1
|
Youssouf N, Martin M, Bischoff M, Soubeyran P, Gannoun-Zaki L, Molle V. The secreted tyrosine phosphatase PtpA promotes Staphylococcus aureus survival in RAW 264.7 macrophages through decrease of the SUMOylation host response. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0281323. [PMID: 37819153 PMCID: PMC10714793 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02813-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus uses numerous strategies to survive and persist in the intracellular environment of professional phagocytes, including modulation of the SUMOylation process. This study aims to understand how S. aureus alters host SUMOylation to enhance its intracellular survival in professional phagocytes. Our results indicate that S. aureus strain Newman utilizes PtpA-driven phosphorylation to decrease the amount of SUMOylated proteins in murine macrophages to facilitate its survival in this immune cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhuma Youssouf
- VBIC, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Martin
- VBIC, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Philippe Soubeyran
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR, Aix-Marseille, Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | | | - Virginie Molle
- VBIC, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma X, Zhao C, Xu Y, Zhang H. Roles of host SUMOylation in bacterial pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0028323. [PMID: 37725062 PMCID: PMC10580907 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00283-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria frequently interfere with the post-translational modifications of host cells to facilitate their survival and growth after invasion. SUMOylation, a reversible post-translational modification process, plays an important role in biological life activities. In addition to being critical to host cell metabolism and survival, SUMOylation also regulates gene expression and cell signal transmission. Moreover, SUMOylation in eukaryotic cells can be used by a variety of bacterial pathogens to advance bacterial invasion. In this minireview, we focused on the role and mechanism of host SUMOylation in the pathogenesis of six important clinical bacterial pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli). Taken together, this review provided new insights for understanding the unique pathogen-host interaction based on host SUMOylation and provided a novel perspective on the development of new strategies to combat bacterial infections in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyao Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng X, Yang W, Lin W, Mei F. Paradoxes of Cellular SUMOylation Regulation: A Role of Biomolecular Condensates? Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:979-1006. [PMID: 37137717 PMCID: PMC10441629 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a major post-translational modification essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. SUMOylation has long been associated with stress responses as a diverse array of cellular stress signals are known to trigger rapid alternations in global protein SUMOylation. In addition, while there are large families of ubiquitination enzymes, all small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are conjugated by a set of enzymatic machinery comprising one heterodimeric SUMO-activating enzyme, a single SUMO-conjugating enzyme, and a small number of SUMO protein ligases and SUMO-specific proteases. How a few SUMOylation enzymes specifically modify thousands of functional targets in response to diverse cellular stresses remains an enigma. Here we review recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms of SUMO regulation, particularly the potential roles of liquid-liquid phase separation/biomolecular condensates in regulating cellular SUMOylation during cellular stresses. In addition, we discuss the role of protein SUMOylation in pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutics targeting SUMOylation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Protein SUMOylation is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications and plays a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to stresses. Protein SUMOylation has been implicated in human pathogenesis, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and infection. After more than a quarter century of extensive research, intriguing enigmas remain regarding the mechanism of cellular SUMOylation regulation and the therapeutic potential of targeting SUMOylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology and Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okuda K, Silva Costa Franco MM, Yasunaga A, Gazzinelli R, Rabinovitch M, Cherry S, Silverman N. Leishmania amazonensis sabotages host cell SUMOylation for intracellular survival. iScience 2022; 25:104909. [PMID: 36060064 PMCID: PMC9436752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites use elaborate virulence mechanisms to invade and thrive in macrophages. These virulence mechanisms inhibit host cell defense responses and generate a specialized replicative niche, the parasitophorous vacuole. In this work, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila macrophage-like cells to identify the host factors necessary for Leishmania amazonensis infection. This screen identified 52 conserved genes required specifically for parasite entry, including several components of the SUMOylation machinery. Further studies in mammalian macrophages found that L. amazonensis infection inhibited SUMOylation within infected macrophages and this inhibition enhanced parasitophorous vacuole growth and parasite proliferation through modulation of multiple genes especially ATP6V0D2, which in turn affects CD36 expression and cholesterol levels. Together, these data suggest that parasites actively sabotage host SUMOylation and alter host transcription to improve their intracellular niche and enhance their replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendi Okuda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Miriam Maria Silva Costa Franco
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Ari Yasunaga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ricardo Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
- Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190, Brazil
| | - Michel Rabinovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar P, Soory A, Mustfa SA, Sarmah DT, Devvanshi H, Chatterjee S, Bossis G, Ratnaparkhi GS, Srikanth CV. Bidirectional regulation between AP-1 and SUMO genes modulates inflammatory signalling during Salmonella infection. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276158. [PMID: 35904007 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as SUMOylation, are known to modulate fundamental processes of a cell. Infectious agents such as Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) that causes gastroenteritis, utilizes PTM mechanism SUMOylation to highjack host cell. STm suppresses host SUMO-pathway genes Ubc9 and PIAS1 to perturb SUMOylation for an efficient infection. In the present study, the regulation of SUMO-pathway genes during STm infection was investigated. A direct binding of c-Fos, a component of AP-1 (Activator Protein-1), to promoters of both UBC9 and PIAS1 was observed. Experimental perturbation of c-Fos led to changes in expression of both Ubc9 and PIAS1. STm infection of fibroblasts with SUMOylation deficient c-Fos (c-FOS-KOSUMO-def-FOS) resulted in uncontrolled activation of target genes, resulting in massive immune activation. Infection of c-FOS-KOSUMO-def-FOS cells favored STm replication, indicating misdirected immune mechanisms. Finally, chromatin Immuno-precipitation assays confirmed a context dependent differential binding and release of AP-1 to/from target genes due to its Phosphorylation and SUMOylation respectively. Overall, our data point towards existence of a bidirectional cross-talk between c-Fos and the SUMO pathway and highlighting its importance in AP-1 function relevant to STm infection and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pharvendra Kumar
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | | | | | - Dipanka Tanu Sarmah
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| | - Himadri Devvanshi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| | - Samrat Chatterjee
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - C V Srikanth
