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Abstract
A group of steroidogenic enzymes, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in steroid metabolism which is very important in the cell: signaling, growth, reproduction, and energy homeostasis. The enzymes show an inherent function in the interconversion of ketosteroids and hydroxysteroids in a position- and stereospecific manner on the steroid nucleus and side-chains. However, the biocatalysis of steroids reaction is a vital and demanding, yet challenging, task to produce the desired enantiopure products with non-natural substrates or non-natural cofactors, and/or in non-physiological conditions. This has driven the use of protein design strategies to improve their inherent biosynthetic efficiency or activate their silent catalytic ability. In this review, the innate features and catalytic characteristics of enzymes based on sequence-structure-function relationships of steroidogenic enzymes are reviewed. Combining structure information and catalytic mechanisms, progress in protein redesign to stimulate potential function, for example, substrate specificity, cofactor dependence, and catalytic stability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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2
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Sager CP, Weber S, Negri M, Banachowicz P, Möller G, Adamski J, Hartmann RW, Marchais-Oberwinkler S. Homology modeling meets site-directed mutagenesis: An ideal combination to elucidate the topology of 17β-HSD2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105790. [PMID: 33246154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) catalyzes the conversion of highly active estrogens and androgens into their less active forms using NAD+ as cofactor. Substrate and cofactor specificities of 17β-HSD2 have been reported and potent 17β-HSD2 inhibitors have been discovered in a ligand-based approach. However, the molecular basis and the amino acids involved in the enzymatic functionality are poorly understood, as no crystal structure of the membrane-associated 17β-HSD2 exists. The functional properties of only few amino acids are known. The lack of topological information impedes structure-based drug design studies and limits the design of biochemical experiments. The aim of this work was the determination of the 17β-HSD2 topology. For this, the first homology model of 17β-HSD2 in complex with NAD+ and 17β-estradiol was built, using a multi-fragment "patchwork" approach. To confirm the quality of the model, fifteen selected amino acids were exchanged one by one using site directed mutagenesis. The mutants' functional behavior demonstrated that the generated model was of very good quality and allowed the identification of several key amino acids involved in either ligand or internal structure stabilization. The final model is an optimal basis for further experiments like, for example, lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Sager
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Negri
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pauline Banachowicz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85356 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sandrine Marchais-Oberwinkler
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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3
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Abstract
The family of seventeen beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes has a long and diverse history in breast and breast cancer research. Given the known dependence of the breast on steroid signalling and intracrine steroid metabolism these enzymes are considered to be essential local fine tuners of overall steroid balance in the tissue. This review will cover the current state of knowledge regarding the expression, clinical effect and biological regulation of enzymes in both cancerous and normal states. In addition we will also cover the current state of knowledge regarding 17βHSD actions in the often neglected adipose and stromal components of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely May McNamara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan
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4
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Straume AH, Knappskog S, Lønning PE. Effects of SNP variants in the 17β-HSD2 and 17β-HSD7 genes and 17β-HSD7 copy number on gene transcript and estradiol levels in breast cancer tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:192-8. [PMID: 24560990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancers reveal elevated E2 levels compared to plasma and normal breast tissue. Previously, we reported intra-tumour E2 to be negatively correlated to transcription levels of 17β-HSD2 but positively correlated to 17β-HSD7. Here, we explored these mechanisms further by analysing the same breast tumours for 17β-HSD2 and -7 SNPs, as well as 17β-HSD7 gene copy number. Among the SNPs detected, we found the 17β-HSD2 rs4445895_T allele to be associated with lower intra-tumour mRNA (p=0.039) and an elevated intra-tumour E2 level (p=0.006). In contrast, we found the 17β-HSD7 rs1704754_C allele to be associated with elevated mRNA (p=0.050) but not to E2 levels in breast tumour tissue. Surprisingly, 17β-HSD7 - gene copy number was elevated in 19 out of 46 breast tumours examined. Elevated copy number was associated with an increased mRNA expression level (p=0.013) and elevated tumour E2 (p=0.025). Interestingly, elevated 17β-HSD7 - gene copy number was associated with increased expression not only of 17β-HSD7, but the 17β-HSD7_II pseudogene as well (p=0.019). Expression level of 17β-HSD7 and its pseudogene was significantly correlated both in tumour tissue (rs=0.457, p=0.001) and in normal tissue (rs=0.453, p=0.002). While in vitro transfection experiments revealed no direct impact of 17β-HSD7 expression on pseudogene level, the fact that 17β-HSD7 and 17β-HSD7_II share a 95.6% sequence identity suggests the two transcripts may be subject to common regulatory mechanisms. In conclusion, genetic variants of 17β-HSD2 and 17β-HSD7 may affect intra-tumour gene expression as well as breast cancer E2 levels in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hege Straume
