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Kadadou D, Tizani L, Alsafar H, Hasan SW. Analytical methods for determining environmental contaminants of concern in water and wastewater. MethodsX 2024; 12:102582. [PMID: 38357632 PMCID: PMC10864661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Control and prevention of environmental pollution have emerged as paramount global concerns. Anthropogenic activities, such as industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal, introduce a wide range of contaminants into various ecosystems. These pollutants encompass organic and inorganic compounds, particulates, microorganisms, and disinfection by-products, posing severe threats to human health, ecosystems, and the environment. Effective monitoring methods are indispensable for assessing environmental quality, identifying pollution sources, and implementing remedial measures. This paper suggests that the development and utilization of highly advanced analytical tools are both essential for the analysis of contaminants in water samples, presenting a foundational hypothesis for the review. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and utilization of highly advanced analytical tools which is mandatory for the analysis of contaminants in water samples. Depending on the specific pollutants being studied, the choice of analytical methods widely varies. It also reveals insights into the diverse applications and effectiveness of these methods in assessing water quality and contaminant levels. By emphasizing the critical role of the reviewed monitoring methods, this review seeks to deepen the understanding of pollution challenges and inspire innovative monitoring solutions that contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable global environment.•Urgent global concerns: control and prevention of pollution from diverse sources.•Varied contaminants, diverse methods: comprehensive review of analytical tools.•Inspiring a sustainable future: innovative monitoring for a cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kadadou
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lina Tizani
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology (BTC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Zhang Q, Ma X, Du X, Song P, Xia L. Silver-nanoparticle-coated Fe 3O 4/chitosan core-shell microspheres for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of thiram using surface magnetic solid-phase extraction-surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SMSPE-SERS). Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:170027. [PMID: 38218498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
We report a surface magnetic solid-phase extraction-surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SMSPE-SERS) method based on silver-nanoparticle-coated Fe3O4/chitosan (Fe3O4/CS@Ag) microspheres as the substrate, and this method integrates all steps from sample pretreatment to detection. Fe3O4/CS was synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method in which chitosan (CS) was used as a surface modifier and adsorbent. Fe3O4/CS@Ag microspheres exhibit both adsorption ability and SERS activity. Therefore, we used the SMSPE-SERS method to detect pesticide residues on fruit peel. The procedures of capturing, separating and enriching pesticides, as well as detection, are all integrated. In addition, the SERS substrate allows label-free detection of thiram pesticide in both fruit peel and apple juice. Owing to the uniform distribution of Ag NPs and the adsorption ability of CS, the thiram-detection sensitivity was sufficiently high to detect the lowest concentration of 1.2 ng/cm2, which was significantly lower than the maximum thiram residue limit (7 μg/cm2) in fruits. The method was comparable to high-performance liquid chromatography with recovery ranging from 86.60 to 109.69 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaodi Ma
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Peng Song
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Lixin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
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de Bairros AV, Dias D, Bezerra A, Wagner R, Klein B, Kommers G, Stefanon E, Miguel Pego A. An analytical strategy for the identification of carbamates, toxic alkaloids, phenobarbital and warfarin in stomach contents from suspected poisoned animals by thin-layer chromatography/ultraviolet detection. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:518-530. [PMID: 31099292 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1619213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical strategy to identify brucine, strychnine, methomyl, carbofuran (alkaline compounds), phenobarbital, and warfarin (acid compounds) using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) screening with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 254 nm in stomach content is shown. The optimum mobile phase was found to be a chloroform: ethyl acetate: diethylamine (0.5:8.5:1) mixture for alkaline substances while a mixture of chloroform: acetone (9:1) has given better results for acidic substances. As for extraction, an equal proportion between distillated water and crude material (1:1) is required. For alkaline compounds, a filtration system was created in order to avoid any interferences from the biological matrix while for acidic compounds only centrifugation (4000 rpm/10 minutes) was required to obtain an appropriate sample. After the respective pretreatments, a one-step liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) has been employed for alkaline substances using a 3 mL of chloroform: ethyl ether (2:1) mixture for 2 min while acidic analytes used 3 mL of chloroform only during 5 min. For both methodologies described, the respective organic layers were dried down and re-suspended with 50 µL of methanol for further TLC plate application. The methodologies have been developed, successfully validated and applied to gastric contents from real case samples of suspected animal poisoning. Positive results from TLC/UV screening were confronted with HPLC-UV and confirmed by GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Valle de Bairros
- a Nucleus of Applied Toxicology (NAT), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Diulia Dias
- a Nucleus of Applied Toxicology (NAT), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - André Bezerra
- a Nucleus of Applied Toxicology (NAT), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- b Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Technology and Food Science , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Bruna Klein
