Functional polymorphisms in antioxidant genes in Hurthle cell thyroid neoplasm - an association of GPX1 polymorphism and recurrent Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma

Recent advances in the application of metallomics in diagnosis and prognosis of human cancer

Metals play a critical role in human health and diseases. In recent years, metallomics has been introduced and extensively applied to investigate the distribution, regulation, function, and crosstalk of metal(loid) ions in various physiological and pathological processes. Based on high-throughput multielemental analytical techniques and bioinformatics methods, it is possible to elucidate the correlation between the metabolism and homeostasis of diverse metals and complex diseases, in particular for cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress made in the application of metallomics in cancer research. We mainly focuses on the studies about metallomic profiling of different human biological samples for several major types of cancer, which reveal distinct and dynamic patterns of metal ion contents and the potential benefits of using such information in the detection and prognosis of these malignancies. Elevated levels of copper appear to be a significant risk factor for various cancers, and each type of cancer has a unique distribution of metals in biofluids, hair/nails, and tumor-affected tissues. Furthermore, associations between genetic variations in representative metalloprotein genes and cancer susceptibility have also been demonstrated. Overall, metallomics not only offers a better understanding of the relationship between metal dyshomeostasis and the development of cancer but also facilitates the discovery of new diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer translational medicine.

Synchronous occurrence of Hurthle cell carcinoma with Hodgkin's lymphoma; the first reported case with literature review

Introduction

Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer while Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon cancer of the lymphocytes. The synchronous occurrence of HCC and HL in a single person has not been described in the literature. This report aims to present the first case of synchronous HCC and HL.

Case report

A 31-year-old male presented with a right side neck swelling for three months. Laboratory findings revealed elevated thyroglobulin (286.7 ng/ml). Ultrasound (US) examination showed several enlarged lymph nodes (<20mm) in the right side of the neck with increased vascularity. There was also a solitary solid thyroid nodule (23*20mm) in the right lobe. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the right lobe revealed Hurthle cell neoplasm, and right cervical lymph node was suspicious for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Right lobectomy with right lateral cervical excisional biopsy was performed. Histopathology confirmed HCC and HL.

Discussion

HCC is a differentiated cancer occurring in old age population. Multiple factors increase the risk of HCC, including the excess iodine, history of thyroid diseases, and exposure to radiation. HL is a cancer of the lymphatic system that affects young adults and older population. There is a significant association between excess body weight and cigarette smoking with the risk of HL.

Conclusion

Although extremely rare, occurrence of a few cases of other thyroid carcinomas and HL could occur. However, no relation has been described between the two cancers.

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Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare, well-differentiated, and aggressive thyroid cancer.

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Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes, associated with good prognosis.

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This report presents the first case of synchronous Hurthle cell carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.

The Molecular Landscape of Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Is Associated with Altered Mitochondrial Function-A Comprehensive Review

Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma (HTC) accounts for 3-5% of all thyroid malignancies. Widely invasive HTC is characterized by poor prognosis and limited responsiveness to standard therapy with radioiodine. The molecular landscape of HTC is significantly different from the genetic signature seen in other forms of thyroid cancer. We performed a comprehensive literature review on the association between the molecular features of HTC and cancer metabolism. We searched the Pubmed, Embase, and Medline databases for clinical and translational studies published between 1980 and 2020 in English, coupling "HTC" with the following keywords: "genomic analysis", "mutations", "exome sequencing", "molecular", "mitochondria", "metabolism", "oxidative phosphorylation", "glycolysis", "oxidative stress", "reactive oxygen species", and "oncogenes". HTC is characterized by frequent complex I mitochondrial DNA mutations as early clonal events. This genetic signature is associated with the abundance of malfunctioning mitochondria in cancer cells. HTC relies predominantly on aerobic glycolysis as a source of energy production, as oxidative phosphorylation-related genes are downregulated. The enhanced glucose utilization by HTC is used for diagnostic purposes in the clinical setting for the detection of metastases by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FGD-PET/CT) imaging. A comprehensive metabolomic profiling of HTC in association with its molecular landscape might be necessary for the implementation of tumor-specific therapeutic approaches.

