Role of cytoplasmic lncRNAs in regulating cancer signaling pathways

Uncovering the relationship between YAP/ WWTR1 (TAZ) genes expression and LncRNAs of SNHG15, HCP5 and LINC01433 in breast cancer tissues

In spite of the decrease in breast cancer (BC) death rates, it has remained a significant public health concern. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway contributes to breast cancer development and progression by enhancing cancerous cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Investigating the connection between specific lncRNAs (SNHG15, HCP5, and LINC01433) and YAP and WWTR1, and the impact of these lncRNAs on the expression of YAP and WWTR1 proteins in the Hippo pathway, may offer valuable understanding for BC diagnosis and treatment. Forty BC tissue samples were acquired from the Tumor Bank and utilized for RNA and protein extraction. Real-time PCR and western blotting techniques were performed to assess the gene and protein expressions, respectively. Correlations between variables and their associations with clinicopathological features in BC were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U or Student's t-test. Additionally, the analysis of the GEO database was utilized to validate the findings. In cancerous tissue, the up-regulation of YAP, WWTR1, HCP5, SNHG15, and Linc01433 at both the mRNA and protein levels corresponds to the findings in GEO datasets. A significant association was found between YAP and histological grade, while WWTR1 showed a correlation with family history and HER-2. The distinct and notable expression of YAP, WWTR1, SNHG15, HCP5, and Linc01433 in BC tissues, together with the results of combined ROC curve analysis derived from our finding and GEO database suggest that a combined panel of these 5 RNAs may have great potential in predicting of BC and its management.

The Expression Analysis of Long Non-coding RNAs Related to Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer Patients

Background The oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, prognosis, and resistance to therapy. Pancreatic cancer (PC) has high mortality because of its poor prognosis. Several studies have suggested that lncRNAs are directly involved in the development and progression of PC as well as in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this study, we investigated and compared the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling-related ZFAS1 and HCG11 lncRNAs, and their targets, CTNNB1 and IGF2BP1 genes in the blood of patients with PC and healthy individuals. A total of 47 PC patients and 50 healthy individuals participated in this study. RNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples of participants, and cDNA was synthesized. The expression level of the selected genes was quantified by real-time PCR. The expression of HCG11 lncRNA and CTNNB1 genes in patients with PC was significantly upregulated compared to healthy individuals, and the expression of the ZFAS1 lncRNA was significantly downregulated. According to the analysis of the ROC curve, the diagnostic powers of ZFAS1 and CTNNB1 in PC were 0.67 and 0.69, respectively. Altogether, the present study suggests a role for ZFAS1 and HCG11 lncRNAs and CTNNB1 and IGF2BP1 in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, the peripheral expression of these lncRNAs may be useful as potential biomarkers for PC.

Functional role of lncRNAs in gastrointestinal malignancies: the peculiar case of small nucleolar RNA host gene family

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in normal physiology and are often de-regulated in disease states such as cancer. Recently, a class of lncRNAs referred to as the small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) family have emerged as important players in tumourigenesis. Here, we discuss new findings describing the role of SNHGs in gastrointestinal tumours and summarize the three main functions by which these lncRNAs promote carcinogenesis, namely: competing with endogenous RNAs, modulating protein function, and regulating epigenetic marking. Furthermore, we discuss how SNHGs participate in different hallmarks of cancer, and how this class of lncRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Decoding the role of long non-coding RNAs in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis: A review focus on signaling pathways interplay

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most aggressive types of biliary tree cancers and the commonest despite its rarity. It is infrequently diagnosed at an early stage, further contributing to its poor prognosis and low survival rate. The lethal nature of the disease has underlined a crucial need to discern the underlying mechanisms of GBC carcinogenesis which are still largely unknown. However, with the continual evolution in the research of cancer biology and molecular genetics, studies have found that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an active role in the molecular pathophysiology of GBC development. Dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their interaction with intracellular signaling pathways contribute to malignancy and disease development. LncRNAs, a subclass of ncRNAs with over 200 nucleotides, regulate gene expression at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels and especially as epigenetic modulators. Thus, their expression abnormalities have been linked to malignancy and therapeutic resistance. lnsRNAs have also been found in GBC patients' serum and tumor tissue biopsies, highlighting their potential as novel biomarkers and for targeted therapy. This review will examine the growing involvement of lncRNAs in GBC pathophysiology, including related signaling pathways and their wider clinical use.

Roles of lncRNA in the diagnosis and prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously endangers women's lives. The prognosis of breast cancer patients differs among molecular types. Compared with other subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been a research hotspot in recent years because of its high degree of malignancy, strong invasiveness, rapid progression, easy of recurrence, distant metastasis, poor prognosis, and high mortality. Many studies have found that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the occurrence, proliferation, migration, recurrence, chemotherapy resistance, and other characteristics of TNBC. Some lncRNAs are expected to become biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of TNBC, and even new targets for its treatment. Based on a PubMed literature search, this review summarizes the progress in research on lncRNAs in TNBC and discusses their roles in TNBC diagnosis, prognosis, and chemotherapy with the hope of providing help for future research.

