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Luo H, I Garcia R, Moss ME, Bell RA, Wright W, Wu B. Trends of children being given advice for dental checkups and having a dental visit in the United States: 2001-2016. J Public Health Dent 2020; 80:123-131. [PMID: 31951026 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to describe trends of children being given dental checkup advice by primary care providers (PCPs) and having dental visits and to assess factors associated with being given dental checkup advice and having a dental visit. METHODS Data were from the annual, cross-sectional Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 2001 to 2016. The sample included 126,773 children ages 2-17 years. We used predictive margins to estimate the probability of being given dental checkup advice and having a dental visit. We examined time trends of the proportion of children being given dental checkup advice from PCPs, as well as trends in the proportion of children having a dental visit from 2001 to 2016. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between being given dental checkup advice and having a dental visit. RESULTS Overall, the proportion of children being given dental checkup advice increased from 31.4% in 2001 to 51.8% in 2016 (Trend P < 0.001). No significant increasing trend was found for having a dental visit among those being given dental checkup advice (Trend P > 0.05). Children being given dental checkup advice were more likely to have a dental visit (AOR = 1.54, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although there was an increase in the proportion of children being given advice to have dental checkups by PCPs from 2001 to 2016, there was no significant increase in having a dental visit among children being given the advice. More research is needed to better understand how dental care advice from a PCP can effectively motivate and facilitate dental care for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Luo
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Raul I Garcia
- Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E Moss
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ronny A Bell
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Wanda Wright
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
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Mohebbi SZ, Rabiei S, Yazdani R, Nieminen P, Virtanen JI. Evaluation of an educational intervention in oral health for primary care physicians: a cluster randomized controlled study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:218. [PMID: 30547799 PMCID: PMC6293501 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family physicians are in frequent contact with patients, and their contribution to oral health promotion programs could be utilized more effectively. We implemented an oral health care (OHC) educational seminar for physicians and evaluated its impact on their knowledge retention in OHC. Methods We conducted an educational trial for primary care physicians (n = 106) working in Public Health Centers in Tehran city. We launched a self-administered questionnaire about pediatric dentistry, general dental, and dentistry-related medical knowledge and backgrounds. Physicians in intervention group A (n = 38) received an educational intervention (Booklet, Continuous Medical Education (CME), and Pamphlet), and those in group B (n = 32) received only an OHC pamphlet. Group C (n = 36) served as the control. A post-intervention survey followed four months later to measure the difference in the physicians’ knowledge; the Chi-square test, ANOVA and linear regression analysis served for statistical analysis. Results The intervention significantly increased the physicians’ oral health knowledge scores in all three domains and their total knowledge score (p < 0.001). Those physicians who had lower knowledge scores at the baseline showed a higher increase in their post-intervention knowledge. The models showed no associations between the background variables and the knowledge change. Conclusion The primary care physicians’ OHC knowledge improved considerably after an educational seminar with a reminder. These findings suggest that OHC topics should be included in physicians’ CME programs or in their curriculum to promote oral health, especially among non-privileged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Z Mohebbi
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1439955991, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rabiei
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1439955991, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1439955991, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma I Virtanen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029, Oulu, Finland
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Kranz AM, Rozier RG, Preisser JS, Stearns SC, Weinberger M, Lee JY. Examining continuity of care for Medicaid-enrolled children receiving oral health services in medical offices. Matern Child Health J 2015; 19:196-203. [PMID: 24802261 PMCID: PMC4224632 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Children living in poverty encounter barriers to dentist visits and disproportionally experience dental caries. To improve access, most state Medicaid programs reimburse pediatric primary care providers for delivering preventive oral health services. To understand continuity of oral health services for children utilizing the North Carolina (NC) Into the Mouths of Babes (IMB) preventive oral health program, we examined the time to a dentist visit after a child's third birthday. This retrospective cohort study used NC Medicaid claims from 2000 to 2006 for 95,578 Medicaid-enrolled children who received oral health services before age 3. We compared children having only dentist visits before age 3 to those with: (1) only IMB visits and (2) both IMB and dentist visits. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the time to a dentist visit following a child's third birthday. Propensity scores with inverse-probability-of-treatment-weights were used to address confounding. Children with only IMB visits compared to only dentist visits before age 3 had lower rates of dentist visits after their third birthday [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 0.41, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.43]. No difference was observed for children having both IMB and dentist visits and only dentist visits (AHR = 0.99, 95 % CI 0.96-1.03). Barriers to dental care remain as children age, hindering continuity of care for children receiving oral health services in medical offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kranz
- Department of Dental Research, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, Room 4505, Campus Box 7455, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7455, USA,
