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Hamedi KR, Loftus G, Traylor L, Goodwin R, Arce S. Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis and Viral Myocarditis Pathology. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36851240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant loss of life and severe disability, justifying the expedited testing and approval of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. While found to be safe and effective, there have been increasing reports of myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. The acute events have been severe enough to require admission to the intensive care unit in some, but most patients fully recover with only rare deaths reported. The pathways involved in the development of vaccine-associated myocarditis are highly dependent on the specific vaccine. COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis is believed to be primarily caused by uncontrolled cytokine-mediated inflammation with possible genetic components in the interleukin-6 signaling pathway. There is also a potential autoimmune component via molecular mimicry. Many of these pathways are similar to those seen in viral myocarditis, indicating a common pathophysiology. There is concern for residual cardiac fibrosis and increased risk for the development of cardiomyopathies later in life. This is of particular interest for patients with congenital heart defects who are already at increased risk for fibrotic cardiomyopathies. Though the risk for vaccine-associated myocarditis is important to consider, the risk of viral myocarditis and other injury is far greater with COVID-19 infection. Considering these relative risks, it is still recommended that the general public receive vaccination against COVID-19, and it is particularly important for congenital heart defect patients to receive vaccination for COVID-19.
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Wang WK, Wang B, Cao XH, Liu YS. Spironolactone alleviates myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of Ets‑1 in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:369. [PMID: 35495592 PMCID: PMC9019666 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spironolactone improves cardiac structure, function and prognosis in patients with heart failure and delays the progression of cardiac fibrosis. However, the exact underlying mechanism of this process remains to be elucidated. The present study therefore aimed to explore the protective effect and underlying mechanism of the aldosterone receptor antagonist, spironolactone, on myocardial fibrosis in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). The EAM model was induced in BALB/c mice via immunization with murine cardiac α-myosin heavy chain sequence polypeptides. The cardiac function of the mice was assessed using echocardiography and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were quantified using ELISA. E26 transformation-specific sequence-1 (Ets-1) expression was knocked down using lentivirus-mediated small interference RNA. Total collagen deposition was assessed using Masson's trichrome and Ets-1, TGF-β1, Smad2/3, collagen I and III protein expression levels were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression levels and activity was determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and gelatin zymography, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that spironolactone significantly improved myocardium hypertrophy, diastolic cardiac function and decreased myocardial inflammation and collagen deposition induced by EAM. Spironolactone treatment significantly inhibited Ets-1 and smad2/3 phosphorylation. In addition, inhibition of Ets-1 reduced the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and decreased cardiac fibrosis in EAM mice. The results indicated that the improvement of myocardial fibrosis by spironolactone may be associated with the TGF-β1/Smad-2/3/Ets-1 signaling pathway in EAM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Hu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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3
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Huang X, Li Z, Shen X, Nie N, Shen Y. IL-17 upregulates MCP-1 expression via Act1 / TRAF6 / TAK1 in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Cytokine 2022; 152:155823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Saghafi N, Rezaee SA, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Tavasolian F, Sathyapalan T, Abdollahi E, Sahebkar A. The therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells in reducing cardiovascular complications in patients with severe COVID-19. Life Sci 2022; 294:120392. [PMID: 35149115 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), is an emerging viral infection. SARS CoV-2 infects target cells by attaching to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE2). SARS CoV-2 could cause cardiac damage in patients with severe COVID-19, as ACE2 is expressed in cardiac cells, including cardiomyocytes, pericytes, and fibroblasts, and coronavirus could directly infect these cells. Cardiovascular disorders are the most frequent comorbidity found in COVID-19 patients. Immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and T cells may produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis if their functions are uncontrolled. This causes a cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, which has been associated with cardiac damage. Tregs are a subset of immune cells that regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Tregs suppress inflammation and improve cardiovascular function through a variety of mechanisms. This is an exciting research area to explore the cellular, molecular, and immunological mechanisms related to reducing risks of cardiovascular complications in severe COVID-19. This review evaluated whether Tregs can affect COVID-19-related cardiovascular complications, as well as the mechanisms through which Tregs act.