The oncogenic role of SAMMSON lncRNA in tumorigenesis: A comprehensive review with especial focus on melanoma

LncRNA Survival Associated Mitochondrial Melanoma Specific Oncogenic Non-coding RNA (SAMMSON) is located on human chromosome 3p13, and its expression is upregulated in several tumours, including melanoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma and liver cancer and has an oncogenic role in malignancy disorders. It has been reported that SAMMSON impacts metabolic regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, EMT, drug resistance, invasion and migration. Also, SAMMSON is involved in regulating several pathways such as Wnt, MAPK, PI3K, Akt, ERK and p53. SAMMSON is considered a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in several types of cancer and a suitable therapeutic target. In addition, the highly expressed SAMMSON is closely associated with clinicopathological features of various cancers. SAMMSON has a significant role in regulating epigenetic processes by regulating histone protein or the status of DNA methylation. Herein for the first time, we comprehensively summarized the currently available SAMMSON, molecular regulatory pathways, and clinical significance. We believe that clarifying all the molecular aspects of this lncRNA can be a good guide for cancer studies in the future.

Long Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer: Navigating the Intersections of Immunity, Intercellular Communication, and Therapeutic Potential

This comprehensive review elucidates the intricate roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within the colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment, intersecting the domains of immunity, intercellular communication, and therapeutic potential. lncRNAs, which are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of CRC, immune evasion, and the treatment response to CRC, have crucial implications in inflammation and serve as promising candidates for novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers. This review scrutinizes the interaction of lncRNAs with the Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMSs) of CRC, their complex interplay with the tumor stroma affecting immunity and inflammation, and their conveyance via extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate relationship between lncRNAs and other non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and circular RNAs, in mediating cell-to-cell communication within the CRC microenvironment. Lastly, we propose potential strategies to manipulate lncRNAs to enhance anti-tumor immunity, thereby underlining the significance of lncRNAs in devising innovative therapeutic interventions in CRC.

Spatial transcriptome analysis of long non-coding RNAs reveals tissue specificity and functional roles in cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in maintaining tissue morphology and functions, and their precise regulatory effectiveness is closely related to expression patterns. However, the spatial expression patterns of lncRNAs in humans are poorly characterized. Here, we constructed five comprehensive transcriptomic atlases of human lncRNAs covering thousands of major tissue samples in normal and disease states. The lncRNA transcriptomes exhibited high consistency within the same tissues across resources, and even higher complexity in specialized tissues. Tissue-elevated (TE) lncRNAs were identified in each resource and robust TE lncRNAs were refined by integrative analysis. We detected 1 to 4684 robust TE lncRNAs across tissues; the highest number was in testis tissue, followed by brain tissue. Functional analyses of TE lncRNAs indicated important roles in corresponding tissue-related pathways. Moreover, we found that the expression features of robust TE lncRNAs made them be effective biomarkers to distinguish tissues; TE lncRNAs also tended to be associated with cancer, and exhibited differential expression or were correlated with patient survival. In summary, spatial classification of lncRNAs is the starting point for elucidating the function of lncRNAs in both maintenance of tissue morphology and progress of tissue-constricted diseases.

HOX cluster-embedded lncRNAs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Although there has been substantial improvement in the treatment modalities, cancer remains the major cause of fatality worldwide. Metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to oncological therapies are the leading causes of cancer mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex biological process that allows cancer cells to undergo morphological transformation into a mesenchymal phenotype to acquire invasive potential. It encompasses reversible and dynamic ontogenesis by neoplastic cells during metastatic dissemination. Hence, understanding the molecular landscape of EMT is imperative to identify a reliable clinical biomarker to combat metastatic spread. Accumulating evidence reveals the role of HOX (homeobox) cluster-embedded long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in EMT and cancer metastasis. They play a crucial role in the induction of EMT, modulating diverse biological targets. The present review emphasizes the involvement of HOX cluster-embedded lncRNAs in EMT as a molecular sponge, chromatin remodeler, signaling regulator, and immune system modulator. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms behind therapy resistance and the potential use of novel drugs targeting HOX cluster-embedded lncRNAs in the clinical management of distant metastasis will be discussed.

The expression of long non-coding RNA LINC01389, LINC00365, RP11-138J23.1, and RP11-354K4.2 in gastric cancer and their impacts on EMT

BACKGROUND

Epithelial cancers acquire the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads tumor cells to invade and metastasize to adjacent and distant tissues. The mechanisms involved in EMT phenotype are controlled by numerous markers as well as signalling pathways. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were introduced that play the regulatory role in EMT via crosstalk with EMT-related transcription factors and signalling pathways. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of four lncRNAs in human GC and elucidate their probable role in EMT procedure and the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS

The expression profile of lncRNAs (LINC01389, LINC00365, RP11-138J23.1, and RP11-354K4.2) and mRNAs (TWIST1, MMP13, MAML1, CD44s, and SALL4) between eighty-three GC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The significant downregulation of LINC00365 (66.3%) and RP11-354K4.2 (62.7%) were observed in GC samples; while the upregulation of LINC01389, RP11-138J23.1, TWIST1, MMP13, MAML1, CD44s, and SALL4 were found in 67.5%, 45.8%, 56.6%, 44.6%, 59%, 55.4%, and 62.7% tumors samples at the mRNA level, respectively. Dysregulation of these lncRNAs and EMT-related markers was significantly related to each other in a variety of clinicopathological features of patients (P < 0.05), indicating positive correlations between LINC01389, LINC00365, RP11-138J23.1, and RP11-354K4.2 with EMT status in GC.

