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Ma S, Kaareen A, Park H, He Y, Jiang S, Qiu Z, Xie Z, Li D, Chen J, O'Connor RJ, Fong GT, Shang C. How to Identify e-Cigarette Brands Available in the United States During 2020-2022: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e47570. [PMID: 38416562 PMCID: PMC10938231 DOI: 10.2196/47570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have demonstrated that the e-cigarette market contains a large number of brands. Identifying these existing e-cigarette brands is a key element of market surveillance, which will further assist in policy making and compliance checks. OBJECTIVE To facilitate the surveillance of the diverse product landscape in the e-cigarette market, we constructed a semantic database of e-cigarette brands that have appeared in the US market as of 2020-2022. METHODS In order to build the brand database, we searched and compiled e-cigarette brands from a comprehensive list of retail channels and sources, including (1) e-liquid and disposable brands sold in web-based stores, (2) e-cigarette brands sold in brick-and-mortar stores and collected by the Nielsen Retail Scanner Data, (3) e-cigarette brands compiled by Wikipedia, (4) self-reported e-cigarette brands from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Four-Country Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) US survey, and (5) e-cigarette brands on Twitter. We also estimated the top 5 e-cigarette brands by sales volume in brick-and-mortar stores, by the frequency and variety of offerings in web-based shops, and by the frequency of self-reported brands from the 2020 ITC 4CV US survey. RESULTS As of 2020-2022, a total of 912 e-cigarette brands have been sold by various retail channels. During 2020-2022, the top 5 brands are JUUL, vuse, njoy, blu, and logic in brick-and-mortar stores; blu, king, monster, twist, and air factory for e-liquids in web-based stores; hyde, pod mesh, suorin, vaporlax, and xtra for disposables sold in web-based stores; and smok, aspire, vaporesso, innokin, and eleaf based on self-reported survey data. CONCLUSIONS As the US Food and Drug Administration enforces the premarket tobacco market authorization, many e-cigarette brands may become illegal in the US market. In this context, how e-cigarette brands evolve and consolidate in different retail channels will be critical for understanding the regulatory impacts on product availability. Our semantic database of e-cigarette brands can serve as a useful tool to monitor product and marketplace development, conduct compliance checks, assess manufacturers' marketing behaviors, and identify regulatory impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Ma
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aadeeba Kaareen
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hojin Park
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yanyun He
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shuning Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zefeng Qiu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ce Shang
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Levy DT, Thirlway F, Sweanor D, Liber A, Maria Sanchez-Romero L, Meza R, Douglas CE, Michael Cummings K. Do Tobacco Companies Have an Incentive to Promote "Harm Reduction" Products?: The Role of Competition. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1810-1821. [PMID: 36692328 PMCID: PMC10664083 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some cigarette companies have started to talk about replacing cigarettes with less harmful alternatives, which might include nicotine vaping products (NVPs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), and oral nicotine delivery products. We consider market competition as a primary driver of whether cigarette companies follow through on their stated intentions. AIMS AND METHODS We focus on the behavior of cigarette companies in the United States. We compare competition in the pre- and post-2012 time periods, analyze the impact of the growth in NVPs on smoking prevalence and cigarette company profits, and examine the potential future role of competition. RESULTS Since 2006, consumers have broadened their use of non-combustible nicotine delivery products (NCNDPs) to include, inter alia, NVPs, HTPs, and oral nicotine pouches. U.S. cigarette companies have acquired major stakes in each of these product categories which corresponds to a period of rapidly declining adult smoking prevalence, especially among younger adults (ages 18-24 years). The shifting dynamics of the nicotine product marketplace are also reflected in cigarette company stock prices. While cigarette companies are likely to promote HTPs and nicotine delivery products over NVPs, their incentives will be directly related to competition from independent firms, which in turn will depend on government regulation. CONCLUSIONS Although cigarette companies will back alternatives to combusted tobacco when threatened by competition, the prospects for their lasting conversion to NCNDPs will depend on the extent of such competition, which will be influenced by government regulation of tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS Regulations that limit competition from independent firms while also protecting cigarette company profits risk slowing or even reversing recent declines in smoking, especially among youth and young adults. Regulations that reduce the appeal and addictiveness of combusted tobacco products, such as higher cigarette taxes or a reduced nicotine standard, will encourage smokers to quit and/or switch to less harmful non-combusted forms of tobacco. The regulation of non-combustible nicotine delivery products and cigarettes should be proportionate to their relative risks, so that smokers have incentives to switch from combustibles to safer alternatives, and cigarette companies have incentives to promote safer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Levy
