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Cheng FC, Wang YL, Tang LH, Wang LH, Huang GF, Chiang CP. Correlation between dental professionally topical fluoride application and children's dental use for dental caries under the National Health Insurance system in Taiwan from 2008 to 2021. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:1310-1322. [PMID: 37404601 PMCID: PMC10316495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases in children worldwide, especially in Taiwan. This study investigated dental professionally topical fluoride application (PTFA) and children's dental use for dental caries under the National Health Insurance (NHI) system in Taiwan from 2008 to 2021. Materials and methods The population data and medical records of the NHI system were obtained from the websites of the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, respectively. The dental PTFA services and dental use indicators for dental caries were analyzed from 2008 to 2021. Results The number of out-patient visits for dental PTFA services increased from 221,675 in 2008 to 1,078,099 in 2021. The total increase of the out-patient visits was 856,424 with a total increase rate of 386.34%. The one-year increase was 65,879 with a one-year increase rate of 29.72%. Among the 3 age groups of children, their dental use indicators almost presented decreasing trends from 2008 to 2021. Moreover, in general, the dental use indicators showed a negative correlation with the number of the overall out-patient visits for dental PTFA services from 2008 to 2021. Conclusion In Taiwan, there is a negative correlation between the dental use indicators in NHI system and the number of the overall out-patient visits for dental PTFA services from 2008 to 2021. However, the problem of dental caries in children is still serious and there is still a space for improvement in the oral health education for child caregivers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chou Cheng
- Chia-Te Dental Clinic, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Science Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hua Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hsia Wang
- Center for the Literature and Art, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guay-Fen Huang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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Amer NS, El-Yazeed M A, Zaky AA, El-Tayeb ESA, Hassouna DM. In vitro controlled elemental analysis to evaluate the combined effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride with Er:YAG and diode lasers. Can J Dent Hyg 2023; 57:25-32. [PMID: 36968800 PMCID: PMC10032642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) application is used for dental caries prevention. Combining APF with different laser wavelengths increases acid resistance in enamel. Aim To assess the effects of Er:YAG (2940 nm) laser and diode (940 nm) laser after the application of APF on morphology and mineral content of enamel surfaces of human teeth in vitro. Materials and Methods Twenty (20) freshly extracted third molar crowns were collected and split longitudinally into halves. Ten (10) halves were given to each of the following groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (application of 1.23% APF gel only), group 3 (diode laser; 1 W for 60 sec, contact mode after APF gel), and group 4 (Er:YAG; 80 mJ, 0.8 W, 10 Hz; in pulsed mode for 10 sec after APF gel). Specimens were morphologically examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and mineral content was analysed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Collected data were statistically analysed by ANOVA. Results Morphologic results were superior in group 3 followed by group 2 and group 1 with the least change in group 4. EDX of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), and Ca/P ratio weight % showed the highest value with no statistical significance between groups 2 and 1, and higher with statistical significance in groups 3 and 4 in descending order. Carbon weight % showed highest results in group 4 then 3, 2, and 1. Fluoride weight % showed highest statistical results in group 4 then 2, 3, and 1. Conclusion The diode laser showed superior morphological results after APF application compared to the Er:YAG laser. The Er:YAG increased fluoride absorption on outer enamel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal S Amer
- * Researcher assistant, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Abo El-Yazeed M
- § Professor and head, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abbas Zaky
- ‡ Professor and head, Medical Application of Laser Department, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed Abdullah El-Tayeb
- Δ Lecturer, Medical Application of Laser Department, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Dina M Hassouna
- ◊ Lecturer in oral biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Fayoum University, Egypt
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Flemming J, Hannig C, Hannig M. Caries Management-The Role of Surface Interactions in De- and Remineralization-Processes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237044. [PMID: 36498618 PMCID: PMC9737279 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioadhesion and surface interactions on enamel are of essential relevance for initiation, progression and prevention of caries and erosions. Salivary proteins on and within initial carious and erosive lesions can facilitate or aggravate de- and remineralization. This applies for the pellicle layer, the subsurface pellicle and for proteins within initial carious lesions. Little is known about these proteinaceous structures related to initial caries and erosion. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for an understanding of the underlying processes occurring at the interface between the tooth surface and the oral cavity in order to develop novel agents that limit and modulate caries and erosion. Objectives and findings: The present paper depicts the current knowledge of the processes occurring at the interface of the tooth surface and the oral fluids. Proteinaceous layers on dental hard tissues can prevent or aggravate demineralization processes, whereas proteins within initial erosive or carious lesions might hinder remineralization considerably and restrict the entry of ions into lesions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the fact that organic-inorganic surface interactions are of essential relevance for de- and remineralization processes at the tooth surface, there is limited knowledge on these clinically relevant phenomena. Accordingly, intensive research is necessary to develop new approaches in preventive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Flemming
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, D-66424 Homburg, Germany
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Duffin S, Duffin M, Grootveld M. Revisiting Fluoride in the Twenty-First Century: Safety and Efficacy Considerations. Front Oral Health 2022; 3:873157. [PMID: 35860375 PMCID: PMC9289262 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.873157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 years of scientific literature is available which describes the long relationship between dentistry and the many possible applications of fluoride anion (F−) as successful therapeutic strategies. To date, systemic introduction of fluoride via water, milk and salt fluoridation, and fluoride-containing tablets, has been employed. Post-eruption topical fluoride products have also been introduced, such as fluoridated toothpaste, along with fluoride-containing rinses and varnishes. Importantly, a recent addition to the available armamentarium of fluoride therapeutics now exists in the form of metal ion-fluorido adducts, most especially silver(I)-diammine fluoride (SDF). In view of its high level of therapeutic success, very recently this agent was added to the World Health Authority's (WHO's) list of essential medicines available for the treatment and prevention of tooth decay. Overall, this current state of affairs merits a major review of all these fluoride-containing therapeutic compounds, together with their risks and benefits, both individually and collectively. In this study, a simple graphical tool has been developed for the rapid “on-site” evaluation of fluoride intake with respect to a range of oral healthcare products and body mass index is presented as a gauge of safety for the risk of fluoride toxicity in individual patients. This exposition commences with (a) an account of the history and value of fluoride therapeutics in clinical dentistry, including applications of monofluorophosphate and stannous fluoride; (b) an evaluation of the toxicological activities of fluoride, together with a summary of any reports, albeit very rare ones, arising from its clinically-driven overuse; (c) a history of the development, molecular structure, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of SDF, including a summary of any possible toxic activities and effects arising from silver(I) ion rather than fluoride itself; and (d) the establishment of a working relationship between fluoride exposure and toxicity, with special reference to the instigation of newly-developed tabular/graphical reference guidelines for use by dental clinicians who employ fluoride-rich products in their practices. Particular attention is given to the oral care and treatment options of pediatric patients. In conclusion, applications of this unique monitoring tool may serve as a valuable toxicity guide for dental practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Duffin
- Shoreview Dental LLC, Keizer, OR, United States
- NoDK LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
- Oral Health Outreach LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
| | - Marcus Duffin
- Shoreview Dental LLC, Keizer, OR, United States
- NoDK LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
- Oral Health Outreach LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Martin Grootveld
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Wiley B, Batabyal A, Lukowiak K. Fluoride alters feeding and memory in Lymnaea stagnalis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:267-277. [PMID: 34854952 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride occurs naturally in the terrestrial and aquatic environment and is a major component in tea. Prolonged fluoride exposure alters metabolic activity in several aquatic invertebrates. For the first time, we investigated the effects of fluoride on cognition in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis as it is capable of a higher form of associative learning called configural learning. We first showed suppressive effects of black tea and fluoride on feeding (i.e., rasping) behavior. We then investigated how fluoride may alter cognition by introducing fluoride (1.86 mg/L) before, during, after, a day before and a week before the snails underwent the configural learning training procedure. Our results show that any 45-min exposure to fluoride (before, during or after a configural learning training procedure) blocks configural learning memory formation in Lymnaea and these effects are long-lasting. One week after a fluoride exposure, snails are still unable to form a configural learning memory and this result is upheld when the snails are exposed to a lower concentration of fluoride, one which is naturally occurring in ponds that a wild strain of Lymnaea can be found (0.3 mg/L). Thus, fluoride obstructs configural learning memory formation in a fluoride-naïve, inbred strain of Lymnaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin Wiley