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Chen R, Liu F, Xia L, Che N, Tian Y, Cao Y, Zhang S, Xu H, Su Z. B10 cells decrease fibrosis progression following cardiac injury partially by IL-10 production and regulating hyaluronan secretion. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:415-425. [PMID: 34013598 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0121-003rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B10 cells play negative roles in inflammatory disorders by producing IL-10. However, their effects on fibrosis have not been elucidated. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the dynamic changes of B10 cell frequency and their potential role in cardiac fibrosis. We found that the frequency of B10 cells was significantly increased, and they participated in the regression of fibrosis via IL-10, particularly by accelerating hyaluronan secretion and inhibiting collagen deposition. In vivo, hyaluronan ablation or treatment significantly restricted cardiac fibrosis development. hyaluronan-induced conversion of M1/M2 Mc was dependent on the size of hyaluronan. Low molecular weight hyaluronan promoted the conversion to M1 Mϕ, whereas medium and high molecular weight hyaluronan accelerated Mϕ transdifferentiation into the M2 phenotype. Adoptive transfer of B10 cells significantly attenuated collagen deposition whereas CD19-/- mice with reduced B10 cells exacerbated fibrosis following cardiac injury. Our results provide new evidence suggesting that B10 cells exert antifibrotic effects by regulating the extracellular matrix composition during cardiac injury, and also highlight that B10 cells may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for managing cardiac fibrosis-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Nan Che
- Department of Rheumatology, The First affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuwen Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Jaén RI, Fernández-Velasco M, Terrón V, Sánchez-García S, Zaragoza C, Canales-Bueno N, Val-Blasco A, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Boscá L, Prieto P. BML-111 treatment prevents cardiac apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of autoimmune myocarditis. FASEB J 2020; 34:10531-10546. [PMID: 32543747 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000611r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium that can progress to a more severe phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Three main harmful factors determine this progression: inflammation, cell death, and oxidative stress. Lipoxins and their derivatives are endogenous proresolving mediators that induce the resolution of the inflammatory process. This study aims to determine whether these mediators play a protective role in a murine model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) by treating with the lipoxin A4 analog BML-111. We observed that EAM mice presented extensive infiltration areas that correlated with higher levels of inflammatory and cardiac damage markers. Both parameters were significantly reduced in BML-treated EAM mice. Consistently, cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and emerging fibrosis detected in EAM mice was prevented by BML-111 treatment. At the molecular level, we demonstrated that treatment with BML-111 hampered apoptosis and oxidative stress induction by EAM. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that these beneficial effects were mediated by activation of Nrf2 pathway through CaMKK2-AMPKα kinase pathway. Altogether, our data indicate that treatment with the lipoxin derivative BML-111 effectively alleviates EAM outcome and prevents cardiac dysfunction, thus, underscoring the therapeutic potential of lipoxins and their derivatives to treat myocarditis and other inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael I Jaén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Velasco
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Terrón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Zaragoza
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de cardiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación sanitaria (IRYCIS)/Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Almudena Val-Blasco
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Vallejo-Cremades
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Imagen e inmunohistoquímica de la Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Li S, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang M, Wang W, Yu X, Huang J, Wang Z, Zhu B, Yin C, Cai H. Akt inhibitor deguelin aggravates inflammation and fibrosis in myocarditis. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2019; 22:1275-1282. [PMID: 32128091 PMCID: PMC7038425 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.35518.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myocarditis is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in myocardial stroma. Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β is a reliable mark for improving the prognosis. Protein kinase B (Akt) plays an important role in the development and progression of myocarditis. The specific role of the natural inhibitor of Akt, Deguelin, on myocarditis has not been reported. In this study, we used deguelin to investigate the effects of natural Akt inhibitor on myocarditis in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS EAM rat models were made by using Lewis rats and Deguelin was injected intraperitoneally on day 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 after successful modeling. On day 18, rats were sacrificed and the heart weight (HW)/ body weight (BW) ratio were measured. The pathological changes, pathological scores and fibrosis area were evaluated after H.&E. and Masson's trichrome staining. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by RT-qPCR, while the protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western bolt. The protein expressions of Akt, Akt1, phosphorylated (p-) Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were detected by Western bolt. RESULTS We found that the TNF-α and IL-1β levels, inflammatory scores and fibrosis areas were markedly increased after 18 days deguelin administration. CONCLUSION Akt inhibition with deguelin may aggravate myocarditis of EAM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Chunming Zhao