The effects of the genetic polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes on susceptibility to papillary thyroid carcinoma

Several lines of evidences have indicated that inflammation play an important role in the carcinogenesis. During the inflammatory processes, free radical species are produced from oxidative stress. In normal conditions, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants remove these products. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), and catalase (CAT) are three important enzymes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of MnSOD (SOD2), GPX-1, and CAT genetic polymorphisms on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) susceptibility. A total of 134 patients with PTC and 151 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this study. All samples were genotyped for SOD2 rs4880, GPX1 1050450, and CAT rs7943316 polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The frequencies of the rs1050450, rs4880, and rs7943316 alleles and genotypes were not different between PTC patients and controls. However, the TC genotype of SOD2 rs4880 polymorphism was significantly higher in males compared to that in females in PTC patients (odds ratio [OR], 3.9 [95% CI, 1.5-11], p = .007). The rs4880 polymorphism was also associated with higher stages (III-IV) of PTC in dominant model. No significant correlation was found between GPX1-rs1050450 and CAT-rs7943316 polymorphisms and demographic, clinical, and pathological features of the disease. The SOD2 rs4880CT genotype was more frequent in males with PTC and patients with higher stages (III-IV) of disease (OR, 2.9 [95% CI, 1.1-7.7], p = .04). However, no significant association was found between GPX1-rs1050450 and CAT-rs7943316 variants and PTC or its demographic, clinical, and pathological features.

Approach the Invasive Potential with Hurthle Cell Tumors of Thyroid

To observe the expression of P53, CyclinD1, Ki-67, Galectin-3, COX-2, Bcl-2 and approach their contribution on assessing the invasive potential for Hurthle cell tumors. Seventy-three cases of Hurthle cell tumor were collected for immunohistochemistry staining. The patients were followed up with 8 months to 5 years. Tumors were divided into four grades according to invasion and diameter:(1) extremely low risk (27 cases that less than 2 cm and without invasion), (2) low risk (18 cases that within 2-3.9 cm and without invasion), (3) moderate risk (21 cases that achieve 4 cm and without invasion), (4) high risk (7 cases that with invasion of capsule/vessel in spite of the diameter). Immunostaining presented that all 73 cases were positive with Galectin-3, COX-2 and Bcl-2. For each group, P53 positive were 29.6%, 55.6%, 90.5%, 100.0%; CyclinD1 stained with 7.4%,22.2%,52.4%,100.0% and Ki-67 were 0.0%,5.6%,9.5%,28.6%, respectively. The higher risk of tumor, the more cases that positive expressed P53 and CyclinD1. After following up within 49 patients, two of the recurring cases were positive with P53 and CyclinD1 and one of which was also highly expressed Ki-67. Detecting P53, CyclinD1 and Ki-67 might provide reference for invasive potential assessment with Hurthle cell tumors but not Galectin-3, COX-2 and Bcl-2.

Glutathione peroxidases as oncotargets

Oxidative stress is a disturbance in the equilibrium among free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms. Oxidative stress is a result of imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and the biological system's ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Mounting evidence has implicated oxidative stress in various physiological and pathological processes, including DNA damage, proliferation, cell adhesion, and survival of cancer cells. Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) (EC 1.11.1.9) are an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological roles are to protect organisms from oxidative damage by reducing lipid hydroperoxides as well as free hydrogen peroxide. Currently, 8 sub-members of GPxs have been identified in humans, all capable of reducing H₂O₂ and soluble fatty acid hydroperoxides. A large number of publications has demonstrated that GPxs have significant roles in different stages of carcinogenesis. In this review, we will update recent progress in the study of the roles of GPxs in cancer. Better mechanistic understanding of GPxs will potentially contribute to the development and advancement of improved cancer treatment models.