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singhal J, Madan E, Chaurasiya A, Srivastava P, Singh N, Kaushik S, Kahlon AK, Maurya MK, Marothia M, Joshi P, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Host SUMOylation Pathway Negatively Regulates Protective Immune Responses and Promotes Leishmania donovani Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878136. [PMID: 35734580 PMCID: PMC9207379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is one of the post-translational modifications that have recently been described as a key regulator of various cellular, nuclear, metabolic, and immunological processes. The process of SUMOylation involves the modification of one or more lysine residues of target proteins by conjugation of a ubiquitin-like, small polypeptide known as SUMO for their degradation, stability, transcriptional regulation, cellular localization, and transport. Herein, for the first time, we report the involvement of the host SUMOylation pathway in the process of infection of Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Our data revealed that infection of L. donovani to the host macrophages leads to upregulation of SUMOylation pathway genes and downregulation of a deSUMOylating gene, SENP1. Further, to confirm the effect of the host SUMOylation on the growth of Leishmania, the genes associated with the SUMOylation pathway were silenced and parasite load was analyzed. The knockdown of the SUMOylation pathway led to a reduction in parasitic load, suggesting the role of the host SUMOylation pathway in the disease progression and parasite survival. Owing to the effect of the SUMOylation pathway in autophagy, we further investigated the status of host autophagy to gain mechanistic insights into how SUMOylation mediates the regulation of growth of L. donovani. Knockdown of genes of host SUMOylation pathway led to the reduction of the expression levels of host autophagy markers while promoting autophagosome–lysosome fusion, suggesting SUMOylation-mediated autophagy in terms of autophagy initiation and autophagy maturation during parasite survival. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also elevated upon the knockdown of genes of the host SUMOylation pathway during L. donovani infection. This indicates the involvement of the SUMOylation pathway in the modulation of protective immune responses and thus favoring parasite survival. Taken together, the results of this study indicate the hijacking of the host SUMOylation pathway by L. donovani toward the suppression of host immune responses and facilitation of host autophagy to potentially facilitate its survival. Targeting of SUMOylation pathway can provide a starting point for the design and development of novel therapeutic interventions to combat leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhalak Singhal
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anand Ranganathan
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | - Shailja Singh
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang G, Yuan J, Luo J, Ocansey DKW, Zhang X, Qian H, Xu W, Mao F. Emerging role of protein modification in inflammatory bowel disease. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:173-188. [PMID: 35261214 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves many factors, including environmental parameters, microorganisms, and the immune system. Although research on IBD continues to expand, the specific pathogenesis mechanism is still unclear. Protein modification refers to chemical modification after protein biosynthesis, also known as post-translational modification (PTM), which causes changes in the properties and functions of proteins. Since proteins can be modified in different ways, such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, the functions of proteins in different modified states will also be different. Transitions between different states of protein or changes in modification sites can regulate protein properties and functions. Such modifications like neddylation, sumoylation, glycosylation, and acetylation can activate or inhibit various signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and protein kinase B (AKT)) by changing the intestinal flora, regulating immune cells, modulating the release of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and ultimately leading to the maintenance of the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of PTM and describe its regulatory role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.,Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jintao Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory, the People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang 212300, China
| | - Ji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.,Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast 02630, Ghana
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO can modulate the activity of its conjugated proteins in a plethora of cellular contexts. The effect of SUMO conjugation of proteins during an immune response is poorly understood in Drosophila. We have previously identified that the transcription factor Jra, the Drosophila Jun ortholog and a member of the AP-1 complex is one such SUMO target. Here, we find that Jra is a regulator of the Pseudomonas entomophila induced gut immune gene regulatory network, modulating the expression of a few thousand genes, as measured by quantitative RNA sequencing. Decrease in Jra in gut enterocytes is protective, suggesting that reduction of Jra signaling favors the host over the pathogen. In Jra, lysines 29 and 190 are SUMO conjugation targets, with the JraK29R+K190R double mutant being SUMO conjugation resistant (SCR). Interestingly, a JraSCR fly line, generated by CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing, is more sensitive to infection, with adults showing a weakened host response and increased proliferation of Pseudomonas. Transcriptome analysis of the guts of JraSCR and JraWT flies suggests that lack of SUMOylation of Jra significantly changes core elements of the immune gene regulatory network, which include antimicrobial agents, secreted ligands, feedback regulators, and transcription factors. Mechanistically, SUMOylation attenuates Jra activity, with the TFs, forkhead, anterior open, activating transcription factor 3 and the master immune regulator Relish being important transcriptional targets. Our study implicates Jra as a major immune regulator, with dynamic SUMO conjugation/deconjugation of Jra modulating the kinetics of the gut immune response. The intestine has a resident population of commensal microorganisms against which the immune machinery is tuned to show low or no reactivity. In contrast, when pathogenic microorganisms are ingested, the gut responds by activating signaling cascades that lead to the killing and clearance of the pathogen. In this study, we examine the role played by the well-known transcription factor Jun in regulating the immune response in the Drosophila gut. We find that loss of Jun leads to the change in intensity and kinetics of the gut immune transcriptome. The transcriptional profile indicates a stronger response when Jun activity is reduced. Also, animals infected with Pseudomonas entomophila live longer when Jun signaling is reduced. Further, we find that Jun is post-translationally modified on Lys29 and Lys190 by SUMO. To understand the effect of SUMO-conjugation of Jun, we create by state-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing a Drosophila line where Jun is resistant to SUMOylation. This line is more sensitive to infection, with a weaker host-defense response. Our data suggest that Jun Signaling favors the pathogen by dampening the immune response. SUMO conjugation of Jun reverses the dampening and strengthens the immune response in favor of the host. Dynamic SUMOylation of Jun thus fine-tunes the gut immune response to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarendranath Soory
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune, india
- * E-mail: (AS); (GR)
| | - Girish S. Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune, india