- Human anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Hongxing Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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Abstract
Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is an important immune regulator of both innate and adaptive response. It is present on the surface of macrophages and endothelial cells, and can be constitutively secreted by CD4+CD8+ T cells. Previous studies showed that FGL2 is a potential target for the treatment of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. However, the molecular mechanism of the roles of FGL2 in experimental autoimmune myocarditis is poorly understood. Here, we silenced FGL2 gene by using FGL2-RNAi lentivirus to reveal the heart function in experimental autoimmune myocarditis rats. We found that the cardiac myosin of pigs' hearts induced Lewis rats to come into being as autoimmune myocarditis. TLR9 was upregulated in the heart of experimental autoimmune myocarditis rats. After primary immunization (21 day), the cardiac function of the myocarditis model group improved (P < 0.05). Significantly, the levels of INF-α and NF-κB in the FGL2-RNAi-treated group were lower compared to those in the myocarditis model (EAM) group (P < 0.05). Notably, the inflammation score correspondence with the protein and mRNA levels of TLR9 in myocardial tissues was markedly reduced compared to that in the EAM group (P < 0.05). These results support a role of FGL2 to alleviate inflammatory situation in the myocardium through regulation of the TLR9 signaling pathway in the experimental autoimmune myocarditis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longhui Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Tasatargil A, Kuscu N, Dalaklioglu S, Adiguzel D, Celik-Ozenci C, Ozdem S, Barutcigil A, Ozdem S. Cardioprotective effect of nesfatin-1 against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats: Role of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Peptides 2017; 95:1-9. [PMID: 28720397 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of nesfatin-1, a novel peptide with anorexigenic properties, in rats with isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI), and to further investigate the role of Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in the protective effect of nesfatin-1. To induce MI, ISO was subcutaneously injected into the rats for two consecutive days at a dosage of 85mg/kg/day. ISO-induced myocardial damage was indicated by elevated levels of cardiac specific troponin-T, enhanced myocardial expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), and increased number of cells with apoptotic and necrotic appearance in the myocardial tissue. Levels of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β significantly decreased in heart tissue after ISO-induced MI. However, intraperitoneal administration of nesfatin-1 (10μg/kg/day) elicited a significant cardioprotective activity by lowering the levels of cardiac troponin-T and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating the protective effect of nesfatin-1 against ISO-induced MI. The biochemical findings were further confirmed by histopathological examination, which was demonstrated by reduced number of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Moreover, expressions of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β in the myocardium of MI group rats were significantly increased by nesfatin-1 administration, suggesting that nesfatin-1, which appears to possess anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, may confer protection against ISO-induced MI via an Akt/GSK-3β-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Tasatargil
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Nilay Kuscu
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Selvinaz Dalaklioglu
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Dileyra Adiguzel
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ciler Celik-Ozenci
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sebahat Ozdem
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Barutcigil
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sadi Ozdem
- Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
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10
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Javadi B, Sahebkar A. Natural products with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities against autoimmune myocarditis. Pharmacol Res 2017; 124:34-42. [PMID: 28757189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium associated with immune dysfunction which may frequently lead to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis is an animal model which mimics myocarditis in order to allow assessment of the therapeutic effects of different molecules on this disease. We aimed to review the inflammatory and immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the myocarditis and finding natural products and phytochemicals with anti-myocarditis activities based on studies of cardiac myosin-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rodents. A number of natural molecules (e.g. apigenin, berberine and quercetin) along with some plant extracts were found to be effective in alleviating experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Upregulation of Th1-type cytokines and elevation of the Th2-type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), mitigation of oxidative stress, modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and