- Oncology Department, Lombardi Comprehensive Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David Sweanor
- Centre for Health Law, Policy and Ethics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Liber
- Oncology Department, Lombardi Comprehensive Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clifford E Douglas
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charlestown, SC, USA
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Sánchez-Romero LM, Liber AC, Li Y, Yuan Z, Tam J, Travis N, Jeon J, Issabakhsh M, Meza R, Levy DT. The smoking and vaping model, A user-friendly model for examining the country-specific impact of nicotine VAPING product use: application to Germany. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2299. [PMID: 37990171 PMCID: PMC10662637 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation models play an increasingly important role in tobacco control. Models examining the impact of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and smoking tend to be highly specialized and inaccessible. We present the Smoking and Vaping Model (SAVM),a user-friendly cohort-based simulation model, adaptable to any country, that projects the public health impact of smokers switching to NVPs. METHODS SAVM compares two scenarios. The No-NVP scenario projects smoking rates in the absence of NVPs using population projections, deaths rates, life expectancy, and smoking prevalence. The NVP scenario models vaping prevalence and its impact on smoking once NVPs became popular. NVP use impact is estimated as the difference in smoking- and vaping-attributable deaths (SVADs) and life-years lost (LYLs) between the No-NVP and NVP scenarios. We illustrate SAVM's adaptation to the German adult ages 18+ population, the Germany-SAVM by adjusting the model using population, mortality, smoking and NVP use data. RESULTS Assuming that the excess NVP mortality risk is 5% that of smoking, Germany-SAVM projected 4.7 million LYLs and almost 300,000 SVADs averted associated with NVP use from 2012 to 2060. Increasing the excess NVP mortality risk to 40% with other rates constant resulted in averted 2.8 million LYLs and 200,000 SVADs during the same period. CONCLUSIONS SAVM enables non-modelers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to analyze the potential population health effects of NVP use and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Sánchez-Romero
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Alex C Liber
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Yameng Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Jamie Tam
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nargiz Travis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Jihyoun Jeon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mona Issabakhsh
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - David T Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 2115 Wisconsin Ave, suite 300, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
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Levy DT, Liber AC, Cadham C, Sanchez-Romero LM, Hyland A, Cummings M, Douglas C, Meza R, Henriksen L. Follow the money: a closer look at US tobacco industry marketing expenditures. Tob Control 2023; 32:575-582. [PMID: 35074930 PMCID: PMC9346571 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While much of the concern with tobacco industry marketing has focused on direct media advertising, a less explored form of marketing strategy is to discount prices. Price discounting is important because it keeps the purchase price low and can undermine the impact of tax increases. METHODS We examine annual US marketing expenditures from 1975 to 2019 by the largest cigarette and smokeless tobacco companies as reported to the Federal Trade Commission. We consider three categories: direct advertising, promotional allowances and price discounting. In addition to considering trends in these expenditures, we examine how price discounting expenditures relate to changes in product prices and excise taxes. RESULTS US direct advertising expenditures for cigarettes fell from 80% of total industry marketing expenditures in 1975 to less than 3% in 2019, while falling from 39% in 1985 to 6% in 2019 for smokeless tobacco. Price discounting expenditures for cigarettes became prominent after the Master Settlement Agreement and related tax increases in 2002. By 2019, 87% of cigarette marketing expenditures were for price discounts and 7% for promotional allowances. Smokeless marketing expenditures were similar: 72% for price promotions and 13% for promotional allowances. Price discounting increased with prices and taxes until reaching their currently high levels. CONCLUSIONS Between 1975 and 2019, direct advertising dramatically fell while price discounting and promotional expenditures increased. Local, state and federal policies are needed that apply non-tax mechanisms to increase tobacco prices and restrict industry contracts to offset industry marketing strategies. Further study is needed to better understand industry decisions about marketing expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alex C Liber
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Cadham
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Andrew Hyland
- Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael Cummings
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Cliff Douglas
- Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Scott L, McCausland K, Maycock B, Jancey J. The emergence of e-cigarette retail shops in a regulated tobacco control environment. Health Promot J Austr 2023; 34:185-192. [PMID: 36054267 PMCID: PMC10087173 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED E-cigarettes are of growing concern. We aimed to determine the location and characteristics of retail shops selling e-cigarette products in Perth, Western Australia. METHODS Two phase study: (i) identifying all e-cigarette retailers in the Greater Capital City Statistical Area of Perth; (ii) audit at the point-of-sale to assess products, promotions and shop characteristics (n = 41). RESULTS Ninety-eight retailers selling e-cigarette products were identified: 43 tobacconists (44%), 21 vape shops (21% - up from one shop in 2017), 14 supermarkets (14%), 12 service stations (12%) and 8 smoke shops (8%). The most common e-cigarette product was non-nicotine e-liquid, available at 38 (93%) stores audited. Most stores sold parts of e-cigarette devices (n = 25, 61%). Front counter displays were the most frequent form of promotion (n = 40, 98%). Vape shops differed from other retailers, having bar-style layouts (n = 15, 71%), lounge areas (n = 7, 33%) and free e-liquid samples (n = 17, 89%). CONCLUSION The availability of e-cigarette products from retail shops and particularly vape shops is increasing. E-cigarette retailers are using traditional promotional techniques including point-of-sale displays to market their products, while vape shops are extending their appeal through bar style, lounge layouts and free trials. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Understanding the e-cigarette retail store environment is essential for identifying emergent trends, potential regulations and future research. SO WHAT?: The e-cigarette retail market in the Perth is growing, shops using traditional and new promotional techniques to market e-cigarette products. Our findings identify a need for public health surveillance, regulations and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Scott
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Population Health (CERIPH), School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kahlia McCausland
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Population Health (CERIPH), School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bruce Maycock
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Population Health (CERIPH), School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Enable Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Thirlway F. Subculture wars: The struggle for the vape industry. Br J Sociol 2023; 74:3-16. [PMID: 36329664 PMCID: PMC10092283 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on a 2-year study, I argue that the UK vape industry is engaged in a classificatory struggle between a subcultural industry and its "other", the mainstream industry. I build on Thornton's analysis of club culture to characterize the subcultural vape industry as a community of taste built round a masculine aesthetic and a commitment to authenticity and DIY practice. Its attachment to complex systems and masculine spaces risked excluding customers without specialist knowledge or interest. The mainstream industry included tobacco companies which promoted vaping as a complementary category to smoking, linking their own vaping products to historic meanings of the cigarette as a lifestyle product. This task was hampered by the toxic legacy of combusted tobacco and its increasing reversion to a generic category rather than a branded product. Finally, the success of the price-focused vaping industry has been largely overlooked, but suggests that for most consumers, electronic cigarettes are still a contrasting category to combusted tobacco and are purchased largely on price. I conclude that the exclusion of a feminized, classed "other" is a defining element of subcultural formation, itself an overwhelmingly male mechanism of group identity construction.
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Cotti C, Courtemanche C, Maclean JC, Nesson E, Pesko MF, Tefft NW. The effects of e-cigarette taxes on e-cigarette prices and tobacco product sales: Evidence from retail panel data. J Health Econ 2022; 86:102676. [PMID: 36103752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We estimate the effect of e-cigarette tax rates on e-cigarette prices, e-cigarette sales, and sales of other tobacco products using NielsenIQ Retail Scanner data from 2013 to 2019. We find that 90% of e-cigarette taxes are passed on to consumer retail prices. We then estimate reduced form and instrumental variables regressions to examine the effects of e-cigarette and cigarette taxes and prices on sales. We calculate an e-cigarette own-price elasticity of -2.2 and particularly large elasticity of demand for flavored e-cigarettes. Further, we document a cigarette own-price elasticity of -0.4 and positive cross-price elasticities of demand between e-cigarettes and cigarettes, suggesting economic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Cotti
- Department of Economics, College of Business, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, United States
| | - Charles Courtemanche
- Department of Economics, Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States; NBER, IZA, United States
| | - Joanna Catherine Maclean
- NBER, IZA, United States; Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, VA 22201, United States
| | - Erik Nesson
- Department of Economics, Miller College of Business, Ball State University Muncie, IN 47306, United States; National Bureau of Economic Research, United States
| | - Michael F Pesko
- Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States; Institute for Labor Economics, Germany.