- * E-mail: (AS); (GR)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ergünay T, Ayhan Ö, Celen AB, Georgiadou P, Pekbilir E, Abaci YT, Yesildag D, Rettel M, Sobhiafshar U, Ogmen A, Emre NT, Sahin U. Sumoylation of Cas9 at lysine 848 regulates protein stability and DNA binding. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/4/e202101078. [PMID: 35022246 PMCID: PMC8761495 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cas9 is sumoylated and ubiquitylated in human cells. K848 is the major SUMO2/3 modification site, but multiple lysines are ubiquitylated, precipitating proteasomal degradation. Preventing Cas9 sumoylation by K848 ablation or by pharmacologic means reduces Cas9 half-life and DNA binding ability. CRISPR/Cas9 is a popular genome editing technology. Although widely used, little is known about how this prokaryotic system behaves in humans. An unwanted consequence of eukaryotic Cas9 expression is off-target DNA binding leading to mutagenesis. Safer clinical implementation of CRISPR/Cas9 necessitates a finer understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing Cas9 behavior in humans. Here, we report our discovery of Cas9 sumoylation and ubiquitylation, the first post-translational modifications to be described on this enzyme. We found that the major SUMO2/3 conjugation site on Cas9 is K848, a key positively charged residue in the HNH nuclease domain that is known to interact with target DNA and contribute to off-target DNA binding. Our results suggest that Cas9 ubiquitylation leads to decreased stability via proteasomal degradation. Preventing Cas9 sumoylation through conversion of K848 into arginine or pharmacologic inhibition of cellular sumoylation enhances the enzyme’s turnover and diminishes guide RNA-directed DNA binding efficacy, suggesting that sumoylation at this site regulates Cas9 stability and DNA binding. More research is needed to fully understand the implications of these modifications for Cas9 specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tunahan Ergünay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgecan Ayhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arda B Celen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Panagiota Georgiadou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Pekbilir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf T Abaci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yesildag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mandy Rettel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Proteomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulduz Sobhiafshar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anna Ogmen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nc Tolga Emre
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patra U, Müller S. A Tale of Usurpation and Subversion: SUMO-Dependent Integrity of Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies at the Crossroad of Infection and Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696234. [PMID: 34513832 PMCID: PMC8430037 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are multi-protein assemblies representing distinct sub-nuclear structures. As phase-separated molecular condensates, PML NBs exhibit liquid droplet-like consistency. A key organizer of the assembly and dynamics of PML NBs is the ubiquitin-like SUMO modification system. SUMO is covalently attached to PML and other core components of PML NBs thereby exhibiting a glue-like function by providing multivalent interactions with proteins containing SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs). PML NBs serve as the catalytic center for nuclear SUMOylation and SUMO-SIM interactions are essential for protein assembly within these structures. Importantly, however, formation of SUMO chains on PML and other PML NB-associated proteins triggers ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation which coincide with disruption of these nuclear condensates. To date, a plethora of nuclear activities such as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle control, DNA damage response, and DNA replication have been associated with PML NBs. Not surprisingly, therefore, SUMO-dependent PML NB integrity has been implicated in regulating many physiological processes including tumor suppression, metabolism, drug-resistance, development, cellular stemness, and anti-pathogen immune response. The interplay between PML NBs and viral infection is multifaceted. As a part of the cellular antiviral defense strategy, PML NB components are crucial restriction factors for many viruses and a mutual positive correlation has been found to exist between PML NBs and the interferon response. Viruses, in turn, have developed counterstrategies for disarming PML NB associated immune defense measures. On the other end of the spectrum, certain viruses are known to usurp specific PML NB components for successful replication and disruption of these sub-nuclear foci has recently been linked to the stimulation rather than curtailment of antiviral gene repertoire. Importantly, the ability of invading virions to manipulate the host SUMO modification machinery is essential for this interplay between PML NB integrity and viruses. Moreover, compelling evidence is emerging in favor of bacterial pathogens to negotiate with the SUMO system thereby modulating PML NB-directed intrinsic and innate immunity. In the current context, we will present an updated account of the dynamic intricacies between cellular PML NBs as the nuclear SUMO modification hotspots and immune regulatory mechanisms in response to viral and bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Youssouf N, Recasens-Zorzo C, Molle V, Bossis G, Soubeyran P, Gannoun-Zaki L. Staphylococcus aureus Decreases SUMOylation Host Response to Promote Intramacrophage Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8108. [PMID: 34360873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium that causes severe infections in soft tissue and the bloodstream. During infection, S. aureus manipulates host cell response to facilitate its own replication and dissemination. Here, we show that S. aureus significantly decreases the level of SUMOylation, an essential post-translational modification, in infected macrophages 24 h post-phagocytosis. The reduced level of SUMOylation correlates with a decrease in the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9. The over-expression of SUMO proteins in macrophages impaired bacterial intracellular proliferation and the inhibition of SUMOylation with ML-792 increased it. Together, these findings demonstrated for the first time the role of host SUMOylation response toward S. aureus infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
K. ST, Joshi G, Arya P, Mahajan V, Chaturvedi A, Mishra RK. SUMO and SUMOylation Pathway at the Forefront of Host Immune Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681057. [PMID: 34336833 PMCID: PMC8316833 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens pose a continuous challenge for the survival of the host species. In response to the pathogens, the host immune system mounts orchestrated defense responses initiating various mechanisms both at the cellular and molecular levels, including multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) leading to the initiation of signaling pathways. The network of such pathways results in the recruitment of various innate immune components and cells at the site of infection and activation of the adaptive immune cells, which work in synergy to combat the pathogens. Ubiquitination is one of the most commonly used PTMs. Host cells utilize ubiquitination for both temporal and spatial regulation of immune response pathways. Over the last decade, ubiquitin family proteins, particularly small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO), have been widely implicated in host immune response. SUMOs are ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins transiently conjugated to a wide variety of proteins through SUMOylation. SUMOs primarily exert their effect on target proteins by covalently modifying them. However, SUMO also engages in a non-covalent interaction with the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in target proteins. Unlike ubiquitination, SUMOylation alters localization, interactions, functions, or stability of target proteins. This review provides an overview of the interplay of SUMOylation and immune signaling and development pathways in general. Additionally, we discuss in detail the regulation exerted by covalent SUMO modifications of target proteins, and SIM mediated non-covalent interactions with several effector proteins. In addition, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the importance of the SUMO pathway in the development and maintenance of a robust immune system network of the host. We also summarize how pathogens modulate the host SUMO cycle to sustain infectability. Studies dealing mainly with SUMO pathway proteins in the immune system are still in infancy. We anticipate that the field will see a thorough and more directed analysis of the SUMO pathway in regulating different cells and pathways of the immune system. Our current understanding of the importance of the SUMO pathway in the immune system necessitates an urgent need to synthesize specific inhibitors, bioactive regulatory molecules, as novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev T. K.