increasing Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase levels are among the most important anti-myocarditis mechanisms for the retrieved molecules and extracts. Interestingly, there are structural similarities between the anti-EAM compounds, suggesting the presence of similar pharmacophore and enzymatic targets for these molecules. Naturally occurring molecules discussed in the present article are potential anti-myocarditis drugs and future additional animal studies and clinical trials would shed more light on their effectiveness in the treatment of myocarditis and prevention of dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been evidenced as a critical contributable mechanism for the atrial fibrillation (AF) onset and development. As the consistent inflammatory and oxidative marker, the effects of white blood cell (WBC) and its differential on lone atrial fibrillation (LAF) were investigated in the study. METHODS A total of 126 patients with paroxysmal LAF who scheduled for rhythm control drug therapy and 120 age- and gender-matched subjects in sinus rhythm were included sequentially. Peripheral blood sample and clinic data were collected during the first evaluation. Recurrence of AF was evaluated by outpatient clinics and telephone visits for the following 12 months. RESULTS Peripheral eosinophil count, neutrophil count, and left atrial diameter (LAD) were significantly higher in LAF than control. Within a follow-up of 12 months, 56 patients (44.4%) had developed AF recurrence. Patients with AF recurrence had higher eosinophil count and LAD. Univariable analyses showed a statistically significant relationship between eosinophil count (P = 0.042), LAD (P = 0.030), and AF recurrence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LAD (OR: 1.090 per 1 mm increase; 95% CI: 1.007-1.180; P = 0.032) and eosinophil (OR: 1.643 per 1 × 108 /L increase; 95% CI: 1.047-2.578; P = 0.031) were independent predictors of AF recurrence during antiarrhythmic drug therapy. CONCLUSION Our results support the association of the WBC response and its components with the LAF. Especially, the peripheral eosinophil and LAD may play important roles in mediating inflammation and atrial remodeling in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junzhu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research (Therapy) Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Arumugam S, Sreedhar R, Karuppagounder V, Harima M, Nakamura M, Suzuki H, Sone H, Watanabe K. Comparative evaluation of torasemide and spironolactone on adverse cardiac remodeling in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 35. [PMID: 28664677 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heart failure (CHF) involves fluid retention and volume overload, leading to impaired cardiac function. In these conditions, diuretic agents are most commonly used to treat edema and thereby reducing the volume load on the failing heart. There are several other beneficial effects of diuretics apart from their action on urinary excretion. METHODS To identify the effects of diuretic agents on adverse cardiac remodeling in CHF, this study was carried out, where we have compared the effects of torasemide and spironolactone in a rat model of dilated cardiomyopathy induced by porcine cardiac myosin-mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis. RESULTS Cardiac protein expression levels of inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and fibrosis markers were upregulated in the hearts of CHF rats, while treatment with either torasemide or spironolactone has downregulated their expression. The effect produced by spironolactone on cardiac fibrosis markers was comparably lesser than torasemide. Further, immunohistochemical analysis and histopathological studies have provided evidence to confirm the beneficial effects of these drugs on adverse cardiac remodeling in rats with CHF. CONCLUSION Torasemide treatment has benefits against adverse cardiac remodeling in CHF rats, which was better than the protection offered by spironolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University of Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Remya Sreedhar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University of Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Vengadeshprabhu Karuppagounder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Meilei Harima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Department of Cardiology, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University of Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University of Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology for Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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13
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Liu T, Song D, Dong J, Zhu P, Liu J, Liu W, Ma X, Zhao L, Ling S. Current Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Myocardial Fibrosis and Its Quantitative Assessment in Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2017; 8:238. [PMID: 28484397 PMCID: PMC5402617 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is an important part of cardiac remodeling that leads to heart failure and death. Myocardial fibrosis results from increased myofibroblast activity and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. Various cells and molecules are involved in this process, providing targets for potential drug therapies. Currently, the main detection methods of myocardial fibrosis rely on serum markers, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and endomyocardial biopsy. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, quantitative assessment, and novel therapeutic strategies of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing AnZhen HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Deli Song