CONCLUSION

These EMT-regulating lncRNAs may play a key role in transforming gastric epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype and can be novel therapeutic targets for GC. Our results highlight the importance of discovering new lncRNAs involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Detailed molecular mechanisms of these noncoding-coding markers in GC are urgently required.

cAMP-Dependent Signaling and Ovarian Cancer

cAMP-dependent pathway is one of the most significant signaling cascades in healthy and neoplastic ovarian cells. Working through its major effector proteins-PKA and EPAC-it regulates gene expression and many cellular functions. PKA promotes the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) which mediates gene transcription, cell migration, mitochondrial homeostasis, cell proliferation, and death. EPAC, on the other hand, is involved in cell adhesion, binding, differentiation, and interaction between cell junctions. Ovarian cancer growth and metabolism largely depend on changes in the signal processing of the cAMP-PKA-CREB axis, often associated with neoplastic transformation, metastasis, proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, the intracellular level of cAMP also determines the course of other pathways including AKT, ERK, MAPK, and mTOR, that are hypo- or hyperactivated among patients with ovarian neoplasm. With this review, we summarize the current findings on cAMP signaling in the ovary and its association with carcinogenesis, multiplication, metastasis, and survival of cancer cells. Additionally, we indicate that targeting particular stages of cAMP-dependent processes might provide promising therapeutic opportunities for the effective management of patients with ovarian cancer.

Influence of Long Non-Coding RNA in the Regulation of Cancer Stem Cell Signaling Pathways

Over the past two decades, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as an immensely studied and experimental topic, however a wide range of questions concerning the topic still remain unanswered; in particular, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumor stem cells and their characteristics. Understanding the cancer stem-cell signaling pathways may pave the way towards a better comprehension of these mechanisms. Signaling pathways such as WNT, STAT, Hedgehog, NOTCH, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TGF-β, and NF-κB are responsible not only for modulating various features of CSCs but also their microenvironments. Recently, the prominent roles of various non-coding RNAs such as small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in developing and enhancing the tumor phenotypes have been unfolded. This review attempts to shed light on understanding the influence of long non- coding RNAs in the modulation of various CSC-signaling pathways and its impact on the CSCs and tumor properties; highlighting the protagonistic and antagonistic roles of lncRNAs.

Metformin Treatment Modulates Long Non-Coding RNA Isoforms Expression in Human Cells

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) undergo splicing and have multiple transcribed isoforms. Nevertheless, for lncRNAs, as well as for mRNA, measurements of expression are routinely performed only at the gene level. Metformin is the first-line oral therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. However, its mechanism of action remains not thoroughly explained. Transcriptomic analyses using metformin in different cell types reveal that only protein-coding genes are considered. We aimed to characterize lncRNA isoforms that were differentially affected by metformin treatment on multiple human cell types (three cancer, two non-cancer) and to provide insights into the lncRNA regulation by this drug. We selected six series to perform a differential expression (DE) isoform analysis. We also inferred the biological roles for lncRNA DE isoforms using in silico tools. We found the same isoform of an lncRNA (AC016831.6-205) highly expressed in all six metformin series, which has a second exon putatively coding for a peptide with relevance to the drug action. Moreover, the other two lncRNA isoforms (ZBED5-AS1-207 and AC125807.2-201) may also behave as cis-regulatory elements to the expression of transcripts in their vicinity. Our results strongly reinforce the importance of considering DE isoforms of lncRNA for understanding metformin mechanisms at the molecular level.

Long non-coding RNAs play an important regulatory role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression through aerobic glycolysis

Compared to normal cells, cancer cells generate ATP mainly through aerobic glycolysis, which promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with little or without evident protein-encoding function. LncRNAs are involved in the ten hallmarks of cancer, interestingly, they are also closely associated with aerobic glycolysis. However, the mechanism of this process is non-transparent to date. Demonstrating the mechanism of lncRNAs regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression through aerobic glycolysis is particularly critical for cancer therapy, and may provide novel therapeutic targets or strategies in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and aerobic glycolysis in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and further explore their interaction, in hope to provide a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Oncogenic signaling pathway-related long non-coding RNAs for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in breast cancer

Background

The clinical outcomes of breast cancer (BC) are unpredictable due to the high level of heterogeneity and complex immune status of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When set up, multiple long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signatures tended to be employed to appraise the prognosis of BC. Nevertheless, predicting immunotherapy responses in BC is still essential. LncRNAs play pivotal roles in cancer development through diverse oncogenic signal pathways. Hence, we attempted to construct an oncogenic signal pathway–based lncRNA signature for forecasting prognosis and immunotherapy response by providing reliable signatures.

Methods

We preliminarily retrieved RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and extracted lncRNA profiles by matching them with GENCODE. Following this, Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) was used to identify the lncRNAs closely associated with 10 oncogenic signaling pathways from the TCGA-BRCA (breast-invasive carcinoma) cohort and was further screened by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression model. Next, an lncRNA signature (OncoSig) was established through the expression level of the final 29 selected lncRNAs. To examine survival differences in the stratification described by the OncoSig, the Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curve with the log-rank test was operated on four independent cohorts (n = 936). Subsequently, multiple Cox regression was used to investigate the independence of the OncoSig as a prognostic factor. With the concordance index (C-index), the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic was employed to assess the performance of the OncoSig compared to other publicly available lncRNA signatures for BC. In addition, biological differences between the high- and low-risk groups, as portrayed by the OncoSig, were analyzed on the basis of statistical tests. Immune cell infiltration was investigated using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and deconvolution tools (including CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE). The combined effect of the Oncosig and immune checkpoint genes on prognosis and immunotherapy was elucidated through the KM survival curve. Ultimately, a pan-cancer analysis was conducted to attest to the prevalence of the OncoSig.