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Eystein Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Zhao XJ, Hao F, Huang C, Rantalainen M, Lei H, Tang H, Wang Y. Systems responses of rats to mequindox revealed by metabolic and transcriptomic profiling. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4712-21. [PMID: 22845897 DOI: 10.1021/pr300533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mequindox is used as an antibiotic drug in livestock; however, its toxicity remains largely unclear. Previously, we investigated metabolic responses of mice to mequindox exposure. In order to evaluate dependences of animal species in response to mequindox insult, we present the metabolic consequences of mequindox exposure in a rat model, by employing the combination of metabonomics and transcriptomics. Metabolic profiling of urine revealed that metabolic recovery is achieved for rats exposed to a low or moderate dose of mequindox, whereas high levels of mequindox exposure trigger liver dysfunction, causing no such recovery. We found that mequindox exposure causes suppression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and stimulation of glycolysis, which is in contrast to a mouse model previously investigated. In addition, mequindox dosage induces promotion of β-oxidation of fatty acids, which was confirmed by elevated expressions of acox1, hsd17b2, and cpt1a in liver. Furthermore, altered levels of N-methylnicotinate, 1-methylnicotinamide, and glutathione disulfide highlighted the promotion of vitamin B3 antioxidative cycle in rats exposed to mequindox. Moreover, mequindox exposure altered levels of gut microbiotal related co-metabolites, suggesting a perturbation of the gut microflora of the host. Our work provides a comprehensive view of the toxicological effects of mequindox, which is important in the usage of mequindox in animal and human food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ju Zhao
- Wuhan Center of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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Punt A, Jeurissen SM, Boersma MG, Delatour T, Scholz G, Schilter B, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Evaluation of Human Interindividual Variation in Bioactivation of Estragole Using Physiologically Based Biokinetic Modeling. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:337-48. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Lønning PE, Helle H, Duong NK, Ekse D, Aas T, Geisler J. Tissue estradiol is selectively elevated in receptor positive breast cancers while tumour estrone is reduced independent of receptor status. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:31-41. [PMID: 19591931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested elevated estrogen production in tumour-bearing breast quadrants as well as in breast cancers versus benign tissue. Using highly sensitive assays, we determined breast cancer tissue estrogen concentrations together with plasma and benign tissue estrogen concentrations in each quadrant obtained from mastectomy specimens (34 postmenopausal and 13 premenopausal women). We detected similar concentrations of each of the three major estrogens estradiol (E(2)), estrone (E(1)) and E(1)S in tumour-bearing versus non-tumour-bearing quadrants. Considering malignant tumours, intratumour E(1) levels were reduced in cancer tissue obtained from pre- as well as postmenopausal women independent of tumour ER status (average ratio E(1) cancer: benign tissue of 0.2 and 0.3, respectively; p<0.001 for both groups), suggesting intratumour aromatization to be of minor importance. The most striking finding was a significant (4.1-8.6-fold) increased E(2) concentration in ER positive tumours versus normal tissue (p<0.05 and <0.001 for pre- and postmenopausal patients, respectively), contrasting low E(2) concentrations in ER- tumours (p<0.01 and <0.001 comparing E(2) levels between ER+ and ER- tumours in pre- and postmenopausals, respectively). A possible explanation to our finding is increased ligand receptor binding capacity for E(2) in receptor positive tumours but alternative factors influencing intratumour estrogen disposition cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 26, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Plourde M, Ferland A, Soucy P, Hamdi Y, Tranchant M, Durocher F, Sinilnikova O, Luu The V, Simard J. Analysis of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 5, 7, and 12 genetic sequence variants in breast cancer cases from French Canadian Families with high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 116:134-53. [PMID: 19460435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A family history and estrogen exposure are well-known risk factors for breast cancer. Members of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family are responsible for important steps in the metabolism of androgens and estrogens in peripheral tissues, including the mammary gland. The crucial biological function of 17beta-HSDs renders these genes good candidates for being involved in breast cancer etiology. This study screened for mutations in HSD17B7 and HSD17B12 genes, which encode enzymes involved in estradiol biosynthesis and in AKR1C3, which codes for 17beta-HSD type 5 enzyme involved in androgen and progesterone metabolism, to assess whether high penetrance allelic variants in these genes could be involved in breast cancer susceptibility. Mutation screening of 50 breast cancer cases from non-BRCA1/2 high-risk French Canadian families failed to identify germline likely high-risk mutations in HSD17B7, HSD17B12 and AKR1C3 genes. However, 107 sequence variants were identified, including seven missense variants. Assessment of the impact of missense variants on enzymatic activity of the corresponding enzymes revealed no difference in catalytic properties between variants of 17beta-HSD types 7 and 12 and wild-type enzymes, while variants p.Glu77Gly and p.Lys183Arg in 17beta-HSD type 5 showed a slightly decreased activity. Finally, a haplotype-based approach was used to determine tagging SNPs providing valuable information for studies investigating associations of common variants in these genes with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Plourde
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Genomics Division/CHUQ Research Center and Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are important enzymes in steroid metabolism. Long known members of the protein family seemed to be well characterised concerning their role in the regulation of the biological potency of steroid hormones, but today more and more evidence points to pivotal contributions of these enzymes in a variety of other metabolic pathways. Therefore, studies on 17beta-HSDs develop towards metabolomic survey. Latest research results give new insights into the complex metabolic interconnectivity of the 17beta-HSDs. In this paper metabolic activities of 17beta-HSDs will be compared, their interplay with endogenous substrates summarised, and interlacing pathways depicted. Strategies on deciphering the physiological role of 17beta-HSDs and the genetic predisposition for associated diseases will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Moeller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany.