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing AnZhen HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing AnZhen HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Pinghui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Changping HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing AnZhen HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Xiaohai Ma
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shukuan Ling
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training CenterBeijing, China
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14
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Chen QQ, Chen M, Zhang LH, Zeng Y, Qi-Cai L, Yang XL, Lin XC. Costimulation blockade by combining CTLA4Ig with anti-CD40L mAb markedly inhibits the inflammatory response of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x16686980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of costimulation blockade with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated-antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) and anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (anti-CD40L mAb) on an experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) mouse model. Characteristics of myocardial tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CTLA4, CD40L, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 were determined by ELISA. After immune intervention, the inflammatory score, mRNA levels of CTLA4 and CD40L, and IFN-γ level were decreased. Furthermore, these parameters in the combinational intervention group (blockade by CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40L mAb) were significantly decreased, compared to the single intervention group (blockade by CTLA4Ig or anti-CD40L mAb). However, after costimulation, blockade serum IL-4 levels were increased. Therefore, costimulation blockade by combination CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40L mAb could more effectively inhibit the inflammatory response of EAM than single use of CTLA4Ig or anti-CD40L mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Quan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Liu Qi-Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xu-Chen Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Technology and Engineering College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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15
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Fabris F, Yue Y, Qu Y, Chahine M, Sobie E, Lee P, Wieczorek R, Jiang XC, Capecchi PL, Laghi-Pasini F, Lazzerini PE, Boutjdir M. Induction of autoimmune response to the extracellular loop of the HERG channel pore induces QTc prolongation in guinea-pigs. J Physiol 2016; 594:6175-6187. [PMID: 27296897 DOI: 10.1113/jp272151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Channelopathies of autoimmune origin are novel and are associated with corrected QT (QTc) prolongation and complex ventricular arrhythmias. We have recently demonstrated that anti-SSA/Ro antibodies from patients with autoimmune diseases and with QTc prolongation on the ECG target the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (HERG) K+ channel by inhibiting the corresponding current, IKr , at the pore region. Immunization of guinea-pigs with a peptide (E-pore peptide) corresponding to the extracellular loop region connecting the S5 and S6 segments of the HERG channel induces high titres of antibodies that inhibit IKr , lengthen the action potential and cause QTc prolongation on the surface ECG. In addition, anti-SSA/Ro-positive sera from patients with connective tissue diseases showed high reactivity to the E-pore peptide. The translational impact is the development of a peptide-based approach for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune-associated long QT syndrome. ABSTRACT We recently demonstrated that anti-SSA/52 kDa Ro antibodies (Abs) from patients with autoimmune diseases and corrected QT (QTc) prolongation directly target and inhibit the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (HERG) K+ channel at the extracellular pore (E-pore) region, where homology with SSA/52 kDa Ro antigen was demonstrated. We tested the hypothesis that immunization of guinea-pigs with a peptide corresponding to the E-pore region (E-pore peptide) will generate pathogenic inhibitory Abs and cause QTc prolongation. Guinea-pigs were immunized with a 31-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the E-pore region of HERG. On days 10-62 after immunization, ECGs were recorded and blood was sampled for the detection of E-pore peptide Abs. Serum samples from patients with autoimmune diseases were evaluated for reactivity to E-pore peptide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and histology was performed on hearts using Masson's Trichrome. Inhibition of the HERG channel was assessed by electrophysiology and by computational modelling of the human ventricular action potential. The ELISA results revealed the presence of high titres of E-pore peptide Abs and significant QTc prolongation after immunization. High reactivity to E-pore peptide was found using anti-SSA/Ro Ab-positive sera from patients with QTc prolongation. Histological data showed no evidence of fibrosis in immunized hearts. Simulations of simultaneous inhibition of repolarizing currents by anti-SSA/Ro Ab-positive sera showed the predominance of the HERG channel in controlling action potential duration and the QT interval. These results are the first to demonstrate that inhibitory Abs to the HERG E-pore region induce QTc prolongation in immunized guinea-pigs by targeting the HERG channel independently from fibrosis. The reactivity of anti-SSA/Ro Ab-positive sera from patients with connective tissue diseases with the E-pore peptide opens novel pharmacotherapeutic avenues in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune-associated QTc prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fabris
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Yuankun Yue
