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Song XW, Yao Y, Yu PC, Zhang W, Liu WF, Wang LY, Zhao K, Lu JC, Meng XC. Sodium nitroprusside improved the quality of Radix Saposhnikoviae through constructed physiological response under ecological stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15823. [PMID: 37740027 PMCID: PMC10516912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological significance of secondary metabolites is to improve the adaptive ability of plants. Secondary metabolites, usually medicinal ingredients, are triggered by unsuitable environment, thus the quality of medicinal materials under adversity being better. The quality of the cultivated was heavily declined due to its good conditions. Radix Saposhnikoviae, the dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., is one of the most common botanicals in Asian countries, now basically comes from cultivation, resulting in the market price being only 1/10 to 1/3 of its wild counterpart, so improving the quality of cultivated Radix Saposhnikoviae is of urgency. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in generating reactive oxygen species and modifying the secondary metabolism of plants. This study aims to enhance the quality of cultivated Radix Saposhnikoviae by supplementing exogenous NO. To achieve this, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was utilized as an NO provider and applied to fresh roots of S. divaricata at concentrations of 0.03, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol/L. This study measured parameters including the activities of antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and chalcone synthase (CHS), as well as the contents of NO, superoxide radicals (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and four secondary metabolites. The quality of Radix Saposhnikoviae was evaluated with antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory effects, and inflammatory factors. As a result, the NO contents in the fresh roots were significantly increased under SNP, which led to a significant increase of O2·-, H2O2, and MDA. The activities of important antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), were found to increase as well, with their peak levels observed on the 2nd and 3rd days. PAL, ACC, and CHS activities were also significantly enhanced, resulting in the increased secondary metabolite contents of Radix saposhnikoviae in all groups, especially the 0.5 mmol/L SNP. The four active ingredients, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, increased by 88.3%,325.0%, 55.4%, and 283.8%, respectively, on the 3rd day. The pharmaceutical effects of Radix Saposhnikoviae under 0.5 mmol/L SNP were significantly enhanced. Exogenous SNP can induce the physiological response of S. divaricata under adverse conditions and significantly improve the quality of Radix Saposhnikoviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Song
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yao Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wen-Fei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Li-Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jin-Cai Lu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xiang-Cai Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Cao S, Shi L, Shen Y, He L, Meng X. Ecological roles of secondary metabolites of Saposhnikovia divaricata in adaptation to drought stress. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14336. [PMID: 36353606 PMCID: PMC9639429 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Saposhnikovia divaricata is a traditional Chinese herb that mainly grows in arid grasslands and strongly adapts to various stresses. Drought is not only a major abiotic stress factor but also a typical feature conducive to producing high-quality medicinal material. The present study investigated by treating S. divaricata plants with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) identified 146 compounds from the roots of S. divaricata, among which seven primary metabolites and 28 secondary metabolites showed significant changes after drought treatment. UV-Vis spectrophotometer detected the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of superoxide anion (O2 -.) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The differential primary metabolites revealed that drought promotes glycolysis, reducing primary metabolism and enhancing secondary metabolism. Meanwhile, the differential secondary metabolites showed an increase in the content of compounds upstream of the secondary metabolic pathway, and other glycosides and increased that of the corresponding aglycones. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of O2 -. and MDA shown different changes duing the drought treatment. These observations indicate that drought promotes the biosynthesis and transformation of the secondary metabolites and activity of antioxidant enzymes, improving plant adaptability. The present study also analyzed a few primary and secondary metabolites of S. divaricata under different degrees and durations of drought and speculated on the metabolic pathways in an arid environment. The findings indicate the biological nature, diversity, and complexity of secondary metabolites and the mechanisms of plant adaptation to ecological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Cao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Medical College, Harbin Vocational & Technical College, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Luwen He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangcai Meng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Hu N, Wang C, Wang B, Wang L, Huang J, Wang J, Li C. Qianghuo Shengshi decoction exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic via MAPKs/CREB signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 284:114776. [PMID: 34710556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese Medicine Qianghuo Shengshi decoction (QSD) is widely used in the treatment of nervous headache, rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica, allergic purpura, and other clinical diseases in China. However, the underlying mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to confirm the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and the underlying mechanism of QSD in vivo. In addition, this study was also to isolate and analyze the main active components of QSD by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the acetic acid writhing test, hot plate test and ear swelling test and formalin test were carried out to explore the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of QSD. The doses were set to 7.8 g/kg, 15.6 g/kg and 31.2 g/kg body weight. Western blot was utilized to study further possible mechanisms of QSD. Moreover, the HPLC method was used to isolate and identify the components in the extraction of QSD. RESULTS Twelve characteristic peaks were recognized in the HPLC spectrum, which all were the known compounds. The QSD exhibited dose-dependent effects in anti-inflammatory and analgesic aspects. Compared with model group, the writhing times of in groups of different doses of QSD (15.6 g/kg and 31.2 g/kg (oral administration = p.o.)) were reduced by 33.0% and 45.8% and indicated the QSD showed significant (p < 0.05) peripheral analgesic effect. QSD ((31.2 g/kg), p.o.) showed significant(p < 0.05) analgesic effect in the hot plate test. Inhibition rates of QSD ((15.6 g/kg and 31.2 g/kg), p.o.) in ear swelling test induced by p-xylene were 27.5% and 54.6% and demonstrated the significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity. QSD ((31.2 g/kg), p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced times of paw licking in formalin test, and its inhibition rates were 34.3% and 28.0% in Phase I and Phase Ⅱ response, respectively. Western blot results showed that QSD inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). CONCLUSIONS These results of this study undoubtedly confirmed that QSD expressed obvious analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of QSD may be achieved by regulating the MAPKs protein and further regulating the expression of CREB. In all, QSD may play an anti-inflammatory and analgesic role through a variety of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunhao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Baihui Wang
- Department of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Mondal M, Quispe C, Sarkar C, Bepari TC, Alam MJ, Saha S, Ray P, Rahim MA, Islam MT, Setzer WN, Salehi B, Ahmadi M, Abdalla M, Sharifi-Rad J, Kundu SK. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf: In Vivo and in Silico Studies. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211007634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of our present study is to scrutinize the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf using different in vivo assay models at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Twenty chemical compounds, which were isolated from the leaves essential oil of E. camaldulensis, were docked using AutodockVina against cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β convertase to elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The essential oil of E. camaldulensis exhibited noteworthy analgesic activities in the writhing test. In the tail immersion and hot-plate test, the essential oil significantly extended the latency period. The number of licks in the formalin-induced paw licking test was markedly reduced following essential oil administration. In addition, E. camaldulensis essential oil revealed notable anti-inflammatory responses in carrageenan-induced paw edema, xylene induced ear edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma methods. Among 20 compounds, 5 ( cis-sabinol, globulol, α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, and γ-eudesmol) showed better binding for cyclooxygenase-2 while β-eudesmol exhibited higher affinity for TNFα than that of TNF-alpha-IN-1 and standard drug. In the case of interleukin 1β convertase, maximum affinity was shown by α-eudesmol than the synthetic drug belnacasan. Chemical components of the essential oil interacted with diverse amino acid residues which were similar to the natural substrate and standard drugs. In conclusion, E. camaldulensis essential oil can be an effective source of analgesic and anti-inflammatory treatment and additional modification and docking studies will be required to justify the efficiency of globulol, α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, and γ-eudesmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Jahir Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sushmita Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pranta Ray
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | | | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, UT, USA
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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