Results

The OncoSig score stratified BC patients into high- and low-risk groups, where the latter manifested a significantly higher survival rate and immune cell infiltration when compared to the former. A multivariate analysis suggested that OncoSig is an independent prognosis predictor for BC patients. In addition, compared to the other four publicly available lncRNA signatures, OncoSig exhibited superior predictive performance (AUC = 0.787, mean C-index = 0.714). The analyses of the OncoSig and immune checkpoint genes clarified that a lower OncoSig score meant significantly longer survival and improved response to immunotherapy. In addition to BC, a high OncoSig score in several other cancers was negatively correlated with survival and immune cell infiltration.

Conclusions

Our study established a trustworthy and discriminable prognostic signature for BC patients with similar clinical profiles, thus providing a new perspective in the evaluation of immunotherapy responses. More importantly, this finding can be generalized to be applicable to the vast majority of human cancers.

Disease-Associated Regulation of Non-Coding RNAs by Resveratrol: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Applications

There have been significant advances, particularly over the last 20 years, in the identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their pathophysiological role in a wide range of disease states, particularly cancer and other chronic conditions characterized by excess inflammation and oxidative stress such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, liver and lung fibrosis. Such discoveries have potential therapeutic implications as a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects of ncRNAs on critical homeostatic control mechanisms and biochemical pathways might lead to the identification of novel druggable targets. In this context, increasing evidence suggests that several natural compounds can target ncRNAs at different levels and, consequently, influence processes involved in the onset and progression of disease states. The natural phenol resveratrol has been extensively studied for therapeutic purposes in view of its established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, particularly in disease states such as cancer and cardiovascular disease that are associated with human aging. However, increasing in vitro and in vivo evidence also suggests that resveratrol can directly target various ncRNAs and that this mediates, at least in part, its potential therapeutic effects. This review critically appraises the available evidence regarding the resveratrol-mediated modulation of different ncRNAs in a wide range of disease states characterized by a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress, the potential therapeutic applications, and future research directions.

LncRNA PART1 Stimulates the Development of Ovarian Cancer by Up-regulating RACGAP1 and RRM2

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a kind of gynecologic malignancy with a high mortality rate. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to exert regulatory roles in multiple diseases. However, the role of lncRNA prostate androgen-regulated transcript 1 (PART1) has not been investigated in the development of OC. In this study, from RT-qPCR analysis, we discovered that PART1 demonstrated high expression in OC cells. Moreover, data from functional assays manifested that PART1 reduction hindered the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities of OC cells. In vivo uncovered that PART1 knockdown impeded OC tumor growth. Furthermore, from the experimental results of RNA pull down, RIP, and luciferase reporter assays, we discovered that PART1 served as a sponge for microRNA-6884-5p (miR-6884-5p) to modulate the expression of Rac GTPase activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) and ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2). Finally, rescue assays proved that overexpression of RACGAP1 or RRM2 abrogated the suppressive role of PART1 knockdown on OC cell malignant behaviors. RACGAP1 and RRM2 were also revealed to act as oncogenes in OC cells. In summary, our research verified the PART1/miR-6884-5p/RACGAP1/RRM2 axis in OC cells, which signified that PART1 might act as a novel biomarker in OC.

A Pleiotropic Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implication in Chemotherapeutic Drug Response

Despite the availability of modern techniques for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), tumor recurrence and metastasis are significant challenges in clinical management. Thus, ESCC possesses a poor prognosis and low five-year overall survival rate. Notably, the origin and recurrence of the cancer phenotype are under the control of complex cancer-related signaling pathways. In this review, we provide comprehensive knowledge about long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to Wnt/β-catenin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in ESCC and its implications in hindering the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. We observed that a pool of lncRNAs, such as HERES, TUG1, and UCA1, associated with ESCC, directly or indirectly targets various molecules of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and facilitates the manifestation of multiple cancer phenotypes, including proliferation, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to anticancer treatment. Additionally, several lncRNAs, such as HCP5 and PTCSC1, modulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways during the ESCC pathogenesis. Furthermore, a few lncRNAs, such as AFAP1-AS1 and LINC01014, block the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and gefitinib, used for ESCC treatment. Therefore, this review may help in designing a better therapeutic strategy for ESCC patients.

The functional significance and cross-talk of non-coding RNAs in triple negative and quadruple negative breast cancer

One of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide is breast cancer, among which triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant and lethal subtype. This cancer accounts for 10-20% of all breast cancer deaths. Proliferation, tumorigenesis, and prognosis of TNBC are affected when the androgen receptor (AR) is not expressed, and it is classified as quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC). Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a significant role in tumorigenesis by virtue of their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties. To regulate tumorigenesis, miRNAs interact with their target mRNAs and modulate their expression, whereas lncRNAs can either act alone or interact with miRNAs or other molecules through various signaling pathways. Conversely, circRNAs regulate tumorigenesis by acting as miRNA sponges predominantly. Recently, non-coding RNAs were studied comprehensively for their roles in tumor proliferation, progression, and metastasis. As a result of existing studies and research progress, non-coding RNAs have been implicated in TNBC, necessitating their use as biomarkers for future diagnostic applications. In this review, the non-coding RNAs are explicitly implicated in the regulation of breast cancer, and their cross-talk between TNBC and QNBC is also discussed.

