training, Perceived Susceptibility to Cognitive Decline, Dementia or Alzheimer's Disease, and Perceived Severity of Cognitive Decline, Dementia or Alzheimer's Disease. Participants completed scales at baseline (N=219) and post-training (n=173). Eight composites were derived from factor analyses. Adherence rates were high (M=81%), but none of the composites predicted training adherence. There was an overall significant effect of time, Wilks' λ=.843, F(8, 114)=2.65, p=.010, partial η 2 =.157, a significant overall effect of training group, Wilks' λ=.770, F(16, 228)=1.99, p=.015, partial η 2 =.123, and an overall significant group x time interaction, Wilks' λ=.728, F(16, 226)=2.44, p=.002, partial η 2 =.147. Significant effects of time were found for expected psychological outcomes and self-efficacy. Post-training, participants more strongly agreed that training was enjoyable and increased their sense of accomplishment. Changes in self-efficacy for cognitive training varied by program, improvingfor Dakim- and declining for the more challenging Brain Fitness- and InSight participants. These newly devised scales may be useful for examining cognitive training behaviors. However, more work is needed to understand factors that influence older adults' enrollment in and adherence to cognitive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerri D Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L O'Brien
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Hudak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Vlisides
- From the Department of Anesthesiology.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences Laboratory, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amit Lampit
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Anstey KJ, Peters R, Zheng L, Barnes DE, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Chalmers J, Clare L, Dixon RA, Dodge H, Lautenschlager NT, Middleton LE, Qiu C, Rees G, Shahar S, Yaffe K. Future Directions for Dementia Risk Reduction and Prevention Research: An International Research Network on Dementia Prevention Consensus. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:3-12. [PMID: 32925063 PMCID: PMC7609069 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade a large body of evidence has accumulated on risk factors for dementia, primarily from Europe and North America. Drawing on recent integrative reviews and a consensus workshop, the International Research Network on Dementia Prevention developed a consensus statement on priorities for future research. Significant gaps in geographical location, representativeness, diversity, duration, mechanisms, and research on combinations of risk factors were identified. Future research to inform dementia risk reduction should fill gaps in the evidence base, take a life-course, multi-domain approach, and inform population health approaches that improve the brain-health of whole communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarin J. Anstey
- UNSW Aging Futures Institute, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth Peters
- UNSW Aging Futures Institute, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Lidan Zheng
- UNSW Aging Futures Institute, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah E. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Chalmers
- Faculty of Medicine, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda Clare
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Roger A. Dixon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hiroko Dodge
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicola T. Lautenschlager
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura E. Middleton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Glenn Rees
- Alzheimer’s Disease International, London, UK
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Center for Healthy Ageing & Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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