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Zilversmit L, Kane DJ, Rochat R, Rodgers T, Russell B. Factors associated with receiving treatment for dental decay among Medicaid-enrolled children younger than 12 years of age in Iowa, 2010. J Public Health Dent 2014; 75:17-23. [PMID: 25131658 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Iowa Department of Public Health I-Smile program provides dental screening and care coordination to over 23,000 low-income and Medicaid-enrolled children per year. The purposes of this study were to evaluate I-Smile program effectiveness to ensure that Medicaid-enrolled children obtained dental treatment after having been screened and to determine the factors associated with failure to receive dental care after screening through the I-Smile program. METHODS Based on I-Smile program priorities, we limited our sample to children younger than 12 years of age who screened positive for decay and who linked to a paid Medicaid claim for dental treatment (n = 1,816). We conducted bivariate analyses to examine associations between children's characteristics who screened positive for decay and received treatment within 6 months of their initial screening. We also performed multivariate logistic regression to assess the association of sociodemographic characteristics with receipt of treatment among children who screened positive for decay. RESULTS Eleven percent of children screened positive for decay. Nearly 24 percent of children with decay received treatment based on a Medicaid-paid claim. Being 5 years or older [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.48, confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 1.88] and not having a dental home (aOR: 1.90, CI: 1.41, 2.58) were associated with higher odds of not receiving dental treatment. CONCLUSIONS Children 5 years and older and without a dental home were less likely to obtain dental treatment. Opportunities exist for the I-Smile program to increase the numbers of at-risk children with dental homes and who obtain dental care after screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Zilversmit
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maputo, Mozambique; Associations of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Maputo, Mozambique; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Meyerhoefer CD, Zuvekas SH, Manski R. The demand for preventive and restorative dental services. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2014; 23:14-32. [PMID: 23349123 DOI: 10.1002/hec.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic tooth decay is the most common chronic condition in the United States among children ages 5-17 and also affects a large percentage of adults. Oral health conditions are preventable, but less than half of the US population uses dental services annually. We seek to examine the extent to which limited dental coverage and high out-of-pocket costs reduce dental service use by the nonelderly privately insured and uninsured. Using data from the 2001-2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and an American Dental Association survey of dental procedure prices, we jointly estimate the probability of using preventive and both basic and major restorative services through a correlated random effects specification that controls for endogeneity. We found that dental coverage increased the probability of preventive care use by 19% and the use of restorative services 11% to 16%. Both conditional and unconditional on dental coverage, the use of dental services was not sensitive to out-of-pocket costs. We conclude that dental coverage is an important determinant of preventive dental service use, but other nonprice factors related to consumer preferences, especially education, are equal if not stronger determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Meyerhoefer
- Department of Economics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, USA; National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, USA
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Isong IA, Soobader MJ, Fisher-Owens SA, Weintraub JA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Newacheck PW. Racial disparity trends in children's dental visits: US National Health Interview Survey, 1964-2010. Pediatrics 2012; 130:306-14. [PMID: 22753556 PMCID: PMC3408679 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Research that has repeatedly documented marked racial/ethnic disparities in US children's receipt of dental care at single time points or brief periods has lacked a historical policy perspective, which provides insight into how these disparities have evolved over time. Our objective was to examine the im-pact of national health policies on African American and white children's receipt of dental care from 1964 to 2010. METHODS We analyzed data on race and dental care utilization for children aged 2 to 17 years from the 1964, 1976, 1989, 1999, and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Dependent variables were as follows: child's receipt of a dental visit in the previous 12 months and child's history of never having had a dental visit. Primary independent variable was race (African American/white). We calculated sample prevalences, and χ(2) tests compared African American/white prevalences by year. We age-standardized estimates to the 2000 US Census. RESULTS The percentage of African American and white children in the United States without a dental visit in the previous 12 months declined significantly from 52.4% in 1964 to 21.7% in 2010, whereas the percentage of children who had never had a dental visit declined significantly (P < .01) from 33.6% to 10.6%. Pronounced African American/white disparities in children's dental utilization rates, whereas large and statistically significant in 1964, attenuated and became nonsignificant by 2010. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a dramatic narrowing of African American/white disparities in 2 measures of children's receipt of dental services from 1964 to 2010. Yet, much more needs to be done before persistent racial disparities in children's oral health status are eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyang A. Isong
- MassGeneral Hospital Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Jane A. Weintraub
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Stuart A. Gansky
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Larry J. Platt
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Paul W. Newacheck
- Department of Pediatrics and,Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Beil HA, Rozier RG. Primary health care providers' advice for a dental checkup and dental use in children. Pediatrics 2010; 126:e435-41. [PMID: 20660547 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we estimated factors associated with children being advised to see the dentist by a doctor or other health provider; tested for an association between the advisement on the likelihood that the child would visit the dentist; and estimated the effect of the advisement on dental costs. METHODS We identified a sample of 5268 children aged 2 to 11 years in the 2004 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. A cross-sectional analysis with logistic regression models was conducted to estimate the likelihood of the child receiving a recommendation for a dental checkup, and to determine its effect on the likelihood of having a dental visit. Differences in cost for children who received a recommendation were assessed by using a linear regression model. All analyses were conducted separately on children aged 2 to 5 (n = 2031) and aged 6 to 11 (n = 3237) years. RESULTS Forty-seven percent of 2- to 5-year-olds and 37% of 6- to 11-year-olds had been advised to see the dentist. Children aged 2 to 5 who received a recommendation were more likely to have a dental visit (odds ratio: 2.89 [95% confidence interval: 2.16-3.87]), but no difference was observed among older children. Advice had no effect on dental costs in either age group. CONCLUSIONS Health providers' recommendation that pediatric patients visit the dentist was associated with an increase in dental visits among young children. Providers have the potential to play an important role in establishing a dental home for children at an early age. Future research should examine potential interventions to increase effective dental referrals by health providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Beil