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Cadham CJ, Liber AC, Sánchez-Romero LM, Issabakhsh M, Warner KE, Meza R, Levy DT. The actual and anticipated effects of restrictions on flavoured electronic nicotine delivery systems: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2128. [PMCID: PMC9675183 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To synthesize the outcomes of policy evaluations of flavoured electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) restrictions. Data sources PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science before May 3, 2022. Study selection Studies that report sales, behaviour, or compliance outcomes related to implemented or hypothetical ENDS flavour restrictions. Data extraction Restriction details, whether implemented or hypothetical, whether additional products were restricted, jurisdictional level, study locations, and outcomes classified by sales, behaviour, and compliance. Data synthesis We included 30 studies. Of those, 26 were conducted exclusively in the US, two in India, and two surveyed respondents in multiple countries, including the US. Twenty-one evaluated implemented restrictions, while nine considered hypothetical restrictions. Five studies evaluated product sales, 17 evaluated behaviour, and 10 evaluated compliance, with two studies reporting multiple outcomes. Two studies reported an increase and one a reduction in cigarette sales following restrictions, while three reported reductions in ENDS sales. Behavioural studies presented a mixed view of the impacts of regulations on ENDS and cigarette use. However, the use of disparate outcomes limits the comparability of studies. Studies of hypothetical restrictions suggest decreased ENDS use, increased cigarette use, and increased use of illicit markets. Studies of compliance with flavoured product restrictions that included ENDS found that 6–39% of stores sold restricted flavoured products post-restrictions. Online stores remain a potential source of restricted products. Conclusion Our findings highlight the need for additional research on the impacts of ENDS restrictions. Research should further evaluate the impact of restrictions on youth and adult use of nicotine and tobacco products in addition to the effects of restrictions in countries beyond the US to enable a robust consideration of the harm-benefit trade-off of restrictions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14440-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Cadham
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Alex C. Liber
- grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3300 Whitehaven St, Washington, DC USA
| | - Luz María Sánchez-Romero
- grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3300 Whitehaven St, Washington, DC USA
| | - Mona Issabakhsh
- grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3300 Whitehaven St, Washington, DC USA
| | - Kenneth E. Warner
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2013 USA
| | - David T. Levy
- grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3300 Whitehaven St, Washington, DC USA
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Levy DT, Cadham CJ, Li Y, Yuan Z, Liber AC, Oh H, Travis N, Issabakhsh M, Sweanor DT, Sánchez-Romero LM, Meza R, Cummings KM. A Decision-Theoretic Public Health Framework for Heated Tobacco and Nicotine Vaping Products. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13431. [PMID: 36294011 PMCID: PMC9602493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Markets for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have grown as these products became positioned as harm-reduction alternatives to combusted tobacco products. Herein, we present a public health decision-theoretic framework incorporating different patterns of HTP, NVP, and cigarette use to examine their impacts on population health. Our framework demonstrates that, for individuals who would have otherwise smoked, HTP use may provide public health benefits by enabling cessation or by discouraging smoking initiation and relapse. However, the benefits are reduced if more harmful HTP use replaces less harmful NVP use. HTP use may also negatively impact public health by encouraging smoking by otherwise non-smokers or by encouraging initiation or relapse into smoking. These patterns are directly influenced by industry behavior as well as public policy towards HTPs, NVPs, and cigarettes. While substantial research has been devoted to NVPs, much less is known about HTPs. Better information is needed to more precisely define the health risks of HTPs compared to cigarettes and NVPs, the relative appeal of HTPs to consumers, and the likelihood of later transitioning to smoking or quitting all products. While our analysis provides a framework for gaining that information, it also illustrates the complexities in distinguishing key factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christopher J. Cadham
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yameng Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Alex C. Liber
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Hayoung Oh
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nargiz Travis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Mona Issabakhsh
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - David T. Sweanor