ABHD11-AS1: An Emerging Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) with Clinical Significance in Human Malignancies

The aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been linked to the development and progression of different cancers. One such lncRNA is ABHD11 antisense RNA 1 (ABHD11-AS1), which has recently gained attention for its significant role in human malignancies. ABHD11-AS1 is highly expressed in gastric, lung, breast, colorectal, thyroid, pancreas, ovary, endometrium, cervix, and bladder cancers. Several reports highlighted the clinical significance of ABHD11-AS1 in prognosis, diagnosis, prediction of cancer progression stage, and treatment response. Significantly, the levels of ABHD11-AS1 in gastric juice had been exhibited as a clinical biomarker for the assessment of gastric cancer, while its serum levels have prognostic potential in thyroid cancers. The ABHD11-AS1 has been reported to exert oncogenic effects by sponging different microRNAs (miRNAs), altering signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, epigenetic mechanisms, and N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) RNA modification. In contrast, the mouse homolog of AHD11-AS1 (Abhd11os) overexpression had exhibited neuroprotective effects against mutant huntingtin-induced toxicity. Considering the emerging research reports, the authors attempted in this first review on ABHD11-AS1 to summarize and highlight its oncogenic potential and clinical significance in different human cancers. Lastly, we underlined the necessity for future mechanistic studies to unravel the role of ABHD11-AS1 in tumor development, prognosis, progression, and targeted therapeutic approaches.

KCNQ1OT1: An Oncogenic Long Noncoding RNA

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts greater than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins but regulate gene expression. Recent studies indicate that lncRNAs are involved in the modulation of biological functions in human disease. KCNQ1 Opposite Strand/Antisense Transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) encodes a lncRNA from the opposite strand of KCNQ1 in the CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 cluster that is reported to play a vital role in the development and progression of cancer. KCNQ1OT1 regulates cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion, metastasis, glucose metabolism, and immune evasion. The aberrant expression of KCNQ1OT1 in cancer patients is associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival. This review summarizes recent literature related to the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of KCNQ1OT1 in various human cancers, including colorectal, bladder, breast, oral, melanoma, osteosarcoma, lung, glioma, ovarian, liver, acute myeloid leukemia, prostate, and gastric. We also discuss the role of KCNQ1OT1 as a promising diagnostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in human cancers.

Roles of miRNA and lncRNA in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is currently the most malignant subtype of breast cancer without effective targeted therapies, which makes its pathogenesis an important target for research. A growing number of studies have shown that non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the roles of miRNA and lncRNA in the progression, diagnosis, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy of TNBC. Aberrantly expressed miRNA and lncRNA are listed according to their roles. Further, it describes the multiple mechanisms that lncRNA shows for regulating gene expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and more importantly, describes lncRNA-regulated TNBC progression through complete combining with miRNA at the post-transcriptional level. Focusing on miRNA and lncRNA associated with TNBC can provide new insights for early diagnosis and treatment-they can be targeted in the future as a novel anticancer target of TNBC.

RGFP966 inactivation of the YAP pathway attenuates cardiac dysfunction induced by prolonged hypothermic preservation

Oxidative stress and apoptosis are the key factors that limit the hypothermic preservation time of donor hearts to within 4-6 h. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibitor RGFP966 could protect against cardiac injury induced by prolonged hypothermic preservation. Rat hearts were hypothermically preserved in Celsior solution with or without RGFP966 for 12 h followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Hemodynamic parameters during reperfusion were evaluated. The expression and phosphorylation levels of mammalian STE20-like kinase-1 (Mst1) and Yes-associated protein (YAP) were determined by western blotting. Cell apoptosis was measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. Addition of RGFP966 in Celsior solution significantly inhibited cardiac dysfunction induced by hypothermic preservation. RGFP966 inhibited the hypothermic preservation-induced increase of the phosphorylated (p)-Mst1/Mst1 and p-YAP/YAP ratios, prevented a reduction in total YAP protein expression, and increased the nuclear YAP protein level. Verteporfin (VP), a small molecular inhibitor of YAP-transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) interaction, partially abolished the protective effect of RGFP966 on cardiac function, and reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity and malondialdehyde content. RGFP966 increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase gene and protein expression, which was abolished by VP. RGFP966 inhibited hypothermic preservation-induced overexpression of B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, increased Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression, and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of RGFP966 were cancelled by VP. The results suggest that supplementation of Celsior solution with RGFP966 attenuated prolonged hypothermic preservation-induced cardiac dysfunction. The mechanism may involve inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis via inactivation of the YAP pathway.

LncRNA TCONS_00004099-derived microRNA regulates oncogenesis through PTPRF in gliomas

Background

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary tumor in the central nervous system (CNS). Patients with glioblastomas have poor prognosis due to its aggressive clinical behavior and resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). Aberrant long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in glioma progression and its regulatory mechanisms. Analysis of sequencing data identified a new lncRNA, named lncRNA TCONS_00004099, which could derive a new microRNA and was highly expressed in glioma.