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Vibhuti Mahajan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Akanksha Chaturvedi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karhausen J, Ulloa L, Yang W. SUMOylation Connects Cell Stress Responses and Inflammatory Control: Lessons From the Gut as a Model Organ. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646633. [PMID: 33679811 PMCID: PMC7933481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) constitutes a key post-translational modification regulating the stability, activity, and subcellular localization of its target proteins. However, the vast numbers of identified SUMO substrates obscure a clear view on the function of SUMOylation in health and disease. This article presents a comprehensive review on the physiological relevance of SUMOylation by discussing how global SUMOylation levels—rather than specific protein SUMOylation—shapes the immune response. In particular, we highlight the growing body of work on SUMOylation in intestinal pathologies, because of the unique metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory challenges of this organ. Recent studies show that global SUMOylation can help restrain detrimental inflammation while maintaining immune defenses and tissue integrity. These results warrant further efforts to develop new therapeutic tools and strategies to control SUMOylation in infectious and inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Karhausen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Y, Xi J, Wu P, Zhang H, Deng X, Wang Y, Ma Z, Yi J, Chen C. Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 affects the intracellular survival of Brucella abortus 2308 by regulating activation of the NF-κB pathway. Innate Immun 2020; 27:81-88. [PMID: 33241964 PMCID: PMC7780357 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920972171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative intracellular pathogens that cause animal and human diseases. Brucella survival and replication inside immune cells is critical for the establishment of chronic infections. Protein modifications by small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins and the NF-κB pathway are involved in many cellular activities, playing major roles in regulating protein function that is essential for pathogenic bacteria during infection. However, the relationship between them in the intracellular survival of Brucella is still largely unknown. We demonstrated that Brucella abortus 2308 infection can activate the expression of small ubiquitin-related modifier-2 proteins in a time-dependent manner. We found the production of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and the transcription of NF-κB/p65 were promoted by overexpression and inhibited by interference of small ubiquitin-related modifier-2. In addition, we showed that small ubiquitin-related modifier-2 can inhibit intracellular survival of Brucella abortus 2308 by regulating activation of the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, this work shows that small ubiquitin-related modifier-2 modification of NF-κB2/p65 is essential for the survival of Brucella abortus 2308 inside macrophages. This work may help to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms of Brucella infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Jing Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Zhongchen Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sá-Pessoa J, Przybyszewska K, Vasconcelos FN, Dumigan A, Frank CG, Hobley L, Bengoechea JA. Klebsiella pneumoniae Reduces SUMOylation To Limit Host Defense Responses. mBio 2020; 11:e01733-20. [PMID: 32994335 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01733-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae has been singled out as an urgent threat to human health due to the increasing isolation of strains resistant to “last-line” antimicrobials, narrowing the treatment options against Klebsiella infections. Unfortunately, at present, we cannot identify candidate compounds in late-stage development for treatment of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella infections; this pathogen is exemplary of the mismatch between unmet medical needs and the current antimicrobial research and development pipeline. Furthermore, there is still limited evidence on K. pneumoniae pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels in the context of the interactions between bacterial pathogens and their hosts. In this research, we have uncovered a sophisticated strategy employed by Klebsiella to subvert the activation of immune defenses by controlling the modification of proteins. Our research may open opportunities to develop new therapeutics based on counteracting this Klebsiella-controlled immune evasion strategy. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of multidrug-resistant infections worldwide. Understanding the virulence mechanisms of K. pneumoniae is a priority and timely to design new therapeutics. Here, we demonstrate that K. pneumoniae limits the SUMOylation of host proteins in epithelial cells and macrophages (mouse and human) to subvert cell innate immunity. Mechanistically, in lung epithelial cells, Klebsiella increases the levels of the deSUMOylase SENP2 in the cytosol by affecting its K48 ubiquitylation and its subsequent degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome. This is dependent on Klebsiella preventing the NEDDylation of the Cullin-1 subunit of the ubiquitin ligase complex E3-SCF-βTrCP by exploiting the CSN5 deNEDDylase. Klebsiella induces the expression of CSN5 in an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling pathway-dependent manner. In macrophages, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-TRAM-TRIF-induced type I interferon (IFN) via IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-controlled signaling mediates Klebsiella-triggered decrease in the levels of SUMOylation via let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs). Our results revealed the crucial role played by Klebsiella polysaccharides, the capsule, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-polysaccharide, to decrease the levels of SUMO-conjugated proteins in epithelial cells and macrophages. A Klebsiella-induced decrease in SUMOylation promotes infection by limiting the activation of inflammatory responses and increasing intracellular survival in macrophages.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chervy M, Barnich N, Denizot J. Adherent-Invasive E. coli: Update on the Lifestyle of a Troublemaker in Crohn's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3734. [PMID: 32466328 PMCID: PMC7279240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors, the intestinal microbiota is an important factor in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD). Among microbiota alterations, a particular pathotype of Escherichia coli involved in the pathogenesis of CD abnormally colonizes the intestinal mucosa of patients: the adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathobiont bacteria, which have the abilities to adhere to and to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), as well as to survive and replicate within macrophages. AIEC have been the subject of many studies in recent years to unveil some genes linked to AIEC virulence and to understand the impact of AIEC infection on the gut and consequently their involvement in CD. In this review, we describe the lifestyle of AIEC bacteria within the intestine, from the interaction with intestinal epithelial and immune cells with an emphasis on environmental and genetic factors favoring their implantation, to their lifestyle in the intestinal lumen. Finally, we discuss AIEC-targeting strategies such as the use of FimH antagonists, bacteriophages, or antibiotics, which could constitute therapeutic options to prevent and limit AIEC colonization in CD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Chervy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.C.); (N.B.)
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Génie Biologique, 63172 Aubière, France
| | - Jérémy Denizot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.C.); (N.B.)