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Yongxia Qu
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Sobie
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Pathology Department, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary Wieczorek
- Pathology Department, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Pier-Leopoldo Capecchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Franco Laghi-Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro-Enea Lazzerini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Inflammation is essential in the initial development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases involving innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (TREG) cells in the modulation of inflammation and immunity has received increasing attention. Given the important role of TREG cells in the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance, dysregulation in the generation or function of TREG cells can trigger abnormal immune responses and lead to pathology. A wealth of evidence from experimental and clinical studies has indicated that TREG cells might have an important role in protecting against cardiovascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. In this Review, we provide an overview of the roles of TREG cells in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, Kawasaki disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction and remodelling, postischaemic neovascularization, myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of TREG cells are still to be elucidated, targeted therapies with TREG cells might provide a promising and novel future approach to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Benali K, Louedec L, Azzouna RB, Merceron O, Nassar P, Al Shoukr F, Petiet A, Barbato D, Michel JB, Sarda-Mantel L, Le Guludec D, Rouzet F. Preclinical Validation of99mTc–Annexin A5–128 in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis and Infective Endocarditis: Comparison with99mTc–HYNIC–Annexin A5. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Benali
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Liliane Louedec
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Rana Ben Azzouna
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Olivier Merceron
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierre Nassar
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Faisal Al Shoukr
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Anne Petiet
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Donato Barbato
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Laure Sarda-Mantel
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Dominique Le Guludec
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
| | - Francois Rouzet
- From Inserm, U1148, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Fédération de Recherche en Imagerie Multimodale, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; and Advanced Accelerator Applications - via Ribes 5 - 10010 - Colleretto Giacosa, Turin, Italy
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Shah RR, Smith RL. Inflammation-induced phenoconversion of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes: hypothesis with implications for personalized medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:400-10. [PMID: 25519488 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenoconversion transiently converts genotypic extensive metabolizers (EMs) into phenotypic poor metabolizers (PMs) of drugs, potentially with corresponding changes in clinical response. This phenomenon, typically resulting from coadministration of medications that inhibit certain drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), is especially well documented for enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family. Nonclinical evidence gathered over the last two decades also strongly implicates elevated levels of some proinflammatory cytokines, released during inflammation, in down-regulation of drug metabolism, especially by certain DMEs of the P450 family, thereby potentially causing transient phenoconversion. Clinically, phenoconversion of NAT2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 has been documented in inflammatory conditions associated with elevated cytokines, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer, and liver disease. The potential of other inflammatory conditions to cause phenoconversion has not been studied but experimental and anecdotal clinical evidence supports infection-induced down-regulation of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 as well. Collectively, the evidence supports a hypothesis that certain inflammatory conditions associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines may cause phenoconversion of certain DMEs. Since inflammatory conditions associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines are highly prevalent, phenoconversion of genotypic EM patients into transient phenotypic PMs may be more frequent than appreciated. Since drug pharmacokinetics, and therefore the clinical response, is influenced by DME phenotype rather than genotype per se, phenoconversion (whatever its cause) can have a significant impact on the analysis and interpretation of genotype-focused clinical outcome association studies. There is a risk that focusing on genotype alone may miss important associations between clinical outcomes and DME phenotypes, thus compromising future prospects of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi R Shah
- Rashmi Shah Consultancy Ltd., 8 Birchdale, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom (R.R.S.); and Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington campus, London, United Kingdom (R.L.S.)
| | - Robert L Smith
- Rashmi Shah Consultancy Ltd., 8 Birchdale, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom (R.R.S.); and Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington campus, London, United Kingdom (R.L.S.)