- b Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Technology and Food Science , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Glaucia Kommers
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathology , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Eliza Stefanon
- d Pharmacy Course , Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Franciscan University , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Ana Miguel Pego
- e Laboratory of Toxicological Analysis, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Sukmanee T, Wongravee K, Ekgasit S, Thammacharoen C, Pienpinijtham P. Facile and Sensitive Detection of Carbofuran Carbamate Pesticide in Rice and Soybean Using Coupling Reaction-based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:89-94. [PMID: 28070083 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a sensitive and selective method for detecting one of the most toxic insecticides, "carbofuran", in rice and soybean is presented. This method is based on the coupling reaction of diazonium ion combined with a surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique. Diazonium ion produced from p-aminothiophenol reacts specifically with carbofuran phenol from the hydrolysis of carbofuran. The generated azo compounds attach to the surface of silver nanoparticles via the Ag-S bond. Therefore, a strong Raman intensity can be obtained. The concentration of carbofuran can be determined by following the intensity of the peak at 1201 cm-1, attributed to the C-N stretching vibration of the azo compound. The result shows a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9786) against carbofuran concentrations (0.1 - 5 ppm) with a detection limit of 0.452 ppm. Our proposed protocol is insignificantly influenced by various common interferences. Moreover, this method has been successfully validated to determine carbofuran concentrations in rice and soybean with detection limits of 0.446 and 0.520 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyada Sukmanee
- Sensor Research Unit (SRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University
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Otieno PO, Owuor PO, Lalah JO, Pfister G, Schramm KW. Impacts of climate-induced changes on the distribution of pesticides residues in water and sediment of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:2723-2733. [PMID: 22797882 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports evidence of increased chlorpyrifos contamination in sediment and water in Lake Naivasha following its intensive application in the horticultural farms in the catchment area. Analytical results show that levels of chlorpyrifos residues were influenced by climate-induced rainfall pattern with higher levels reported during period of heavy precipitation with significant decrease during low rainfall. On average, the levels ranged between 14.8 and 32.8 ng g(-1) in sediment during rainy season compared to a range of 8.5-16.6 ng g(-1) in the dry season. Additionally, the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos in water ranged between 8.61 and 22.4 μg L(-1) during rainy season and below detection limit (bdl) -13.6 μg L(-1) in dry season as quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Meanwhile, independent t test analysis indicated that there was significant difference in concentration at p ≤ 0.05 between the seasons with respect to sediment and water samples. This demonstrated that climate-induced variations had considerable influence on contamination. While diazinon and carbofuran were equally applied intensively, their levels were below the detection limit in the all the samples analyzed. ELISA results were validated by the capillary-HPLC photodiode-array detector instrument analysis, and statistical comparison showed no significant difference between them. It was evident that chlorpyrifos residues determination in water and sediment by ELISA can be a useful strategy in environmental management and monitoring program, and a complimentary analytical tool to high performance liquid chromatography. Levels of chlorpyrifos detected in sediment and water were found to exceed recommended criteria for protection of aquatic life and preservation of water quality and may be hazardous if not regularly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, 40105, Maseno, Kenya.
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Otieno PO, Lalah JO, Virani M, Jondiko IO, Schramm K. Carbofuran use and abuse in Kenya: residues in soils, plants, water courses and the African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) found dead. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:382-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-011-9350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Otieno PO, Lalah JO, Virani M, Jondiko IO, Schramm KW. Carbofuran and its toxic metabolites provide forensic evidence for furadan exposure in vultures (Gyps africanus) in Kenya. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 84:536-544. [PMID: 20372877 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-9956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Forensic analysis of carbofuran residues in weathered tissue samples for evidence of Furadan exposure in vultures (Gps africanus) by HPLC gave concentration (mg/Kg dry tissue weight) ranges of bdl - 0.07 (carbofuran), bdl - 0.499 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.013-0.147 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in beaks, bdl-0.65 (carbofuran), 0.024-0.190 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.017-0.098 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in feet, 0.179-0.219 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.081-0.093 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in crop content, 0.078-0.082 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.091-0.101 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in muscle of a laced carcass and 0.006-0.014 (carbofuran), 0.590-1.010 (3-ketocarbofuran) and 0.095-0.135 (3-hydroxycarbofuran) in soil sampled from a poisoning site. These compounds were confirmed by GC-MS. The results showed that HPLC combined with GC-MS is suitable for forensic analysis of carbofuran residues in bird tissue samples and that forensic investigation should include its two toxic metabolites, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, 40105 Maseno, Kenya
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Wei G, Li Y, Wang X. Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of methomyl in natural waters. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:3262-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