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Génie Biologique, 63172 Aubière, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hegde S, Soory A, Kaduskar B, Ratnaparkhi GS. SUMO conjugation regulates immune signalling. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:62-79. [PMID: 32777975 PMCID: PMC7714519 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1808402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical drivers and attenuators for proteins that regulate immune signalling cascades in host defence. In this review, we explore functional roles for one such PTM, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Very few of the SUMO conjugation targets identified by proteomic studies have been validated in terms of their roles in host defence. Here, we compare and contrast potential SUMO substrate proteins in immune signalling for flies and mammals, with an emphasis on NFκB pathways. We discuss, using the few mechanistic studies that exist for validated targets, the effect of SUMO conjugation on signalling and also explore current molecular models that explain regulation by SUMO. We also discuss in detail roles of evolutionary conservation of mechanisms, SUMO interaction motifs, crosstalk of SUMO with other PTMs, emerging concepts such as group SUMOylation and finally, the potentially transforming roles for genome-editing technologies in studying the effect of PTMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Hegde
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Amarendranath Soory
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Suhail A, Rizvi ZA, Mujagond P, Ali SA, Gaur P, Singh M, Ahuja V, Awasthi A, Srikanth CV. DeSUMOylase SENP7-Mediated Epithelial Signaling Triggers Intestinal Inflammation via Expansion of Gamma-Delta T Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3522-3538.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
19
|
De Mandal S, Mathipi V, Muthukumaran RB, Gurusubramanian G, Lalnunmawii E, Kumar NS. Amplicon sequencing and imputed metagenomic analysis of waste soil and sediment microbiome reveals unique bacterial communities and their functional attributes. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:778. [PMID: 31784843 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of solid and liquid waste from domestic, municipal, and hospital premises pollutes the soil and river ecosystems. However, the diversity and functions of the microbial communities present in these polluted environments are not well understood and may contain harmful microbial communities with specialized metabolic potential. In this present study, we adapted the Illumina sequencing technology to analyze microbial communities and their metabolic capabilities in polluted environments. A total of 1113884 sequences of v3-v4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA were obtained using Illumina sequencing and assigned to the corresponding taxonomical ranks using Greengenes databases. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominantly present in all the four studied sites (solid waste dumping site (SWD); Chite river site (CHR), Turial river site (TUR), and Tuikual river site (TUKR)). It was found that the SWD was dominated by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria; CHR by Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes; TUR by Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria; and TUKR by Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes, respectively. The dominant bacterial genus present in all samples was Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Prevotella, Corynebacterium, Comamonas, Bacteroides, Wautersiella, Cloacibacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingobacterium, and Pseudomonas. Twenty-seven putative bacterial pathogens were identified from the contaminated sites belonging to Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Functional analysis showed a high representation of genes in the KEGG pathway involved in the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates and identified several genes associated with antibiotic resistance and xenobiotic degradation in these environments, which can be a serious problem for human health and environment. The results from this research will provide a new understanding of the possible management practices to minimize the spread of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surajit De Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Esther Lalnunmawii
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang FP, Malinen M, Mehmood A, Lehtiniemi T, Jääskeläinen T, Niskanen EA, Korhonen H, Laiho A, Elo LL, Ohlsson C, Kotaja N, Poutanen M, Sipilä P, Palvimo JJ. Lack of androgen receptor SUMOylation results in male infertility due to epididymal dysfunction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:777. [PMID: 30770815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is regulated by SUMOylation at its transactivation domain. In vitro, the SUMOylation is linked to transcriptional repression and/or target gene-selective regulation. Here, we generated a mouse model (ArKI) in which the conserved SUMO acceptor lysines of AR are permanently abolished (ArK381R, K500R). ArKI males develop normally, without apparent defects in their systemic androgen action in reproductive tissues. However, the ArKI males are infertile. Their spermatogenesis appears unaffected, but their epididymal sperm maturation is defective, shown by severely compromised motility and fertilization capacity of the sperm. Fittingly, their epididymal AR chromatin-binding and gene expression associated with sperm maturation and function are misregulated. AR is SUMOylated in the wild-type epididymis but not in the testis, which could explain the tissue-specific response to the lack of AR SUMOylation. Our studies thus indicate that epididymal AR SUMOylation is essential for the post-testicular sperm maturation and normal reproductive capability of male mice. SUMOylation is known to regulate androgen receptor (AR) activity in cultured cells. Here, using SUMOylation-deficient AR knock-in mice, the authors demonstrate that SUMOylation is required for AR-related gene expression specifically in the epididymal tissues, but not the testis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nguyen BN, Peterson BN, Portnoy DA. Listeriolysin O: A phagosome-specific cytolysin revisited. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12988. [PMID: 30511471 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is an essential determinant of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis that mediates the escape of L. monocytogenes from host cell vacuoles, thereby allowing replication in the cytosol without causing appreciable cell death. As a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of pore-forming toxins, LLO is unique in that it is secreted by a facultative intracellular pathogen, whereas all other CDCs are produced by pathogens that are largely extracellular. Replacement of LLO with other CDCs results in strains that are extremely cytotoxic and 10,000-fold less virulent in mice. LLO has structural and regulatory features that allow it to function intracellularly without causing cell death, most of which map to a unique N-terminal region of LLO referred to as the proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine (PEST)-like sequence. Yet, while LLO has unique properties required for its intracellular site of action, extracellular LLO, like other CDCs, affects cells in a myriad of ways. Because all CDCs form pores in cholesterol-containing membranes that lead to rapid Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux, they consequently trigger a wide range of host cell responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, histone modification, and caspase-1 activation. There is no debate that extracellular LLO, like all other CDCs, can stimulate multiple cellular activities, but the primary question we wish to address in this perspective is whether these activities contribute to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N Nguyen
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Bret N Peterson
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dalmasso G, Nguyen HTT, Faïs T, Massier S, Barnich N, Delmas J, Bonnet R. Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Manipulate Host Autophagy by Impairing SUMOylation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010035. [PMID: 30634511 PMCID: PMC6357120 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients is abnormally colonized with adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) that are able to adhere to and to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), to survive in macrophages, and to induce a pro-inflammatory response. AIEC persist in the intestine, and induce inflammation in CEABAC10 transgenic mice expressing human CAECAM6, the receptor for AIEC. SUMOylation is a eukaryotic-reversible post-translational modification, in which SUMO, an ubiquitin-like polypeptide, is covalently linked to target proteins. Here, we investigated the role of SUMOylation in host responses to AIEC infection. We found that infection with the AIEC LF82 reference strain markedly decreased the levels of SUMO-conjugated proteins in human intestinal epithelial T84 cells. This was also observed in IECs from LF82-infected CEABAC10 transgenic mice. LF82-induced deSUMOylation in IECs was due in part to increased level of microRNA (miR)-18, which targets PIAS3 mRNA encoding a protein involved in SUMOylation. Over-expression of SUMOs in T84 cells induced autophagy, leading to a significant decrease in the number of intracellular LF82. Consistently, a decreased expression of UBC9, a protein necessary for SUMOylation, was accompanied with a decrease of LF82-induced autophagy, increasing bacterial intracellular proliferation and inflammation. Finally, the inhibition of miR-18 significantly decreased the number of intracellular LF82. In conclusion, our results suggest that AIEC inhibits the autophagy response to replicate intracellularly by manipulating host SUMOylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dalmasso