- Centre for Health Law, Policy & Ethics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Levy DT, Gartner C, Liber AC, Sánchez-Romero LM, Yuan Z, Li Y, Cummings KM, Borland R. The Australia Smoking and Vaping Model: The Potential Impact of Increasing Access to Nicotine Vaping Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 25:486-497. [PMID: 36073731 PMCID: PMC9910149 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We model the potential impact of relaxing current nicotine vaping product (NVP) restrictions on public health in Australia. AIMS AND METHODS A Restricted NVP Scenario was first developed to project current smoking and vaping rates, where a U.S. smoking model was calibrated to recent Australian trends. To model less restrictive NVP policies, a Permissive NVP Scenario applied rates of switching from smoking to vaping, initiation into NVP and cigarette use, and cessation from smoking and vaping based on U.S. trends. The model measures vaping risk relative to the excess mortality rate of smoking. The public health impacts are measured as the difference between smoking- and vaping-attributable deaths (SVADs) and life years lost (LYLs) in the Restricted and Permissive NVP Scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is conducted regarding the NVP excess risk and other factors. RESULTS Assuming an NVP excess risk of 5% that of smoking, 104.2 thousand SVADs (7.7% reduction) and 2.05 million LYLs (17.3% reduction) are averted during 2017-2080 in the Permissive NVP Scenario compared to the Restricted NVP Scenario. Assuming 40% NVP excess risk, 70 thousand SVADs and 1.2 million LYLs are averted. The impact is sensitive to the rate at which smokers switch to NVPs and quit smoking, and relatively insensitive to the smoking initiation and NVP initiation and cessation rates. CONCLUSIONS The model suggests the potential for public health gains to be achieved by relaxing NVP access regulations. However, the model would benefit from better information regarding the impact of NVPs on smoking under a relaxation of current restrictions. IMPLICATIONS Australia has implemented a strong array of cigarette-oriented policies, but has restricted access to NVPs. The Smoking and Vaping Model offers a framework for modeling hypothetical policy scenarios. The Australian model shows the potential for public health gains by maintaining cigarette-oriented policies while relaxing the current restrictive NVP policy. Modeling results under a permissive NVP policy are particularly sensitive to the estimated rates of smoking cessation and switching to vaping, which are not well established and will likely depend on past and future cigarette-oriented policies and the specific NVP policies implemented in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Levy
- Corresponding Author: David T. Levy PhD, Georgetown University, 3300 Whitehaven St., NW, Suite 4100, Washington, DC, 20007, USA. Telephone: 301-275-2396; fax: 202-687-0305; E-mail:
| | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex C Liber
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Zhe Yuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yameng Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Ron Borland
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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O'Connor R, Schneller LM, Felicione NJ, Talhout R, Goniewicz ML, Ashley DL. Evolution of tobacco products: recent history and future directions. Tob Control 2022; 31:175-182. [PMID: 35241585 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Declines in cigarette smoking prevalence in many countries and the consolidation of the tobacco industry have prompted the introduction of other forms of nicotine delivery. These include electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), heated tobacco products (HTPs) and oral nicotine products (ONPs). Evolving over time, some of these products now deliver nicotine at levels comparable to cigarettes and may serve as effective substitutes for smokers. However, certain products, especially ENDS like JUUL, have also appealed to youth and non-smokers, prompting concerns about expanding nicotine use (and potentially nicotine addiction). The tobacco industry could shift away from primarily promoting cigarettes to promoting ENDS, HTPs and/or ONPs, though at this time it continues to heavily promote cigarettes in low and middle-income countries. Differing regulatory regimes may place upward and downward pressures on both cigarettes and these newer products in terms of population use, and may ultimately drive the extent to which cigarettes are or are not displaced by ENDS, HTPs and/or ONPs in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA richard.o'
| | - Liane M Schneller
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas J Felicione
- Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - David L Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Haupt MR, Xu Q, Yang J, Cai M, Mackey TK. Characterizing Vaping Industry Political Influence and Mobilization on Facebook: Social Network Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e28069. [PMID: 34714245 PMCID: PMC8590191 DOI: 10.2196/28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to recent policy efforts to regulate tobacco and vaping products, the vaping industry has been aggressive in mobilizing opposition by using a network of manufacturers, trade associations, and tobacco user communities, and by appealing to the general public. One strategy the alternative tobacco industry uses to mobilize political action is coordinating on social media platforms, such as the social networking site Facebook. However, few studies have specifically assessed how platforms such as Facebook are used to influence public sentiment and attitudes towards tobacco control policy. Objective This study used social network analysis to examine how the alternative tobacco industry uses Facebook to mobilize online users to influence tobacco