Methods

To elucidate the role of lncRNA TCONS_00004099 in gliomas, Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to assess the differential expression of lncRNA TCONS_00004099 and its related miRNA in glioma tissues, normal brain tissues, glioma cell lines (U87 and U251 cells), and a normal human embryonic brain cell line (HEB). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assays to assess cell proliferation, flow cytometry assays examining apoptosis and the cell cycle, colony formation assays, wound healing assay, transwell assays, and zebrafish xenograft models were performed to further clarify the effects of the lncRNA and the related miRNA. Finally, Western blots were carried out to verify the mechanisms related to PTPRF (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type F).

Results

LncRNA TCONS_00004099 was significantly increased in glioma tissues and glioma cell lines. A novel miRNA (miRNA TCONS_00004099) derived from the lncRNA was identified by qPCR. Knockdown of this lncRNA suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and enhanced TMZ-induced apoptosis in U87 and U251 cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The miRNA mimics or inhibitor of miRNA TCONS_00004099 was used to reverse the effects of knockdown or overexpression of lncRNA TCONS_00004099, respectively. Western Blot analyses verified that PTPRF is one of the downstream targets of lncRNA TCONS_00004099.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated that lncRNA TCONS_00004099 promoted malignant behaviors in gliomas, including proliferation, metastasis, and anti-apoptosis. The effect of lncRNA TCONS_00004099 was mediated through miRNA TCONS_00004099 and its target PTPRF. Thus, the lncRNA TCONS_00004099/miRNA/PTPRF axis may be a potential therapeutic target for gliomas.

LncRNA NEAT1 promotes malignant phenotypes and TMZ resistance in glioblastoma stem cells by regulating let-7g-5p/MAP3K1 axis

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most malign brain tumors in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral chemotherapy drug constituting the backbone of chemotherapy regimens utilized as first-line treatment of GBM. However, resistance to TMZ often leads to treatment failure. In the present study, we explored the expression and related mechanisms of nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) in glioma stem cells (GSCs). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that NEAT1 was up-regulated in serum samples of GBM patients and GSCs isolated from U87, U251 cell lines. Functional experiments showed that NEAT1 knockdown restrained malignant behaviors of GSC, including proliferation, migration and invasion. Dual-luciferase assays identified let-7g-5p was a downstream target and negatively adjusted by NEAT1. Restoration of let-7g-5p impeded tumor progression by inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1), as a direct target of let-7g-5p, was positively regulated by NEAT1 and involved to affect the regulation of NEAT1 on GSCs' behaviors. In conclusion, our results suggested that NEAT1 promoted GSCs progression via NEAT1/let-7g-5p/MAP3K1 axis, which provided a depth insight into TMZ resistance mechanism.

Long Non-Coding RNA Expression in Laser Micro-Dissected Luminal A and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Tissue Samples-A Pilot Study

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) remains one of the major causes of cancer death in women worldwide. The difficulties in assessing the deep molecular mechanisms involved in this pathology arise from its high complexity and diverse tissue subtypes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were shown to have great tissue specificity, being differentially expressed within the BC tissue subtypes. Materials and Methods: Herein, we performed lncRNA profiling by PCR array in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and luminal A tissue samples from 18 BC patients (nine TNBC and nine luminal A), followed by individual validation in BC tissue and cell lines. Tissue samples were previously archived in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, and the areas of interest were dissected using laser capture microdissection (LCM) technology. Results: Two lncRNAs (OTX2-AS1 and SOX2OT) were differentially expressed in the profiling analysis (fold change of 205.22 and 0.02, respectively, p < 0.05 in both cases); however, they did not reach statistical significance in the individual validation measurement (p > 0.05) when analyzed with specific individual assays. In addition, GAS5 and NEAT1 lncRNAs were individually assessed as they were previously described in the literature as being associated with BC. GAS5 was significantly downregulated in both TNBC tissues and cell lines compared to luminal A samples, while NEAT1 was significantly downregulated only in TNBC cells vs. luminal A. Conclusions: Therefore, we identified GAS5 lncRNA as having a differential expression in TNBC tissues and cells compared to luminal A, with possible implications in the molecular mechanisms of the TNBC subtype. This proof of principle study also suggests that LCM could be a useful technique for limiting the sample heterogeneity for lncRNA gene expression analysis in BC FFPE tissues. Future studies of larger cohort sizes are needed in order to assess the biomarker potential of lncRNA GAS5 in BC.

Long Non-Coding RNA CRYBG3 Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis via Activating the eEF1A1/MDM2/MTBP Axis

The occurrence of distant tumor metastases is a major barrier in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy, and seriously affects clinical treatment and patient prognosis. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be crucial regulators of metastasis in lung cancer. The aim of this study was to reveal the underlying mechanisms of a novel lncRNA LNC CRYBG3 in regulating NSCLC metastasis. Experimental results showed that LNC CRYBG3 was upregulated in NSCLC cells compared with normal tissue cells, and its level was involved in these cells' metastatic ability. Exogenously overexpressed LNC CRYBG3 increased the metastatic ability and the protein expression level of the metastasis-associated proteins Snail and Vimentin in low metastatic lung cancer HCC827 cell line. In addition, LNC CRYBG3 contributed to HCC827 cell metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, LNC CRYBG3 could directly combine with eEF1A1 and promote it to move into the nucleus to enhance the transcription of MDM2. Overexpressed MDM2 combined with MDM2 binding protein (MTBP) to reduce the binding of MTBP with ACTN4 and consequently increased cell migration mediated by ACTN4. In conclusion, the LNC CRYBG3/eEF1A1/MDM2/MTBP axis is a novel signaling pathway regulating tumor metastasis and may be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.