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| | - Hang T T Nguyen
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| | - Tiphanie Faïs
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 58 place Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| | - Sébastien Massier
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| | - Julien Delmas
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 58 place Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| | - Richard Bonnet
- UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- INRA, USC 2018, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 58 place Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mustfa SA, Singh M, Suhail A, Mohapatra G, Verma S, Chakravorty D, Rana S, Rampal R, Dhar A, Saha S, Ahuja V, Srikanth CV. SUMOylation pathway alteration coupled with downregulation of SUMO E2 enzyme at mucosal epithelium modulates inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170024. [PMID: 28659381 PMCID: PMC5493774 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification pathways such as SUMOylation are integral to all cellular processes and tissue homeostasis. We investigated the possible involvement of SUMOylation in the epithelial signalling in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Initially in a murine model of IBD, induced by dextran–sulfate–sodium (DSS mice), we observed inflammation accompanied by a lowering of global SUMOylation of colonic epithelium. The observed SUMOylation alteration was due to a decrease in the sole SUMO E2 enzyme (Ubc9). Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed the existence of a distinct SUMOylome (SUMO-conjugated proteome) in DSS mice with alteration of key cellular regulators, including master kinase Akt1. Knocking-down of Ubc9 in epithelial cells resulted in dramatic activation of inflammatory gene expression, a phenomenon that acted via reduction in Akt1 and its SUMOylated form. Importantly, a strong decrease in Ubc9 and Akt1 was also seen in endoscopic biopsy samples (N = 66) of human CD and UC patients. Furthermore, patients with maximum disease indices were always accompanied by severely lowered Ubc9 or SUMOylated-Akt1. Mucosal tissues with severely compromised Ubc9 function displayed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and compromised wound-healing markers. Thus, our results reveal an important and previously undescribed role for the SUMOylation pathway involving Ubc9 and Akt1 in modulation of epithelial inflammatory signalling in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukesh Singh
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| | - Aamir Suhail
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debangana Chakravorty
- Functional interactomics laboratory, Bose Institute Kolkata, P 1/12, C.I.T Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritika Rampal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, India
| | - Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Functional interactomics laboratory, Bose Institute Kolkata, P 1/12, C.I.T Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, India
| | - C V Srikanth
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ribet D, Cossart P. Ubiquitin, SUMO, and NEDD8: Key Targets of Bacterial Pathogens. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:926-40. [PMID: 30107971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of host protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) is used by various pathogens to interfere with host cell functions. Among these modifications, ubiquitin (UBI) and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) constitute key targets because they are regulators of pathways essential for the host cell. In particular, these PTM modifiers control pathways that have been described as crucial for infection such as pathogen entry, replication, propagation, or detection by the host. Although bacterial pathogens lack eucaryotic-like UBI or UBL systems, many of them produce proteins that specifically interfere with these host PTMs during infection. In this review we discuss the different mechanisms used by bacteria to interfere with host UBI and the two UBLs, SUMO and NEDD8.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kamaladevi A, Marudhupandiyan S, Balamurugan K. Model system based proteomics to understand the host response during bacterial infections. Mol Biosyst 2018; 13:2489-2497. [PMID: 29082410 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens pose a major concern to public health and, thus, greater attention must be given to providing insightful knowledge on host-pathogen interactions. There are several theories addressing the dynamics of complex mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. The availability of an ample number of universally accepted model systems, including vertebrates, invertebrates, and mammalian cells, provides in-depth transcriptomics data to evaluate these complex mechanisms during host-pathogen interactions. Recent model system based proteomic studies have addressed the issues related to human diseases by establishing the protein profile of model animals that closely resemble the environment. As a result, model system based proteomics has been widely accepted as a powerful and effective approach to understand the highly complex host-pathogen interfaces at their protein levels. This review offers a snapshot of the contributions of selective model systems on host-bacterial pathogen interactions through proteomic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Kamaladevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karhausen J, Bernstock JD, Johnson KR, Sheng H, Ma Q, Shen Y, Yang W, Hallenbeck JM, Paschen W. Ubc9 overexpression and SUMO1 deficiency blunt inflammation after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. J Transl Med 2018; 98:799-813. [PMID: 29472640 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a crucial defense to the potentially life-threatening effects of gut microbiota. However, due to a complex underlying vasculature, hypoperfusion and resultant tissue ischemia pose a particular risk to function and integrity of the epithelium. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation pathway critically regulates adaptive responses to metabolic stress and is of particular significance in the gut, as inducible knockout of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 results in rapid intestinal epithelial disintegration. Here we analyzed the pattern of individual SUMO isoforms in intestinal epithelium and investigated their roles in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. Immunostaining revealed that epithelial SUMO2/3 expression was almost exclusively limited to crypt epithelial nuclei in unchallenged mice. However, intestinal I/R or overexpression of Ubc9 caused a remarkable enhancement of epithelial SUMO2/3 staining along the crypt-villus axis. Unexpectedly, a similar pattern was found in SUMO1 knockout mice. Ubc9 transgenic mice, but also SUMO1 knockout mice were protected from I/R injury as evidenced by better preserved barrier function and blunted inflammatory responses. PCR array analysis of microdissected villus-tip epithelia revealed a specific epithelial contribution to reduced inflammatory responses in Ubc9 transgenic mice, as key chemotactic signaling molecules such as IL17A were significantly downregulated. Together, our data indicate a critical role particularly of the SUMO2/3 isoforms in modulating responses to I/R and provide the first evidence that SUMO1 deletion activates a compensatory process that protects from ischemic damage.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lapaquette P, Fritah S, Lhocine N, Andrieux A, Nigro G, Mounier J, Sansonetti P, Dejean A. Shigella entry unveils a calcium/calpain-dependent mechanism for inhibiting sumoylation. eLife 2017; 6:27444. [PMID: 29231810 PMCID: PMC5745084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the sumoylation/desumoylation equilibrium is associated with several disease states such as cancer and infections, however the mechanisms regulating the global SUMO balance remain poorly defined. Here, we show that infection by Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of human bacillary dysentery, switches off host sumoylation during epithelial cell infection in vitro and in vivo and that this effect is mainly mediated by a calcium/calpain-induced cleavage of the SUMO E1 enzyme SAE2, thus leading to sumoylation inhibition. Furthermore, we describe a mechanism by which Shigella promotes its own invasion by altering the sumoylation state of RhoGDIα, a master negative regulator of RhoGTPase activity and actin polymerization. Together, our data suggest that SUMO modification is essential to restrain pathogenic bacterial entry by limiting cytoskeletal rearrangement induced by bacterial effectors. Moreover, these findings identify calcium-activated calpains as powerful modulators of cellular sumoylation levels with potentially broad implications in several physiological and pathological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lapaquette