control policy outcomes with a focus on the state of California. Methods Data were collected from local and national alternative tobacco Facebook groups that had affiliations with activities in the state of California. Network ties were constructed based on users’ reactions to posts (eg, “like” and “love”) and comments to characterize political mobilization networks. Results Findings show that alternative tobacco industry employees were more likely to engage within these networks and that these employees were also more likely to be influential members (ie, be more active) in the network. Comparisons between subnetworks show that communication within the local alternative tobacco advocacy group network was less dense and more centralized in contrast to a national advocacy group that had overall higher levels of engagement among members. A timeline analysis found that a higher number of influential posts that disseminated widely across networks occurred during e-cigarette–related legislative events, suggesting strategic online engagement and increased mobilization of online activity for the purposes of influencing policy outcomes. Conclusions Results from this study provide important insights into how tobacco industry–related advocacy groups leverage the Facebook platform to mobilize their online constituents in an effort to influence public perceptions and coordinate to defeat tobacco control efforts at the local, state, and federal level. Study results reveal one part of a vast network of socially enabled alternative tobacco industry actors and constituents that use Facebook as a mobilization point to support goals of the alternative tobacco industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Robert Haupt
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Qing Xu
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Healthcare Research and Policy, University of California, San Diego Extension, La Jolla, CA, United States.,S-3 Research, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Yang
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - Mingxiang Cai
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Healthcare Research and Policy, University of California, San Diego Extension, La Jolla, CA, United States.,S-3 Research, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tim K Mackey
- Global Health Policy and Data Institute, San Diego, CA, United States.,S-3 Research, San Diego, CA, United States.,Global Health Program, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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13
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Pacula RL. The need to more effectively regulate END markets: A primary public health lesson of the U.S. vaping associated lung injury outbreak. Addiction 2021; 116:994-995. [PMID: 32754924 PMCID: PMC9273308 DOI: 10.1111/add.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
- Department of Health Policy and Management, USC Price School of Public Policy Senior Fellow, USC Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research
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14
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Sharma A, McCausland K, Jancey J. Adolescent's Health Perceptions of E-Cigarettes: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:716-725. [PMID: 33775514 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT E-cigarette use is increasing among adolescents, particularly in high-income countries. This review examines the health perceptions of E-cigarettes among adolescents (aged 12-17 years) residing in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand and their sources of E-cigarette information. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Peer-reviewed literature published in January 2009-April 2019 in MEDLINE, Embase, and ProQuest were systematically reviewed using identified keywords. The search identified 654 references. Studies (n=99) that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to full-text screening. A total of 27 articles were subjected to quality appraisal using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal checklists. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 7 qualitative and 18 quantitative studies were included in the review, and the study characteristics, results, and limitations were extracted. A total of 4 main themes emerged from the study findings: (1) perceived relative harm of E-cigarettes versus that of cigarettes, (2) perceived health effects of E-cigarettes, (3) perceived benefits and safety of E-cigarettes, and (4) sources of E-cigarette information and exposure. Most adolescents perceived E-cigarettes to be less harmful than cigarettes; however, often, their health perceptions of E-cigarettes were conflicting. Sources of exposure to E-cigarette information included friends, family, retail point of sale, TV and online advertising, national agencies, healthcare providers, and from direct experience. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that adolescents, particularly E-cigarette users, have more favorable perceptions of E-cigarettes than of cigarettes; however, these perceptions are conflicting. Advertising, marketing, and peer and family networks appear to influence adolescents' perceptions. More research is required, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, to better understand adolescents' health perceptions of E-cigarettes and where they source information from so that misperceptions can be addressed through appropriate channels with suitable messaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Sharma
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.
