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Yang C, Gu Y, Song C, Ge Z. Targeting EZH2 Promotes Chemosensitivity of BCL-2 Inhibitor through Suppressing PI3K and c-KIT Signaling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11393. [PMID: 36232694 PMCID: PMC9569949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common hematological malignancies with high heterogeneity, characterized by a differentiating block at the early progenitor stage. The selective BCL-2 inhibitor, Venetoclax (Ven), has shown exciting clinical results in a certain group of AML patients. However, Ven alone is insufficient to reach an enduringly complete response, which leads to the concern of Ven resistance. Alternative combined therapies with Ven are demanded in AML. Here, we reported the synergistic effect and molecular mechanism of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor DZNeP with Ven in AML cells. Results showed that the combination of DZNeP with Ven significantly induces cell proliferation arrest compared to single-drug control in AML cells and primary samples, and CalcuSyn analysis showed their significant synergy. The combination also significantly promotes apoptosis and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins. The whole transcriptome analysis showed that phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein1 (PIK3IP1), the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling suppressor, is upregulated upon DZNeP treatment. Moreover, EZH2 is upregulated but PIK3IP1 is downregulated in 88 newly diagnosed AML cohorts compared to 70 healthy controls, and a higher expression of EZH2 is associated with poor outcomes in AML patients. Particularly, the combination of DZNeP with Ven dramatically eliminated CD117 (c-KIT) (+) AML blasts, suggesting the effect of the combination on tumor stem cells. In summary, our data indicated that DZNeP increases the sensitivity of Ven in AML by affecting PI3K and c-KIT signaling in AML. Our results also suggested that the therapeutic targeting of both EZH2 and BCL-2 provides a novel potential combined strategy against AML.
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Khalafi S, Zhu S, Khurana R, Lohse I, Giordano S, Corso S, Al-Ali H, Brothers SP, Wahlestedt C, Schürer S, El-Rifai W. A novel strategy for combination of clofarabine and pictilisib is synergistic in gastric cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101260. [PMID: 34735897 PMCID: PMC8571525 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug sensitivity testing identified novel drugs like clofarabine effective in treating gastric cancer. mRNA sequencing can be used to identify agents with synergistic activity to a reference compound. Pictilisib sensitizes gastric cancer to clofarabine treatment through AKT inhibition. The combination of clofarabine and pictilisib inhibits tumor growth in cell lines and PDX models.
Gastric cancer (GC) is frequently characterized by resistance to standard chemotherapeutic regimens and poor clinical outcomes. We aimed to identify a novel therapeutic approach using drug sensitivity testing (DST) and our computational SynerySeq pipeline. DST of GC cell lines was performed with a library of 215 Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved compounds and identified clofarabine as a potential therapeutic agent. RNA-sequencing (RNAseq) of clofarabine treated GC cells was analyzed according to our SynergySeq pipeline and identified pictilisib as a potential synergistic agent. Clonogenic survival and Annexin V assays demonstrated increased cell death with clofarabine and pictilisib combination treatment (P<0.01). The combination induced double strand breaks (DSB) as indicated by phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) immunofluorescence and western blot analysis (P<0.01). Pictilisib treatment inhibited the protein kinase B (AKT) cell survival pathway and promoted a pro-apoptotic phenotype as evidenced by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) protein family members (P<0.01). Patient derived xenograft (PDX) data confirmed that the combination is more effective in abrogating tumor growth with prolonged survival than single-agent treatment (P<0.01). The novel combination of clofarabine and pictilisib in GC promotes DNA damage and inhibits key cell survival pathways to induce cell death beyond single-agent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Khalafi
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Rosenstiel Medical Science Bldg, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Room 4007, Miami, FL 33136-1015, United States
| | - Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Rosenstiel Medical Science Bldg, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Room 4007, Miami, FL 33136-1015, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Rimpi Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Ines Lohse
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Molecular Therapeutics Shared Resource, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Simona Corso
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo 10060, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo 10060, Italy
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Shaun P Brothers
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Rosenstiel Medical Science Bldg, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Room 4007, Miami, FL 33136-1015, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Kumar M, Bansal N. Implications of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021. [PMID: 34699027 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the foremost type of dementia that afflicts considerable morbidity and mortality in aged population. Several transcription molecules, pathways, and molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and immune system interact in a multifaceted way that disrupt physiological processes (cell growth, differentiation, survival, lipid and energy metabolism, endocytosis) leading to apoptosis, tauopathy, β-amyloidopathy, neuron, and synapse loss, which play an important role in AD pathophysiology. Despite of stupendous advancements in pathogenic mechanisms, treatment of AD is still a nightmare in the field of medicine. There is compelling urgency to find not only symptomatic but effective disease-modifying therapies. Recently, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are identified as a pathway triggered by diverse stimuli, including insulin, growth factors, cytokines, and cellular stress, that link amyloid-β, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain atrophy. The present review aims to explore and analyze the role of PI3K-Akt pathway in AD and agents which may modulate Akt and have therapeutic prospects in AD. The literature was researched using keywords "PI3K-Akt" and "Alzheimer's disease" from PubMed, Web of Science, Bentham, Science Direct, Springer Nature, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases including books. Articles published from 1992 to 2021 were prioritized and analyzed for their strengths and limitations, and most appropriate ones were selected for the purpose of review. PI3K-Akt pathway regulates various biological processes such as cell proliferation, motility, growth, survival, and metabolic functions, and inhibits many neurotoxic mechanisms. Furthermore, experimental data indicate that PI3K-Akt signaling might be an important therapeutic target in treatment of AD.