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Wu-Wong JR, Chen YW, Wessale JL. Vitamin D receptor agonist VS-105 improves cardiac function in the presence of enalapril in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F309-19. [PMID: 25503724 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00129.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists (VDRAs) are commonly used to manage hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with CKD experience extremely high risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Clinical observations show that VDRA therapy may be associated with cardio-renal protective and survival benefits in patients with CKD. The 5/6 nephrectomized (NX) Sprague-Dawley rat with established uremia exhibits elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), hypertension, and abnormal cardiac function. Treatment of 5/6 NX rats with VS-105, a novel VDRA (0.05 and 0.5 μg/kg po by gavage), once daily for 8 wk in the presence or absence of enalapril (30 mg/kg po via drinking water) effectively suppressed serum PTH without raising serum calcium. VS-105 alone reduced systolic blood pressure (from 174 ± 6 to 145 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.05) as effectively as enalapril (from 174 ± 6 to 144 ± 7 mmHg, P < 0.05). VS-105 improved cardiac functional parameters such as E/A ratio, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening with or without enalapril. Enalapril or VS-105 alone significantly reduced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); VS-105 plus enalapril did not further reduce LVH. VS-105 significantly reduced both cardiac and renal fibrosis. The lack of hypercalcemic toxicity of VS-105 is due to its lack of effects on stimulating intestinal calcium transport and inducing the expression of intestinal calcium transporter genes such as Calb3 and TRPV6. These studies demonstrate that VS-105 is a novel VDRA that may provide cardiovascular benefits via VDR activation. Clinical studies are required to confirm the cardiovascular benefits of VS-105 in CKD.
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20
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Zhao L, Xu C, Xu J. Autoantibodies against β1 Receptor and AT1 Receptor in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Left Ventricular Dilatation. Cardiology 2014; 129:191-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000365782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schelbert EB, Fonarow GC, Bonow RO, Butler J, Gheorghiade M. Therapeutic targets in heart failure: refocusing on the myocardial interstitium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2188-2198. [PMID: 24657693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic targets, agents, and strategies are needed to prevent and treat heart failure (HF) after a decade of failed research efforts to improve long-term patient outcomes, especially in patients after hospitalization for HF. Conceptually, an accurate assessment of left ventricular structure is an essential step in the development of novel therapies because heterogeneous pathophysiologies underlie chronic HF and hospitalization for HF. Improved left ventricular characterization permits the identification and targeting of the intrinsic fundamental disease-modifying pathways that culminate in HF. Interstitial heart disease is one such pathway, characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) expansion that is associated with mechanical, electrical, and vasomotor dysfunction and adverse outcomes. Previous landmark trials that appear to treat interstitial heart disease were effective in improving outcomes. Advances in cardiovascular magnetic resonance now enable clinicians and researchers to assess the interstitium and quantify ECM expansion using extracellular volume fraction measures and other derangements in cardiovascular structure. These capabilities may provide a mechanistic platform to advance understanding of the role of the ECM, foster the development of novel therapeutics, and target specific disease-modifying pathways intrinsic to the ventricle. Refocusing on the interstitium may potentially improve care through the identification and targeted treatment of key patient subgroups.
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22
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Lee JH, Kim TH, Park HE, Lee EG, Jung NC, Song JY, Seo HG, Seung KB, Chang K, Lim DS. Myosin-primed tolerogenic dendritic cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:203-10. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Abstract
Heart failure is a complex disease that has great impact on morbidity and mortality in the general population. No recent therapies have proven to be effective; however, the discovery of new potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved in heart failure expression and progression could offer novel therapeutic strategies. A number of studies have shown that the immune system may be a central mediator in the development and progression of heart failure, and here we describe how the B-cell and B-cell-mediated pathways play specific roles in the heart failure state. Therapies aimed at B-cells, either blocking antibody production or inactivating B-cell function, may suggest potential new treatment strategies.