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UNC Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Noyce M, Szabo A, Pajewski NM, Jackson S, Bradley TG, Okunseri C. Primary language spoken at home and children's dental service utilization in the United States. J Public Health Dent 2010; 69:276-83. [PMID: 19552675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2009.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Language barriers have been well documented as a contributing factor to disparities in the receipt of medical services, especially for Hispanic children. However, there is a paucity of information on the effect of language barriers on children's dental service utilization. We examined the association of primary language spoken at home with the receipt of preventive and routine dental care for children in the United States. METHODS We analyzed data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2002-2004), which contains data on 21,049 children weighted to represent 75.8 million children nationally. RESULTS Among children aged 1-18 years, 13 percent spoke a language other than English at home. Whites, females, children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, and those whose parents spoke English at home had the highest marginal rates of preventive and routine dental visits. However, the large marginal effect of language, even among Hispanics, was not significant after adjusting for other covariates. Parental education and having a primary provider were the strongest predictors of preventive and routine dental visits. CONCLUSION Children that did not speak English at home were less likely to receive preventive or routine dental care. However, after adjusting for other socio-economic factors, our study suggests that language barriers may not play as pronounced a role in the receipt of dental care as that documented for medical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Noyce
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, USA
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An analysis of the first dental visits in a Federally Qualified Health Center in a socio economically deprived area. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2009; 33:265-8. [PMID: 19476104 DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.33.3.j3u27630r7965p73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental caries is the single most common chronic disease affecting children in the USA. Approximately 20-25% children are affected. This not only has serious implications for a child's long-term health and well being but also has serious financial implications. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry advocates early intervention with the first dental visit by 12 months of age. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the first dental visit for children living in a socio economically deprived area in Connecticut. This study was conducted at a Federally Qualified Health Center in Connecticut. STUDY DESIGN Data was collected prospectively on the children between January to December 2004. RESULTS We found that the mean age for the first visit was 4 years. The recommendation is that community health programs should emphasize the importance of preventive dental care by assuring the first dental visit be by age 1 year.
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Cohen LA. The role of non-dental health professionals in providing access to dental care for low-income and minority patients. Dent Clin North Am 2009; 53:451-468. [PMID: 19482122 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The disadvantaged suffer disproportionately from dental problems. These persons are more likely to have untreated oral health problems and associated pain, and also are more likely to forego dental treatment even when in pain. There has been increased emphasis on the potential role of physicians in alleviating oral health disparities, especially among children. In addition, many adults lacking access to traditional dental services seek care and consultation from hospital emergency departments, physicians, and pharmacists. The delivery of oral health care services by non-dental health professionals may assume increasing importance as the population continues to age and becomes more diverse. This is because, in general, the elderly and ethnic and racial minorities face significant economic barriers to accessing private dental services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Cohen
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, Division of Health Services Research, University of Maryland Dental School, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Okunseri C, Szabo A, Jackson S, Pajewski NM, Garcia RI. Increased children's access to fluoride varnish treatment by involving medical care providers: effect of a Medicaid policy change. Health Serv Res 2009; 44:1144-56. [PMID: 19453390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2004, the State of Wisconsin introduced a change to their Medicaid Policy allowing medical care providers to be reimbursed for fluoride varnish treatment provided to Medicaid enrolled children. OBJECTIVE To determine the extent by which a state-level policy change impacted access to fluoride varnish treatment (FVT) for Medicaid enrolled children. DATA SOURCE The Electronic Data Systems of Medicaid Evaluation and Decision Support database for Wisconsin from 2002 to 2006. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed Wisconsin Medicaid claims for FVT for children between the ages of 1 and 6 years, comparing rates in the prepolicy period (2002-2003) to the period (2004-2006) following the policy change. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Medicaid claims for FVT in 2002-2003 totaled 3,631. Following the policy change, claims for FVT increased to 28,303, with 38.0 percent submitted by medical care providers. FVT rates increased for children of both sexes and all ages, rising from 1.4 per 1,000 person-years of enrollment in 2002-2003 to 6.6 per 1,000 person-years in 2004-2006. Overall, 48.6 percent of the increase in FVT was attributable to medical care providers. The largest increase was seen in children 1-2 years of age, among whom medical care providers were responsible for 83.5 percent of the increase. CONCLUSIONS A state-level Medicaid policy change was followed by both a significant involvement of medical care providers and an overall increase in FVT. Children between the ages of 1 and 2 years appear to benefit the most from the involvement of medical care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Okunseri
- Department of Clinical Services, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA. christopher.okunseri@marquette
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