| | - Kahlia McCausland
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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15
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Levy DT, Cummings KM, Heckman BW, Li Y, Yuan Z, Smith TT, Meza R. The Public Health Gains Had Cigarette Companies Chosen to Sell Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:438-446. [PMID: 32710538 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed lowering the nicotine content of cigarettes to a minimally addictive level to increase smoking cessation and reduce initiation. This study has two aims: (1) to determine when cigarette manufacturers had the technical capability to reduce cigarette nicotine content and (2) to estimate the lost public health benefits of implementing a standard in 1965, 1975, or 1985. METHODS To determine the technical capability of cigarette companies, we reviewed public patents and internal cigarette company business records using the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents. To evaluate the impact of a very low nicotine content cigarette (VLNC) standard on smoking attributable deaths (SADs) and life-years lost (LYLs), we applied a validated (CISNET) model that uses past smoking data, along with estimates of the potential impact of VLNCs derived from expert elicitation. RESULTS Cigarette manufacturers recognized that cigarettes were deadly and addictive before 1964. Manufacturers have had the technical capability to lower cigarette nicotine content for decades. Our model projected that a standard implemented in 1965 could have averted 21 million SADs (54% reduction) and 272 million LYLs (64% reduction) from 1965 to 2064, a standard implemented in 1975 could have averted 18.9 million SADs and 245.4 million LYLs from 1975 to 2074, and a standard implemented in 1985 could have averted 16.3 million SADs and 211.5 million LYLs from 1985 to 2084. CONCLUSIONS Millions of premature deaths could have been averted if companies had only sold VLNCs decades ago. FDA should act immediately to implement a VLNC standard. IMPLICATIONS Prior research has shown that a mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes could reduce the prevalence of smoking and improve public health. Here we report that cigarette manufacturers have had the ability to voluntarily implement such a standard for decades. We use a well-validated model to demonstrate that millions of smoking attributable deaths and life-years lost would have been averted if the industry had implemented such a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Bryan W Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Yameng Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Program, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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16
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Levy DT, Tam J, Sanchez-Romero LM, Li Y, Yuan Z, Jeon J, Meza R. Public health implications of vaping in the USA: the smoking and vaping simulation model. Popul Health Metr 2021; 19:19. [PMID: 33865410 PMCID: PMC8052705 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-021-00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotine vaping products (NVPs) are increasingly popular worldwide. They may provide public health benefits if used as a substitute for smoking, but may create public health harms if used as a gateway to smoking or to discourage smoking cessation. This paper presents the Smoking and Vaping Model (SAVM), a user-friendly model which estimates the public health implications of NVPs in the USA. Methods SAVM adopts a cohort approach. We derive public health implications by comparing smoking- and NVP-attributable deaths and life-years lost under a No-NVP and an NVP Scenario. The No-NVP Scenario projects current, former, and never smoking rates via smoking initiation and cessation rates, with their respective mortality rates. The NVP Scenario allows for smoking- and NVP-specific mortality rates, switching from cigarette to NVP use, separate NVP and smoking initiation rates, and separate NVP and smoking cessation rates. After validating the model against recent US survey data, we present the base model with extensive sensitivity analyses. Results The SAVM projects that under current patterns of US NVP use and substitution, NVP use will translate into 1.8 million premature smoking- and vaping-attributable deaths avoided and 38.9 million life-years gained between 2013 and 2060. When the NVP relative risk is set to 5%, the results are sensitive to the level of switching and smoking cessation rates and to a lesser extent smoking initiation rates. When the NVP relative risk is raised to 40%, the public health gains in terms of averted deaths and LYL are reduced by 42% in the base case, and the results become much more sensitive to variations in the base case parameters. Discussion Policymakers, researchers, and other public health stakeholders can apply the SAVM to estimate the potential public health impact of NVPs in their country or region using their own data sources. In developing new simulation models involving NVPs, it will be important to conduct extensive sensitivity analysis and continually update and validate with new data. Conclusion The SAVM indicates the potential benefits of NVP use. However, given the uncertainty surrounding model parameters, extensive sensitivity analysis becomes particularly important. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12963-021-00250-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3300 Whitehaven St, NW, Suite 4100, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Jamie Tam
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luz María Sanchez-Romero