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Fiorillo L, Cervino G, Herford AS, Laino L, Cicciù M. Stannous Fluoride Effects on Enamel: A Systematic Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E41. [PMID: 32878006 PMCID: PMC7559150 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a lot of talk about toothpastes with a particular chemical compound: stannous fluoride (SnF2). Its presence is currently still highly controversial, as the latter could have negative health effects. The different companies that produce toothpastes express its dosage in ppm. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to analyze all randomized clinical trials in the literature over the last 10 years and to draw clear results on the function of stannous fluoride, for this purpose the authors performed a Mann-Whitney U Test. MATERIALS The first analysis of the literature produced a number greater than 800 results, subsequently applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and following a manual analysis of the results, 26 manuscripts have been obtained. RESULTS From the results analyzed in this review, it could be shown that stannous fluoride does not present important contraindications, if not those commonly reported for fluorine. A meta-analysis on enamel loss has been conducted, it shows that SnF2 products provide better results with a p < 0.05 value. CONCLUSION This compound could have significant effects in favor of erosion and recalcification of the enamel, on the biofilm formation, gingival inflammation, and in addition, it could be an important aid in the removal of tooth stains and halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiorillo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Cervino
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Alan Scott Herford
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Luigi Laino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
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Scholz KJ, Federlin M, Hiller KA, Ebensberger H, Ferstl G, Buchalla W. EDX-analysis of fluoride precipitation on human enamel. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13442. [PMID: 31530840 PMCID: PMC6748938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One mechanism of action for the anticaries effect of topical fluoridation is through precipitation of CaF2. In this in vitro study energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used as a semiquantitative method to detect enamel fluoride-precipitation under the influence of acidic and neutral pH-value and absence or presence of a salivary pellicle. Crowns of 30 human caries-free third molars were quartered into four specimens and the enamel surface ground flat and polished. Two specimens each were stored in human saliva (120 minutes pellicle formation). Teeth were randomly allocated into 6 treatment groups: NaF_a (experimental acidic sodium fluoride; 12500 ppmF−, pH 4.75); NaF_n (experimental neutral sodium fluoride; 12500 ppmF−, pH 7.0); GB_a (acidic gel base; 0 ppmF−, pH 4.75); GB_n (neutral gel base; 0 ppmF−, pH 7.0); AmF-NaF_a (experimental acidic amine/sodium fluoride; 12500 ppmF−, pH 4.75); EG_a (acidic amine/sodium fluoride; Elmex Geleé, CP-GABA GmbH; 12500 ppmF−, pH 4.75). Each gel was applied for 60 seconds to one specimen with and one specimen without pellicle. Two specimens served as controls (no gel, without/with pellicle). Atomic percent (At%) of O, F, Na, Mg, P, Ca was measured by EDX. ∆At% and Ca/P-ratios were calculated. EDX could semi-quantify superficial enamel fluoride-precipitation. Only specimens treated with acidic fluoride gels showed fluoride-precipitation, a salivary pellicle tended to decrease At%F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Johannes Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Marianne Federlin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helga Ebensberger
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Ferstl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Bukleta MS, Bukleta D, Selmani M, Kuhar M. Frequency of Complete and Removable Partial Denture Treatment in the Primary Health Centres in Three Different Regions of Kosovo from 2002 to 2013. Zdr Varst 2019; 58:104-11. [PMID: 31275437 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Edentulism and prosthodontic care are very common, especially in the elderly. The study investigated the treatment with complete dentures (CDs) and acrylic removable partial dentures (ARPDs) among people receiving new prosthodontic treatment in the Primary Health Centres of the three regions in Kosovo from 2002 to 2013. Methods The data on ARPDs delivery and CDs delivery was obtained from the archives of primary health centres from three Kosovo regions (Prizren, Peje, Ferizaj) from 2002 to 2013. The data was analysed concerning year of treatment, type of dentures, jaw, age, gender and urban or rural origin of the patients. The trend of treatment was determined, and the binomial logistic regression model was used for predicting odds of ARPD versus CD treatment by year of treatment and patient characteristics. Results From 2002 to 2013, 9,478 patients received 11,655 CDs and 4,401 ARPDs. Delivery of CDs significantly increased by 57.45 dentures per year (R2=0.609) and delivery of ARPDs by 30.39 dentures per year (R2=0.569). Each year the odds for ARPD versus CD increased by 4.2% (95% CI: 3.0%-5.4%). Younger patients have higher odds for ARPD rather than CD and odds for ARPD are decreasing as the age of patients rises. The gender, residence, and jaw all had a significant impact on prosthodontic treatment too. Conclusions In Primary Health Centres of Kosovo, there is a trend for higher frequencies of both dentures (more obvious for ARPD), and the frequency is highly dependent on the age of patients.