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U993, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Fritah
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U993, Paris, France
| | - Nouara Lhocine
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U786, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Andrieux
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U993, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Nigro
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U786, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Mounier
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U786, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U786, Paris, France
| | - Anne Dejean
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U993, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Z, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Ma X, Zhang W. Saltatory Rolling Circle Amplification (SRCA): a Novel Nucleic Acid Isothermal Amplification Technique Applied for Rapid Detection of Shigella Spp. in Vegetable Salad. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has in 30 years emerged as an exceptional bacterial model system in infection biology. Research on this bacterium has provided considerable insight into how pathogenic bacteria adapt to mammalian hosts, invade eukaryotic cells, move intracellularly, interfere with host cell functions and disseminate within tissues. It also contributed to unveil features of normal host cell pathways and unsuspected functions of previously known cellular proteins. This review provides an updated overview of our knowledge on this pathogen. In many examples, findings on L. monocytogenes provided the basis for new concepts in bacterial regulation, cell biology and infection processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rolhion
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France.,INRA, Unité sous-contrat 2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM, U604, F-75015 Paris, France.,INRA, Unité sous-contrat 2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Keszei AF, Sicheri F. Mechanism of catalysis, E2 recognition, and autoinhibition for the IpaH family of bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1311-6. [PMID: 28115697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611595114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IpaH enzymes are secreted bacterial effectors that function within host cells as E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases. Catalytic activity is imparted by a conserved novel E3 ligase (NEL) domain that is unique to Gram-negative pathogens and whose activity is repressed by a flanking substrate-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain when substrate is absent. How the NEL domain catalyzes the conjugation of Ub onto substrates, recognizes host E2s, and maintains its autoinhibited state remain poorly understood. Here we used mutagenesis and enzyme kinetic analyses to address these gaps in knowledge. Mutagenesis of conserved residues on two remote surfaces of the NEL domain identified functional clusters proximal to and distal to the active site cysteine. By analyzing the kinetics of Ub charging and discharging, we identified proximal active site residues that function as either the catalytic acid or catalytic base for aminolysis. Further analysis revealed that distal site residues mediate the direct binding of E2. In studying the full-length protein, we also have uncovered that IpaH family autoinhibition is achieved by a short-circuiting mechanism wherein the LRR domain selectively blocks productive aminolysis, but not the nonproductive discharge of Ub from the E3 to solvent. This mode of autoinhibition, which is not shared by the HECT domain ligase Smurf2, leads to the unanticipated depletion of E2∼Ub and thus a concomitant dominant-negative effect on other E3s in vitro, raising the possibility that short circuiting also may serve to restrict the function of host E3s in cells.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ribet D, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Ferhi O, Nahori MA, Varet H, de Thé H, Cossart P. Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein (PML) Controls Listeria monocytogenes Infection. mBio 2017; 8:e02179-16. [PMID: 28074026 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02179-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is the main organizer of stress-responsive subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies. These structures recruit multiple interactors and modulate their abundance or their posttranslational modifications, notably by the SUMO ubiquitin-like modifiers. The involvement of PML in antiviral responses is well established. In contrast, the role of PML in bacterial infection remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that PML restricts infection by the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes but not by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. During infection, PML undergoes oxidation-mediated multimerization, associates with the nuclear matrix, and becomes de-SUMOylated due to the pore-forming activity of the Listeria toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). These events trigger an antibacterial response that is not observed during in vitro infection by an LLO-defective Listeria mutant, but which can be phenocopied by specific induction of PML de-SUMOylation. Using transcriptomic and proteomic microarrays, we also characterized a network of immunity genes and cytokines, which are regulated by PML in response to Listeria infection but independently from the listeriolysin O toxin. Our study thus highlights two mechanistically distinct complementary roles of PML in host responses against bacterial infection. IMPORTANCE The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a eukaryotic protein that can polymerize in discrete nuclear assemblies known as PML nuclear bodies (NBs) and plays essential roles in many different cellular processes. Key to its function, PML can be posttranslationally modified by SUMO, a ubiquitin-like modifier. Identification of the role of PML in antiviral defenses has been deeply documented. In contrast, the role of PML in antibacterial defenses remains elusive. Here, we identify two mechanistically distinct complementary roles of PML in antibacterial responses against pathogens such as Listeria: (i) we show that PML regulates the expression of immunity genes in response to bacterial infection, and (ii) we unveil the fact that modification of PML SUMOylation by bacterial pore-forming toxins is sensed as a danger signal, leading to a restriction of bacterial intracellular multiplication. Taken together, our data reinforce the concept that intranuclear bodies can dynamically regulate important processes, such as defense against invaders.
Collapse
|
32
|
Srikanth CV, Verma S. Sumoylation as an Integral Mechanism in Bacterial Infection and Disease Progression. SUMO Regulation of Cellular Processes 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
33
|
Mwaikono KS, Maina S, Sebastian A, Schilling M, Kapur V, Gwakisa P. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene Reveals Substantial Bacterial Diversity on the Municipal Dumpsite. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:145. [PMID: 27400733 PMCID: PMC4940873 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple types of solid waste in developing countries is disposed of together in dumpsites where there is interaction between humans, animals and the bacteria in the waste. To study the bacteria at the dumpsite and the associated risks, previous studies have focused on culturable, leaving behind a great number of unculturable bacteria. This study focuses on a more comprehensive approach to study bacteria at the dumpsite. Since the site comprised of unsorted wastes, a qualitative survey was first performed to identify the variety of solid waste as this has influence on the microbial composition. Thus, domestic (Dom), biomedical (Biom), river sludge (Riv), and fecal material of pigs scavenging on the dumpsite (FecD) were sampled. Total DNA was extracted from 78 samples and the v4-16S rRNA amplicons was characterized using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Results A total of 8,469,294 sequences passed quality control. Catchall analysis predicted a mean of 8243 species per sample. Diversity was high with an average InvSimpson index of 44.21 ± 1.44. A total of 35 phyla were detected and the predominant were Firmicutes (38 %), Proteobacteria (35 %), Bacteroidetes (13 %) and Actinobacteria (3 %). Overall 76,862 OTUs were detected, however, only 20 % were found more than 10 times. The predominant OTUs were Acinetobacter (12.1 %), Clostridium sensu stricto (4.8 %), Proteinclasticum and Lactobacillus both at (3.4 %), Enterococcus (2.9 %) and Escherichia/Shigella (1.7 %). Indicator analysis (P ≤ 0.05, indicator value ≥ 70) shows that Halomonas, Idiomarina, Tisierella and Proteiniclasticum were associated with Biom; Enterococcus, Bifidobacteria, and Clostridium sensu stricto with FecD and Flavobacteria, Lysobacter and Commamonas to Riv. Acinetobacter and Clostridium sensu stricto were found in 62 % and 49 % of all samples, respectively, at the relative abundance of 1 %. None of OTUs was found across all samples. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive report on the abundance and diversity bacteria in municipal dumpsite. The species richness reported here shows the complexity of this man-made ecosystem and calls for further research to assess for a link between human diseases and the dumpsite. This would provide insight into proper disposal of the waste, as well as, limit the risks to human health associated with the dumpsite. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0758-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilaza Samson Mwaikono
