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Prodanov-radulović J, Vučićević I, Polaček V, Aleksić-kovačević S. Current Swine Respiratory Diseases Morphology in Intensive Swine Production in Serbia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020; 70:1-36. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Swine respiratory diseases represent one of the most frequent health issues in pig production worldwide. Despite the great progress that has been made in the field of diagnostics, control and prophylaxis, respiratory diseases still remain the most challenging health problem in modern commercial pig production. The list of infectious agents that cause respiratory diseases in swine is extensive and includes both, bacterial and viral pathogens. In Serbia, more than fifteen years after the introduction of modern vaccines, the list of bacterial pathogens related to swine respiratory infections still include Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis and Pasteurella multocida. On the other hand, most commonly involved viral pathogens are Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine circovirus type 2 and Pseudorabies virus. The morphological features of pneumonia where several agents are involved, depend on the predominant etiological agent. Expanding knowledge of the main pathogens associated with swine respiratory diseases and the effects of their interactions on the disease outcome is important for further investigations of lung diseases and implementation of control strategies in commercial pig populations in Serbia. This review discusses the latest findings on swine respiratory disease and current trends in Serbian pig production.
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Meng X, Yu X, Wu Y, Kim DH, Nan N, Cong W, Wang S, Liu B, Xu ZY. Chromatin Remodeling Protein ZmCHB101 Regulates Nitrate-Responsive Gene Expression in Maize. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 32117389 PMCID: PMC7031486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is the main source of nitrogen for plants and an essential component of fertilizers. Rapid transcriptional activation of genes encoding the high-affinity nitrate transport system (HATS) is an important strategy that plants use to cope with nitrogen deficiency. However, the specific transcriptional machineries involved in this process and the detailed transcriptional regulatory mechanism of the core HATS remain poorly understood. ZmCHB101 is the core subunit of the SWI/SNF-type ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex in maize. RNA-interference transgenic plants (ZmCHB101-RNAi) display abaxially curling leaves and impaired tassel and cob development. Here, we demonstrate that ZmCHB101 plays a pivotal regulatory role in nitrate-responsive gene expression. ZmCHB101-RNAi lines showed accelerated root growth and increased biomass under low nitrate conditions. An RNA sequencing analysis revealed that ZmCHB101 regulates the expression of genes involved in nitrate transport, including ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2. The NIN-like protein (NLP) of maize, ZmNLP3.1, recognized the consensus nitrate-responsive cis-elements (NREs) in the promoter regions of ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2, and activated the transcription of these genes in response to nitrate. Intriguingly, well-positioned nucleosomes were detected at NREs in the ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2 gene promoters, and nucleosome densities were lower in ZmCHB101-RNAi lines than in wild-type plants, both in the absence and presence of nitrate. The ZmCHB101 protein bound to NREs and was involved in the maintenance of nucleosome occupancies at these sites, which may impact the binding of ZmNLP3.1 to NREs in the absence of nitrate. However, in the presence of nitrate, the binding affinity of ZmCHB101 for NREs decreased dramatically, leading to reduced nucleosome density at NREs and consequently increased ZmNLP3.1 binding. Our results provide novel insights into the role of chromatin remodeling proteins in the regulation of nitrate-responsive gene expression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, South Korea
| | - Nan Nan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Weixuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M, Drigo M. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39458. [PMID: 27991573 PMCID: PMC5171922 DOI: 10.1038/srep39458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their commercialization, vaccines against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) have been the cornerstone control strategy. Nevertheless, the periodic emergence of new genotype waves and the recent reports of vaccine failure outbreaks have raised the question if widespread vaccination strategies could have driven viral evolution and affected different genotype fitness. To investigate this issue an in-deep analysis, based on a bioinformatics and biostatistics approach, has been implemented. ORF2 sequences from vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations (i.e. domestic pigs before and after vaccine introduction and wild boars) were considered. The action of selective forces on PCV2 strains has been analyzed and compared among groups. Remarkable differences were found in the selective forces acting on viral populations circulating in different “immune environments”. Particularly for PCV2a, a directional selection promoting a change in the viral capsid away from the vaccine specific antigenic determinants has been detected after vaccine introduction. Involved amino acids were previously reported to be part of viral epitopes whose variability is responsible of immune escape. Our findings support a change in PCV2 evolutionary pattern after widespread vaccination introduction and stress once more the compulsoriness of a continuous monitoring of PCV2 epidemiology to promptly act in response to the emergence of possible vaccine-escaping mutants.
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Salgado RL, Vidigal PMP, Gonzaga NF, de Souza LFL, Polêto MD, Onofre TS, Eller MR, Pereira CER, Fietto JLR, Bressan GC, Guedes RMC, Almeida MR, Silva Júnior A. A porcine circovirus-2 mutant isolated in Brazil contains low-frequency substitutions in regions of immunoprotective epitopes in the capsid protein. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2741-8. [PMID: 26271152 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) is the etiologic agent of several diseases in pigs, including multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). In this work, a new mutant PCV2b was isolated from PMWS-affected pigs on a Brazilian farm. Its genome showed high sequence similarity (>99% identity) to those from a group of emerging mutants isolated from cases of PMWS outbreaks in vaccinated pigs in China, the USA and South Korea. Here, we show that these isolates share a combination of low-frequency substitutions (single amino acid polymorphisms with a frequency of ≤25%) in the viral capsid protein, mainly in regions of immunoprotective epitopes, and an additional lysine residue at position 234. These isolates were phylogenetically grouped in the PCV2b clade, reinforcing the idea of the emergence of a new group of mutants PCV2b associated with outbreaks worldwide. The identification of these polymorphisms in the viral capsid highlights the importance of considering these isolates for the development of more-effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Locatelli Salgado
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBiomol), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia F Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz F L de Souza
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D Polêto
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Onofre
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Monique R Eller
- Departmento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana L R Fietto
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Bressan
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto M C Guedes
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Almeida
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva Júnior
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil. .,Departmento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Dotto G, Gigli A, Ceglie L, Drigo M. International trades, local spread and viral evolution: the case of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains heterogeneity in Italy. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 32:409-15. [PMID: 25858118 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 is one of the most widespread and economically relevant infections of swine. Four genotypes have been recognized, but currently, only three (PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d) are effectively circulating. The widespread livestock trade and rapid viral evolution have contributed to determining the high heterogeneity of PCV2 and the dispersal of potentially more virulent strains. Italian swine farming and the related processing industry are relevant in the national economy. Despite the noteworthy losses associated with direct and control measure costs, no data are currently available on the molecular epidemiology of PCV2 in Italy. Our study, which was intended to fill this gap, considered 75 completed genome PCV2 sequences, which were obtained from samples collected from the highly densely populated area of Northern Italy between 2007 and 2014. Phylogenetic analysis and comparison with reference sequences demonstrated the co-circulation, with different prevalences, of PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d within the national borders, with PCV2b being the most prevalent. Recombination between different genotypes was also proven to be frequent. Phylogeographic analysis demonstrated that the marked variability of Italian PCV2 strains can be attributable to multiple introduction events. The comparison of the phylogenetic analysis results, the location of different haplotypes and the international commercial routs of live pigs allow the speculation of several links as well as the role of Italy as both an importer and exporter of PCV2 haplotypes, mainly from and to European and Asian countries. A similarly intricate contact network was demonstrated within national borders, with different haplotypes being detected in the same province and different provinces harbouring the same haplotype. Overall, this paper represents the first description of PCV2 in Italy and demonstrates that the high variability of circulating Italian strains is due to multiple introduction events, wide circulation within national boundaries and rapid viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giorgia Dotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alessandra Gigli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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