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Cao Y, Smith W, Yan L, Kong L. Overview of Cellular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Piceatannol. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:4-10. [PMID: 30947674 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190402100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stilbenoids are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in various plant species. They share a common backbone structure known as stilbene. However, differences in the nature and position of substituents have made it possible to produce many derivatives. Piceatannol [PT], a hydroxylated derivative from resveratrol, exerts various biological activities ranging from cancer prevention, cardio- protection, neuro-protection, anti-diabetic, depigmentation and so on. Although positive results were obtained in most cell culture and animal studies, the relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms of cytokines and signaling pathway about their biological effects still unclear. Thus, in the current review, we focus on the latest findings of PT on cellular biology in order to better understand the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of PT among various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China.,Yan'an University Medical School, Yan'an, China
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Liang Yan
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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Darici S, Alkhaldi H, Horne G, Jørgensen HG, Marmiroli S, Huang X. Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR in AML: Rationale and Clinical Evidence. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092934. [PMID: 32932888 PMCID: PMC7563273 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy characterized by excessive proliferation and accumulation of immature myeloid blasts in the bone marrow. AML has a very poor 5-year survival rate of just 16% in the UK; hence, more efficacious, tolerable, and targeted therapy is required. Persistent leukemia stem cell (LSC) populations underlie patient relapse and development of resistance to therapy. Identification of critical oncogenic signaling pathways in AML LSC may provide new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, is often hyperactivated in AML, required to sustain the oncogenic potential of LSCs. Growing evidence suggests that targeting key components of this pathway may represent an effective treatment to kill AML LSCs. Despite this, accruing significant body of scientific knowledge, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors have not translated into clinical practice. In this article, we review the laboratory-based evidence of the critical role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in AML, and outcomes from current clinical studies using PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. Based on these results, we discuss the putative mechanisms of resistance to PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibition, offering rationale for potential candidate combination therapies incorporating PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors for precision medicine in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihanur Darici
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (X.H.); Tel.: +44-0141-301-7883 (S.D.); +44-0141-301-7884 (X.H.)
| | - Hazem Alkhaldi
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Gillian Horne
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Heather G. Jørgensen
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Xu Huang
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (X.H.); Tel.: +44-0141-301-7883 (S.D.); +44-0141-301-7884 (X.H.)
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Wu ZH, Tang Y, Niu X, Cheng Q. Expression and gene regulation network of INHBA in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on data mining. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14341. [PMID: 31586103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibin subunit beta A(INHBA) encodes an individual from the TGF-β superfamily of proteins and the ligand could be further homo-dimerized to shape activin A or hetero-dimerized to frame inhibin with inhibin beta B. We studied INHBA expression, mutations, regulation, function networks and immune infiltrates in data from patients with Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on different open databases by utilizing multi-dimensional investigation techniques. This study gives staggered evidence for the significance of INHBA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its potential role as a novel biomarker. Our outcomes propose that INHBA overexpression in HNSCC has profound impacts in the center hub of post-transcriptional regulation, which is firmly identified with protein translation. Meanwhile, we also examine the function of the identified miRNAs that were related to INHBA and molecular function of these miRNAs were mainly enhanced in transcription factor activity, transcription regulator activity. In addition, B cells of immune infiltrates affecting the prognosis and might have a prognostic significance related to INHBA in HNSCC. Our outcomes show that data mining efficiently uncovers information about INHBA expression in HNSCC and more importance establishing a foundation for further investigation of the role of INHBA in carcinogenesis.