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3300 Whitehaven St, NW, Suite 4100, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Yameng Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3300 Whitehaven St, NW, Suite 4100, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3300 Whitehaven St, NW, Suite 4100, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Jihyoun Jeon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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McCausland K, Jancey J, Leaver T, Wolf K, Freeman B, Maycock B. Motivations for use, identity and the vaper subculture: a qualitative study of the experiences of Western Australian vapers. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1552. [PMID: 33059652 PMCID: PMC7559168 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaping is a relatively new practice, and therefore its symbolic meanings and social practices are yet to be fully understood, especially within Australia where the practice is strictly regulated. This study aimed to examine vapers motivations for use, reinforcing influences, and association with the vaper subculture. METHODS Working from a constructivist epistemology and a symbolic interaction framework, in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 37 current (89%) and former (11%) adult vapers, 70% male, mean age of 32.5. Data was analysed via thematic analysis. RESULTS Vapers largely started vaping to quit smoking and underwent common experiences during their initiation phase. Subsequently, vapers tended to adopt one of two dominant identities, that of the 'cloud chaser' or the 'substitute', which some users moved between during different stages of their vaping career. The social and symbolic meaning of e-cigarettes and vaping varied and involved concepts of harm reduction, addiction, pleasure, stigma and community, and for some, connection to the vaper subculture. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the complexities of vaping, and the nuanced differences of 'cloud chasers' and 'substitute' vapers may have important implications for health communication, research and policy. E-cigarette users within this sample were not a homogeneous group and differed in their motivations for use, association with the vaper subculture and relationship with the vape community. These findings provide new insights into the socialisation process and subsequent identity adoption of vapers within the unique regulatory environment of Western Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlia McCausland
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Tama Leaver
- School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katharina Wolf
- School of Marketing, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Becky Freeman
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Maycock
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.,Present affiliation: College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Devon, South West England, UK
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18
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Levy DT, Douglas CE, Sanchez-Romero LM, Cummings KM, Sweanor DT. An Analysis of the FTC's Attempt to Stop the Altria-Juul Labs Deal. TOB REGUL SCI 2020; 6:302-5. [PMID: 32901222 DOI: 10.18001/TRS.6.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On 20 December 2018, Altria, the largest US cigarette company, announced an offer for a 35% share of the large and rapidly growing vaping product company, Juul Labs. On 2 April, 2020, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint that the deal was anticompetitive and should be voided. This paper analyzes the deal. We find that the deal gives Altria market power in the e-cigarette market through its support of Juul in retail stores and through the agreement not to otherwise compete in the e-cigarette market. The deal also has implications for its marketing of heated tobacco product IQOS and generally may provide Altria greater control of the broader nicotine delivery product market.
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19
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Blackwell CW, López Castillo H. Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer persons: Implications for public health nursing. Public Health Nurs 2020; 37:569-580. [DOI: 10.1111/phn.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Blackwell
- Adult‐Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Programs Department of Nursing Practice College of Nursing Academic Health Science Center University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Humberto López Castillo
- Department of Health Sciences College of Health Professions and Sciences Orlando FL USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences College of Medicine Academic Health Science Center University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA
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20
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Levy DT, Sweanor D, Sanchez-Romero LM, O'Connor R, Goniewicz ML, Borland R. Altria-Juul Labs deal: why did it occur and what does it mean for the US nicotine delivery product market. Tob Control 2019; 29:e171-e174. [PMID: 31484802 PMCID: PMC7279136 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T Levy
- Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - David Sweanor
- Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Richard O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maciej Lukasz Goniewicz
- Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ron Borland
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study adds to the literature on vape shops by evaluating vape shop growth in an urban community over a 3-year period, assessing similarities and differences across the vape shop context, and addressing whether socialization spaces within vape shops are associated with a vape shop's ultimate success - remaining operational. As e-cigarette/vaping use enters its second decade in the US market, its regulation and status as a novel form of substance use is evolving; accordingly, it is unknown whether the presence of vape shops has changed as well. METHODS In this study, we tracked and observed 19 vape shops over a 3-year period in Long Beach, California. RESULTS Vape shop presence declined by 53% between September 2015 and September 2018. A comparison of vape shops remaining open versus those closing in the 3-year period indicated that shops with designated socialization spaces (lounges/tasting bars) were more likely to remain operational. CONCLUSIONS The substantial decline in vape shop presence in this community may reflect an entrepreneurial response to increased regulation, as well as a dynamic market for e-cigarette/vape products. Findings suggest vape users support Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) retailers that promote community-building or recreational activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isabella Lanza
- H. Isabella Lanza, Associate Professor, Department of Human Development, California State University, Long Beach, CA. Patricia S. Pittman, Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Patricia S Pittman
- H. Isabella Lanza, Associate Professor, Department of Human Development, California State University, Long Beach, CA. Patricia S. Pittman, Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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