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Bress LE, Horowitz AM, Capobianco DM, Fleming DE, Kleinman DV. Assessing Dental Hygiene Students' and Community Caregivers' Knowledge of Strategies for Caries Prevention. J Dent Educ 2019; 83:351-358. [PMID: 30692188 DOI: 10.21815/jde.019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With dental caries being a common chronic disease in children and adults, oral health literacy is needed to improve oral health and prevent caries. If oral health providers themselves are confused about preventive strategies, they cannot effectively educate the public or other health care providers. The aim of this study was to assess University of Maryland dental hygiene students' understanding of and ability to communicate caries preventive strategies to low-income populations during a community service-learning program in 2013 and 2014. Fifty baccalaureate degree dental hygiene students were asked to complete surveys before and after receiving a presentation on caries preventive strategies and after an outreach event, and 77 low-income caregivers were asked to complete surveys before and after receiving oral health education from the students. The key knowledge question on all surveys asked respondents to select the "single best way to prevent tooth decay" (i.e., provide caries prevention) from a list that included the following items: limit sweets, going to the dentist, brushing teeth, using fluoride toothpaste, flossing, drinking fluoridated water, fluoride varnish, and sealants. Of the 50 students, 41 completed all three surveys, for a response rate of 82%; all 77 caregivers (100%) completed the survey before the counseling session, and 37 (48%) completed the survey afterwards. While the results showed a significant knowledge increase for the students that drinking fluoridated water is the best caries prevention strategy, only 44% of them correctly ranked that option first even on the final survey, and only 8% of the caregivers ranked that option first even after counseling. These results suggested that neither the students nor the caregivers understood the benefits of community water fluoridation (CWF), even after the interventions. In spite of their low knowledge scores, it was encouraging that 86-92% of the caregivers reported that the students demonstrated respect for them and spent an appropriate amount of time with them and that they understood the information the students communicated. In discussions after the surveys, the students reported that they had received inconsistent messages from faculty members regarding the benefits of CWF, which resulted in their confusion. These results led the authors to revise their program's instruction to increase the students' knowledge of caries prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Bress
- Lisa E. Bress is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Alice M. Horowitz is Research Associate Professor, University of Maryland School of Public Health; Diana M. Capobianco is Owner and Founder of Growing Smiles Dental Practice, Bel Air, MD; Deborah E. Fleming is Academic Manager, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Dushanka V. Kleinman is Associate Dean for Research, University of Maryland School of Public Health.
| | - Alice M Horowitz
- Lisa E. Bress is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Alice M. Horowitz is Research Associate Professor, University of Maryland School of Public Health; Diana M. Capobianco is Owner and Founder of Growing Smiles Dental Practice, Bel Air, MD; Deborah E. Fleming is Academic Manager, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Dushanka V. Kleinman is Associate Dean for Research, University of Maryland School of Public Health
| | - Diana M Capobianco
- Lisa E. Bress is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Alice M. Horowitz is Research Associate Professor, University of Maryland School of Public Health; Diana M. Capobianco is Owner and Founder of Growing Smiles Dental Practice, Bel Air, MD; Deborah E. Fleming is Academic Manager, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Dushanka V. Kleinman is Associate Dean for Research, University of Maryland School of Public Health
| | - Deborah E Fleming
- Lisa E. Bress is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Alice M. Horowitz is Research Associate Professor, University of Maryland School of Public Health; Diana M. Capobianco is Owner and Founder of Growing Smiles Dental Practice, Bel Air, MD; Deborah E. Fleming is Academic Manager, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Dushanka V. Kleinman is Associate Dean for Research, University of Maryland School of Public Health
| | - Dushanka V Kleinman
- Lisa E. Bress is Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Alice M. Horowitz is Research Associate Professor, University of Maryland School of Public Health; Diana M. Capobianco is Owner and Founder of Growing Smiles Dental Practice, Bel Air, MD; Deborah E. Fleming is Academic Manager, Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Dushanka V. Kleinman is Associate Dean for Research, University of Maryland School of Public Health
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Bozcuk Güzeldemirci G, Karataş Eray İ, Öztaş D. An Overview of Preventive Dental Services. Ankara Medical Journal 2018. [DOI: 10.17098/amj.409049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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