A flow-injection method is described for the determination of carbaryl and carbofuran. It was found that a strong chemiluminescence (CL) signal was generated when these pesticides were mixed with Na(2)SO(3) and KMnO(4) in acidic medium. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the enhanced CL intensity was linear, with the concentrations in the range 0.1-2.0 microg/mL (r(2) = 0.9996 and 0.9993, n = 6) with relative standard deviation (n = 4) in the range 1.0-2.3%. The limits of detection (3sigma blank) were 10 and 50 ng/mL, respectively, with a sample throughput of 180/h. The proposed method was applied to determine carbaryl and carbofuran in freshwaters with satisfactory results. Most metal and non-metal ions and some pesticides, such as carbophenothion and aldicarb, do not interfere with the determination. Dinoseb, diazinon and malathion calibration graphs (in the range 0.2-2.0 microg/mL, r(2) = 0.9966-0.9988, n = 6) were also established with relative standard deviations (n = 4) in the range 1.2-2.0% with limits of detection (3sigma blank) in the range 100-300 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
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Petropoulou SSE, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A, Siskos PA. Gas chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantitation of carbofuran, carbaryl and their main metabolites in applicators’ urine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:99-110. [PMID: 16442549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for the determination of two N-methylcarbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl and their metabolites in applicators' urine specimens. Mild conditions were used for sample preparation based on enzymic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB sorbent cartridges. Amides, phenols and ketones were first converted to volatile derivatives of trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (TFAA) and afterwards were quantitated using tandem mass spectrometry. Linear calibration equations (1-200 ng mL(-1) urine) were obtained from fortified urine samples for all eight compounds, carbaryl, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 7-phenol, carbofuran-3-keto, 3- hydroxycarbofuranphenol. For all compounds, the limit of detection was lower than 0.1 ng mL(-1). Precision for all compounds, at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1) (n = 5) in-fortified urine samples ranged from 0.7% to 18%. Accuracy was calculated at two concentrations 8 and 80 ng mL(-1) (n = 5) and ranged from -8.4% to 8.2%. Relative recoveries at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1), ranged from 71% to 116%. The method was successfully applied to five male applicators and 10 non-applicators (including both smokers and non-smokers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 100 Othonos Str., 145 62 Kifissia, Greece
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Nagaraja P, Bhaskara BL. Sensitive spectrophotometric assessment of carbofuran using dapsone as a new chromogenic reagent in formulations and environmental samples. Eclet Quím 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702006000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Soler C, Hamilton B, Furey A, James KJ, Mañes J, Picó Y. Comparison of four mass analyzers for determining carbosulfan and its metabolites in citrus by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:2151-64. [PMID: 16773675 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Four liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) systems, equipped with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole (QqQ), quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass analyzers, were evaluated for the analysis of carbosulfan and its main transformation products. The comparison of quantitative aspects (sensitivity, precision and accuracy) was emphasized. Results showed that the triple quadrupole instrument reaches at least 20-fold higher sensitivity (LOD from 0.04 to 0.4 microg kg(-1)) compared to the single quadrupole (4-70 microg kg(-1)), the QIT (4-25 microg kg(-1)) and the QqTOF (4-23 microg kg(-1)) instruments. Recoveries were over 70% for all the analytes, except dibutylamine and 7-phenolcarbofuran. Repeatabilities (within-day) were slightly better by the single quadrupole (5-10%) and the QqQ (5-9%) than by the QIT (12-16%) and the QqTOF (9-16%). Both the QqTOF and QIT offer a linear dynamic range of two orders of magnitude whereas the single quadrupole and QqQ of, at least, three orders of magnitude. The method was applied to analyze carbosulfan field-treated orange samples, in which carbosulfan, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, and dibutylamine were found. As an example, the mean carbosulfan concentration was 20 +/- 0.6 microg kg(-1) measured by the QqQ, 22 +/- 1.2 microg kg(-1) by the single quadrupole, 25 +/- 2.8 microg kg(-1) by the QIT, and 20 +/- 1.8 microg kg(-1) by the QqTOF. Although the QqQ is more sensitive and precise, the mean values obtained by the four instruments are acceptable and comparable. The potential of each technique for the verification of the identity of residues detected in oranges is discussed using the concept of identification points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Soler
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Kawamoto T, Yano M, Makihata N. Development of a high-sensitivity quantitative analytical method for determining polycarbamate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry incorporating temperature-programmable inlet on-column injection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1074:155-61. [PMID: 15941051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive analytical method was developed using GC/MS with temperature-programmable inlet on-column injection (TPI on-column GC/MS) for determining methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDC-methyl) and dimethyl ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC-dimethyl), which are methyl derivatives of alkali decomposed polycarbamate. This method makes it possible to quantify 0.3 microg/l of polycarbamate in tap water, which is a 1/100 of the residual target value of 30 microg/l in Japan. Moreover, it now becomes possible to distinguish polycarbamate from other dithiocarbamate pesticides (DTCs) that have similar structures, including ziram and thiram, which only incorporate a DMDC side chain, or manzeb, maneb and zineb, which only incorporate an EBDC side chain, by simultaneously analyzing for DMDC-methyl and EBDC-dimethyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Kawamoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 2-1-29, Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe 652-0032, Japan.
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