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Solomon Maina
- BecA-ILRI Hub International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, W238A Millennium Science Complex, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Megan Schilling
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, the Pennsylvania State University, 204 Wartik Laboratories, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.,Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, the Pennsylvania State University, 204 Wartik Laboratories, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.,Genome Sciences Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Alugubelly N, Hercik K, Kibler P, Nanduri B, Edelmann MJ. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins in Yersinia enterocolitica-infected HeLa cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1864:562-9. [PMID: 26854600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Yersinia enterocolitica is a facultative intracellular pathogen and a causative agent of yersiniosis, which can be contracted by ingestion of contaminated food. Yersinia secretes virulence factors to subvert critical pathways in the host cell. In this study we utilized shotgun label-free proteomics to study differential protein expression in epithelial cells infected with Y.enterocolitica. We identified a total of 551 proteins, amongst which 42 were downregulated (including Prostaglandin E Synthase 3, POH-1 and Karyopherin alpha) and 22 were upregulated (including Rab1 and RhoA) in infected cells. We validated some of these results by western blot analysis of proteins extracted from Caco-2 and HeLa cells. The proteomic dataset was used to identify host canonical pathways and molecular functions modulated by this infection in the host cells. This study constitutes a proteome of Yersinia-infected cells and can support new discoveries in the area of host-pathogen interactions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY We describe a proteome of Yersinia enterocolitica-infected HeLa cells, including a description of specific proteins differentially expressed upon infection, molecular functions as well as pathways altered during infection. This proteomic study can lead to a better understanding of Y. enterocolitica pathogenesis in human epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navatha Alugubelly
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Kamil Hercik
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Peter Kibler
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Domingues P, Golebiowski F, Tatham MH, Lopes AM, Taggart A, Hay RT, Hale BG. Global Reprogramming of Host SUMOylation during Influenza Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1467-1480. [PMID: 26549460 PMCID: PMC4660286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear SUMO modifications play essential roles in orchestrating cellular responses to proteotoxic stress, DNA damage, and DNA virus infection. Here, we describe a non-canonical host SUMOylation response to the nuclear-replicating RNA pathogen, influenza virus, and identify viral RNA polymerase activity as a major contributor to SUMO proteome remodeling. Using quantitative proteomics to compare stress-induced SUMOylation responses, we reveal that influenza virus infection triggers unique re-targeting of SUMO to 63 host proteins involved in transcription, mRNA processing, RNA quality control, and DNA damage repair. This is paralleled by widespread host deSUMOylation. Depletion screening identified ten virus-induced SUMO targets as potential antiviral factors, including C18orf25 and the SMC5/6 and PAF1 complexes. Mechanistic studies further uncovered a role for SUMOylation of the PAF1 complex component, parafibromin (CDC73), in potentiating antiviral gene expression. Our global characterization of influenza virus-triggered SUMO redistribution provides a proteomic resource to understand host nuclear SUMOylation responses to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Domingues
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Filip Golebiowski
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Michael H Tatham
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Antonio M Lopes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Benjamin G Hale
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verma S, Mohapatra G, Ahmad SM, Rana S, Jain S, Khalsa JK, Srikanth CV. Salmonella Engages Host MicroRNAs To Modulate SUMOylation: a New Arsenal for Intracellular Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2932-46. [PMID: 26100020 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00397-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) can alter many fundamental properties of a protein. One or combinations of them have been known to regulate the dynamics of many cellular pathways and consequently regulate all vital processes. Understandably, pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to subvert these mechanisms to achieve instantaneous control over host functions. Here, we present the first report of modulation by intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) of host SUMOylation, a PTM pathway central to all fundamental cellular processes. Both in cell culture and in a mouse model, we observed that S. Typhimurium infection led to a dynamic SUMO-conjugated proteome alteration. The intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium was dependent on SUMO status as revealed by reduced infection and Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) in SUMO-upregulated cells. S. Typhimurium-dependent SUMO modulation was seen as a result of depletion of crucial SUMO pathway enzymes Ubc-9 and PIAS1, at both the protein and the transcript levels. Mechanistically, depletion of Ubc-9 relied on upregulation of small noncoding RNAs miR30c and miR30e during S. Typhimurium infection. This was necessary and sufficient for both down-modulation of Ubc-9 and a successful infection. Thus, we demonstrate a novel strategy of pathogen-mediated perturbation of host SUMOylation, an integral mechanism underlying S. Typhimurium infection and intracellular survival.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sidik SM, Salsman J, Dellaire G, Rohde JR. Shigella infection interferes with SUMOylation and increases PML-NB number. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122585. [PMID: 25848798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a severe diarrheal disease that affects hundreds of thousands of individuals resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Shigellosis is caused by Shigella spp., a gram-negative bacterium that uses a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into the cytosol of infected human cells. Shigella infection triggers multiple signaling programs that result in a robust host transcriptional response that includes the induction of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are dynamic subnuclear structures that coordinate immune signaling programs and have a demonstrated role in controlling viral infection. We show that PML-NB number increases upon Shigella infection. We examined the effects of Shigella infection on SUMOylation and found that upon Shigella infection the localization of SUMOylated proteins is altered and the level of SUMOylated proteins decreases. Although Shigella infection does not alter the abundance of SUMO activating enzymes SAE1 or SAE2, it dramatically decreases the level of the SUMO conjugating enzyme Ubc9. All Shigella-induced alterations to the SUMOylation system are dependent upon a T3SS. Thus, we demonstrate that Shigella uses one or more T3SS effectors to influence both PML-NB number and the SUMOylation machinery in human cells.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tanner K, Brzovic P, Rohde JR. The bacterial pathogen-ubiquitin interface: lessons learned from Shigella. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:35-44. [PMID: 25355173 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Shigella species are the aetiological agents of shigellosis, a severe diarrhoeal disease that is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Shigellosis causes massive colonic destruction, high fever and bloody diarrhoea. Shigella pathogenesis is tightly linked to the ability of the bacterium to invade and replicate intracellularly within the colonic epithelium. Shigella uses a type 3 secretion system to deliver its effector proteins into the cytosol of infected cells. Among the repertoire of Shigella effectors, many are known to target components of the actin cytoskeleton to promote bacterial entry. An emerging alternate theme for effector function is the targeting of the host ubiquitin system. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification restricted to eukaryotes and is involved in many essential host processes. By virtue of sheer number of ubiquitin-modulating effector proteins, it is clear that Shigella has invested heavily into subversion of the ubiquitin system. Understanding these host-pathogen interactions will inform us about the strategies used by successful pathogens and may also provide avenues for novel antimicrobial strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|