Involvement of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Glucose Metabolism in Cancer

The rapid and uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells is supported by metabolic reprogramming. Altered glucose metabolism supports cancer growth and progression. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells show increased glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis and lactate production. Byproducts of adjusted glucose metabolism provide additional benefits supporting hallmark capabilities of cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length. They regulate numerous cellular processes, primarily through physical interaction with other molecules. Dysregulated lncRNAs are involved in all hallmarks of cancer including metabolic alterations. They may upregulate metabolic enzymes, modulate the expression of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive genes and disturb metabolic signaling pathways favoring cancer progression. Thus, lncRNAs are not only potential clinical biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and prediction but also possible therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the lncRNAs involved in cancer glucose metabolism and highlights their underlying molecular mechanisms.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) DSCAM-AS1 is upregulated in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence highlights that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) DSCAM-AS1 play a key regulatory role in different stages of cancer development and progression. This study aimed to investigate whether the expression of DSCAM-AS1 is deregulated in breast cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The relative expression of DSCAM-AS1 was measured in fifty breast cancerous and matched adjacent non-neoplastic tissue samples using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. The association between DSCAM-AS1 expression and patients' clinicopathological features was evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity of the DSCAM-AS1 expression for diagnosing breast cancer was obtained by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the expression of DSCAM-AS1 was significantly up-regulated in breast cancerous tissues compared with the matched adjacent non-neoplastic tissues (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a significant association between the DSCAM-AS1 expression and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011) but no other clinicopathological characteristics (P > 0.05). ROC curve analysis resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.67 and showed that the DSCAM-AS1 expression level may discriminate cancerous and non-cancerous tissues with 68% sensitivity and 76% specificity.

CONCLUSION

This study provides further evidence that the expression of DSCAM-AS1 is deregulated in breast cancer and highlights its potential in breast cancer development.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of vascular endothelial cells after hypoxia/re-oxygenation induction based on microarray technology

OBJECTIVE

To provide comprehensive data to understand mechanisms of vascular endothelial cell (VEC) response to hypoxia/re-oxygenation.

METHODS

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were employed to construct hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced VEC transcriptome profiling. Cells incubated under 5% O₂, 5% CO₂, and 90% N₂ for 3 h followed by 95% air and 5% CO₂ for 1 h were used in the hypoxia/re-oxygenation group. Those incubated only under 95% air and 5% CO₂ were used in the normoxia control group.

RESULTS

By using a well-established microarray chip consisting of 58 339 probes, the study identified 372 differentially expressed genes. While part of the genes are known to be VEC hypoxia/re-oxygenation-related, serving as a good control, a large number of genes related to VEC hypoxia/re-oxygenation were identified for the first time. Through bioinformatic analysis of these genes, we identified that multiple pathways were involved in the reaction. Subsequently, we applied real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot techniques to validate the microarray data. It was found that the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, like pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 1 (PHLDA1), was also consistently up-regulated in the hypoxia/re-oxygenation group. STRING analysis found that significantly differentially expressed genes SLC38A3, SLC5A5, Lnc-SLC36A4-1, and Lnc-PLEKHJ1-1 may have physical or/and functional protein-protein interactions with PHLDA1.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from this study have built a foundation to develop many hypotheses to further explore the hypoxia/re-oxygenation mechanisms, an area with great clinical significance for multiple diseases.

Sea Urchin as a Universal Model for Studies of Gene Networks

The purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been used for over 150 years as a model organism in developmental biology. Using this model species, scientists have been able to describe, in detail, the mechanisms of cell cycle control and cell adhesion, fertilization, calcium signaling, cell differentiation, and death. Massive parallel sequencing of the sea urchin genome enabled the deciphering of the main components of gene regulatory networks during the activation of embryonic signaling pathways. This knowledge helped to extrapolate aberrations in somatic cells that may lead to diseases, including cancer in humans. Furthermore, since many, if not all, developmental signaling pathways were shown to be controlled by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), the sea urchin organism represents an attractive experimental model. In this review, we discuss the main discoveries in the genetics, genomics, and transcriptomics of sea urchins during embryogenesis with the main focus on the role of ncRNAs. This information may be useful for comparative studies between different organisms, and may help identify new regulatory networks controlled by ncRNAs.

The crosstalk between lncRNAs and the Hippo signalling pathway in cancer progression

LncRNAs play a pivotal role in the regulation of epigenetic modification, cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation, migration and other physiological activities. In particular, considerable studies have shown that the aberrant expression and dysregulation of lncRNAs are widely implicated in cancer initiation and progression by acting as tumour promoters or suppressors. Hippo signalling pathway has attracted researchers’ attention as one of the critical cancer‐related pathways in recent years. Increasing evidences have demonstrated that lncRNAs could interact with Hippo cascade and thereby contribute to acquisition of multiple malignant hallmarks, including proliferation, metastasis, relapse and resistance to anti‐cancer treatment. Specifically, Hippo signalling pathway is reported to modulate or be regulated by widespread lncRNAs. Intriguingly, certain lncRNAs could form a reciprocal feedback loop with Hippo signalling. More speculatively, lncRNAs related to Hippo pathway have been poised to become important putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancers. Herein, this review focuses on the crosstalk between lncRNAs and Hippo pathway in carcinogenesis, summarizes the comprehensive role of Hippo‐related lncRNAs in tumour progression and depicts their clinical diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic potentials in tumours.