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10
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Mindnich R, Adamski J. Zebrafish 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:20-6. [PMID: 19111899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The term 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) describes an enzyme that stereospecifically reduces or oxidizes a keto- or hydroxy group at C17 of the steroid scaffold, respectively. Fourteen mammalian 17beta-HSDs have been identified so far and nine sequence homologs are found in zebrafish. 17beta-HSDs additionally active in fatty acid metabolism display high sequence conservation and widespread tissue expression. Homologs of these multifunctional 17beta-HSDs have been identified in flies, worms and yeast, and steroid-converting activity was demonstrated in some cases. The "classical" 17beta-HSDs, types 1, 2 and 3, are steroid-specific enzymes expressed in few tissues. They may have arisen at the beginning of vertebrate evolution allowing new, differently controlled modes of steroid hormone action. These findings reflect on two aspects: (1) the evolutionary origin of steroid-specific enzymes and (2) a possible conservation of steroid hormone function in invertebrates through currently unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mindnich
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 3620 Hamilton Walk, 135 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Computational biology has the opportunity to play an important role in the identification of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered in large-scale genotyping studies, ultimately yielding new drug targets and biomarkers. The medical genetics and molecular biology communities are increasingly turning to computational biology methods to prioritize interesting SNPs found in linkage and association studies. Many such methods are now available through web interfaces, but the interested user is confronted with an array of predictive results that are often in disagreement with each other. Many tools today produce results that are difficult to understand without bioinformatics expertise, are biased towards non-synonymous SNPs, and do not necessarily reflect up-to-date versions of their source bioinformatics resources, such as public SNP repositories. Here, I assess the utility of the current generation of webservers; and suggest improvements for the next generation of webservers to better deliver value to medical geneticists and molecular biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Karchin
- Biomedical Engineering Department and Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 212218, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Sex steroids play an important role in the development and differentiation in several tissues. Biologically active hormones that are locally converted in endocrine organs in the tissue where they exert their effects without release into extracellular space is a field of endocrinology that has been called intracrinology. In pre-menopausal women the ovary is the main source of estrogens, but in post-menopausal women the estrogen production as main site of synthesis moves to peripheral tissues and almost all of the sex steroids are synthesised from precursors of adrenal origin. In breast cancer 60-80% of the tumors express high levels of oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha which gives estrogen a proliferative effect. Breast tumors tend to have a higher intratumoral estrogen concentration than normal breast tissue and plasma, and in situ synthesis and the metabolism of estrogens is believed to be of great importance for the development and progression of the disease. The activity of estrogen metabolizing enzymes in breast are mainly aromatase, estrone sulfatases and 17HSD enzymes. 17HSD1 and 17HSD2 are the family members known to be of main importance in breast cancer. High expression of 17HSD1 has been associated to poor prognosis in breast cancer and late relapse among patients with ER-positive tumors. One of the mechanisms behind high 17HSD1 expression is gene amplification. Low or absent expression of 17HSD2 is associated to decreased survival in ER-positive breast cancer. 17HSD14 is one of the latest discovered 17HSD enzymes, transfection of 17HSD14 in human breast cancer cells significantly decreased the levels of estradiol in the culture medium. Low expression of 17HSD14 mRNA expression in breast cancer was correlated to decreased survival. The understanding of intratumoral synthesis of sex steroids in breast cancer is crucial to understand the disease both in pre- and post-menopausal women. Further studies are desirable to state the direct role of these enzymes in breast cancer and which patients that may benefit from new therapeutic strategies targeting 17HSD enzymes. The new inhibitors targeting 17HSD1 have shown promising results in pre-clinical studies to have clinical potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Jansson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Oncology, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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