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Dai X, Wang LJ, Wu J, Shi YX, Li GP, Yang XQ. Src kinase inhibitor PP2 regulates the biological characteristics of A549 cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5059-5065. [PMID: 30250573 PMCID: PMC6144924 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide, with a poor prognosis for patients and a concomitant financial burden on society. There are a number of different pathological subtypes, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the primary subtype. Although anticancer therapy has led to a marked improvement in the survival rate of patients in recent years, the survival rate remains poor. Potential reasons for this include a lack of early diagnosis and drug resistance, which is considered to be associated with mutations in components of signaling pathways, tumor suppressors and epidermal growth factor receptor, and certain other complex mechanisms to a certain extent. It is therefore imperative to develop novel therapies. In the present study, the pyrazolopyrimidine compound PP2 was used to inhibit Src family protein tyrosine kinases in A549 cells. It was demonstrated that PP2 was able to suppress cell viability, migration and invasion, and promote apoptosis via regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/B-cell lymphoma 2/caspase-3 signaling pathway. PP2 may therefore be useful in anti-NSCLC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Dai
- State Key laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999056, P.R. China.,Respiratory Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jiao Wang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wu
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The Second Chinese Medicine Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Xu Shi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu/Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Yang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Daragmeh J, Barriah W, Saad B, Zaid H. Analysis of PI3K pathway components in human cancers. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2913-2918. [PMID: 27073576 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and biochemistry of tumors have revealed new pathways that are aberrantly activated in numerous cancer types. However, the enormous amount of data available in this field may mislead scientists in focused research. As cancer cell growth and progression is often dependent upon the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, there has been extensive research into the proteins implicated in the PI3K pathway. Using data available in the Human Protein Atlas database, the current study investigated the expression of 25 key proteins that are known to be involved with PI3K pathway activation in a distinct group of 20 cancer types. These proteins are AKTIP, ARP1, BAD, GSK3A, GSK3B, MERTK-1, PIK3CA, PRR5, PSTPIP2, PTEN, FOX1, RHEB, RPS6KB1, TSC1, TP53, BCL2, CCND1, WFIKKN2, CREBBP, caspase-9, PTK2, EGFR, FAS, CDKN1A and XIAP. The analysis revealed pronounced expression of specific proteins in distinct cancer tissues, which may have the potential to serve as targets for treatments and provide insights into the molecular basis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Daragmeh
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The Arab American University - Jenin, Jenin 11184, Palestine
| | - Waseim Barriah
- Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100, Israel
| | - Bashar Saad
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The Arab American University - Jenin, Jenin 11184, Palestine; Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100, Israel
| | - Hilal Zaid
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The Arab American University - Jenin, Jenin 11184, Palestine; Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100, Israel
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Moreno-Martínez D, Nomdedeu M, Lara-Castillo MC, Etxabe A, Pratcorona M, Tesi N, Díaz-Beyá M, Rozman M, Montserrat E, Urbano-Ispizua A, Esteve J, Risueño RM. XIAP inhibitors induce differentiation and impair clonogenic capacity of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4337-46. [PMID: 24952669 PMCID: PMC4147327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplasia characterized by the rapid expansion of immature myeloid blasts in the bone marrow, and marked by poor prognosis and frequent relapse. As such, new therapeutic approaches are required for remission induction and prevention of relapse. Due to the higher chemotherapy sensitivity and limited life span of more differentiated AML blasts, differentiation-based therapies are a promising therapeutic approach. Based on public available gene expression profiles, a myeloid-specific differentiation-associated gene expression pattern was defined as the therapeutic target. A XIAP inhibitor (Dequalinium chloride, DQA) was identified in an in silico screening searching for small molecules that induce similar gene expression regulation. Treatment with DQA, similarly to Embelin (another XIAP inhibitor), induced cytotoxicity and differentiation in AML. XIAP inhibition differentially impaired cell viability of the most primitive AML blasts and reduced clonogenic capacity of AML cells, sparing healthy mature blood and hematopoietic stem cells. Taken together, these results suggest that XIAP constitutes a potential target for AML treatment and support the evaluation of XIAP inhibitors in clinical trials.
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