Long noncoding RNAs and their link to cancer

The central dogma of molecular biology, developed from the study of simple organisms such as Escherichia coli, has up until recently been that RNA functions mainly as an information intermediate between a DNA sequence (gene), localized in the cell nucleus, serving as a template for the transcription of messenger RNAs, which in turn translocate into the cytoplasm and act as blueprints for the translation of their encoded proteins. There are a number of classes of non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which are essential for gene expression to function. The specific number of ncRNAs within the human genome is unknown. ncRNAs are classified on the basis of their size. Transcripts shorter than 200 nucleotides, referred to as ncRNAs, which group includes miRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, etc, have been extensively studied. Whilst transcripts with a length ranging between 200 nt up to 100 kilobases, referred to as lncRNAs, make up the second group, and are recently receiving growing concerns. LncRNAs play important roles in a variety of biological processes, regulating physiological functions of organisms, including epigenetic control of gene regulation, transcription and post-transcription, affecting various aspects of cellular homeostasis, including proliferation, survival, migration and genomic stability. LncRNAs are also capable of tuning gene expression and impact cellular signalling cascades, play crucial roles in promoter-specific gene regulation, and X-chromosome inactivation. Furthermore, it has been reported that lncRNAs interact with DNA, RNA, and/or protein molecules, and regulate chromatin organisation, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Consequently, they are differentially expressed in tumours, and they are directly linked to the transformation of healthy cells into tumour cells. As a result of their key functions in a wide range of biological processes, lncRNAs are becoming rising stars in biology and medicine, possessing potential active roles in various oncologic diseases, representing a gold mine of potential new biomarkers and drug targets.

Long Non-coding RNAs: Major Regulators of Cell Stress in Cancer

Cellular stress can occur in many forms; oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolic stress from increased metabolic programs and genotoxic stress in the form of DNA damage and disrepair. In most instances, these different types of cell stress initiate programmed cell death. However, in cancer, cells are able to resist cellular stress and by-pass growth limiting checkpoints. Recent findings have now revealed that the large and heterogenous RNA species known as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are major players in regulating and overcoming cancer cell stress. lncRNAs constitute a significant fraction of the genes differentially expressed in response to cell stress and contribute to the management of downstream cellular processes, including the regulation of key stress responses such as metabolic stress, oxidative stress and genotoxic stress. This review highlights the complex regulatory role of lncRNAs in the cell stress response of cancer by providing an overview of key examples from recent literature.

Long non-coding RNA FTH1P3 promotes the metastasis and aggressiveness of non-small cell lung carcinoma by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) ferritin heavy chain 1 pseudogene 3 (FTH1P3) has been suggested to act as an oncogene in many types of human malignancy, but its role in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remains unknown. This study aimed to characterize the biologic functions of FTH1P3 in NSCLC and illuminate its clinical significance. The expression levels of FTH1P3 in NSCLC tissues and cell lines were detected by quantitative real-time PCR assay. The relationship of FTH1P3 expression with clinicopathologic features was evaluated by chi-square test, and its correlation with prognosis of NSCLC patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test. Wound healing and transwell invasion assays were applied to evaluate cell migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Western blotwas performed to detect the changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related protein expression. The results showed that FTH1P3 was highly expressed in NSCLC tumor tissues and NSCLC-derived cell lines, and high expression of FTH1P3 was associated with advanced TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. NSCLC patients with high FTH1P3 expression had a poor overall survival relative to patients with low FTH1P3 expression. Through loss-of-function studies, FTH1P3 inhibition was demonstrated to suppress NSCLC cell migration and invasion in vitro. Notably, FTH1P3 knockdown could decrease expression of N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail protein of NSCLC cells, but promote E-cadherin protein expression, which was in accordance with its effect on cell migration and invasion. To sum up, our data demonstrated that FTH1P3 predicts a poor prognosis and promotes metastasis and aggressiveness in NSCLC by inducing EMT, suggesting FTH1P3 may be a promising target for gene therapy of NSCLC.

CREB1 induced lncRNA HAS2-AS1 promotes epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and invasion via the miR-466/RUNX2 axis

Accumulating evidence has indicated the vital roles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the function of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 in EOC is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the expression and role of HAS2-AS1 in EOC. In the cells and tissue of EOC, HAS2-AS1 expression was markedly up-regulated. Besides, the overexpression of HAS2-AS1 indicated the poor clinical outcome of EOC patients. Transcription factor CREB1 could bind with the promoter of HAS2-AS1 and activate its transcriptional expression. Functionally, HAS2-AS1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, invasion and tumor growth of EOC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanical investigation found that HAS2-AS1 could relive the RUNX2 protein expression via sponging the miR-466, acting as miRNA sponge. In conclusion, this finding suggests the CREB1/HAS2-AS1/miR-466/RUNX2 axis in the in the EOC tumorigenesis, providing the novel insight for the molecular mechanism of EOC.