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Kikuchi K, Tancharoen S, Takeshige N, Yoshitomi M, Morioka M, Murai Y, Tanaka E. The efficacy of edaravone (radicut), a free radical scavenger, for cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13909-30. [PMID: 23880849 PMCID: PMC3742225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone was originally developed as a potent free radical scavenger, and has been widely used to treat acute ischemic stroke in Japan since 2001. Free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Therefore, free radicals may be targets for therapeutic intervention in these diseases. Edaravone shows protective effects on ischemic insults and inflammation in the heart, vessel, and brain in experimental studies. As well as scavenging free radicals, edaravone has anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and anti-cytokine effects in cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Edaravone has preventive effects on myocardial injury following ischemia and reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Edaravone may represent a new therapeutic intervention for endothelial dysfunction in the setting of atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, or hypertension, because these diseases result from oxidative stress and/or cytokine-induced apoptosis. This review evaluates the potential of edaravone for treatment of cardiovascular disease, and covers clinical and experimental studies conducted between 1984 and 2013. We propose that edaravone, which scavenges free radicals, may offer a novel option for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, additional clinical studies are necessary to verify the efficacy of edaravone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Nobuyuki Takeshige
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Munetake Yoshitomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Motohiro Morioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Yoshinaka Murai
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-942-31-7542; Fax: +81-942-31-7695
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Puentes F, Dickhaut K, Hofstätter M, Falk K, Rötzschke O. Active suppression induced by repetitive self-epitopes protects against EAE development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64888. [PMID: 23738007 PMCID: PMC3667816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in self-tolerance to autoantigens. Self-tolerance is induced and sustained by central and peripheral mechanisms intended to deviate harmful immune responses and to maintain homeostasis, where regulatory T cells play a crucial role. The use of self-antigens in the study and treatment of a range of autoimmune diseases has been widely described; however, the mechanisms underlying the induced protection by these means are unclear. This study shows that protection of experimental autoimmune disease induced by T cell self-epitopes in a multimerized form (oligomers) is mediated by the induction of active suppression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model for multiple sclerosis was used to study the mechanisms of protection induced by the treatment of oligomerized T cell epitope of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP139-151). Disease protection attained by the administration of oligomers was shown to be antigen specific and effective in both prevention and treatment of ongoing EAE. Oligomer mediated tolerance was actively transferred by cells from treated mice into adoptive hosts. The induction of active suppression was correlated with the recruitment of cells in the periphery associated with increased production of IL-10 and reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. The role of suppressive cytokines was demonstrated by the reversion of oligomer-induced protection after in vivo blocking of either IL-10 or TGF-β cytokines. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly supports an immunosuppressive role of repeat auto-antigens to control the development of EAE with potential applications in vaccination and antigen specific treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Female
- Immunosuppression Therapy/methods
- Mice
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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Arumugam S, Thandavarayan RA, Veeraveedu PT, Nakamura T, Arozal W, Sari FR, Giridharan VV, Soetikno V, Palaniyandi SS, Harima M, Suzuki K, Nagata M, Kodama M, Watanabe K. Beneficial effects of edaravone, a novel antioxidant, in rats with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2176-85. [PMID: 22268705 PMCID: PMC3822987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone, a novel antioxidant, acts by trapping hydroxyl radicals, quenching active oxygen and so on. Its cardioprotective activity against experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) was reported. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether edaravone protects against cardiac remodelling in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The present study was undertaken to assess whether edaravone attenuates myocardial fibrosis, and examine the effect of edaravone on cardiac function in rats with DCM after EAM. Rat model of EAM was prepared by injection with porcine cardiac myosin 28 days after immunization, we administered edaravone intraperitoneally at 3 and 10 mg/kg/day to rats for 28 days. The results were compared with vehicle-treated rats with DCM. Cardiac function, by haemodynamic and echocardiographic study and histopathology were performed. Left ventricular (LV) expression of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox, p67phox, gp91phox and Nox4), fibrosis markers (TGF-β1 and OPN), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (GRP78 and GADD 153) and apoptosis markers (cytochrome C and caspase-3) were measured by Western blotting. Edaravone-treated DCM rats showed better cardiac function compared with those of the vehicle-treated rats. In addition, LV expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits levels were significantly down-regulated in edaravone-treated rats. Furthermore, the number of collagen-III positive cells in the myocardium of edaravone-treated rats was lower compared with those of the vehicle-treated rats. Our results suggest that edaravone ameliorated the progression of DCM by modulating oxidative and ER stress-mediated myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
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Mavrogeni S, Dimitroulas T, Kitas GD. Multimodality imaging and the emerging role of cardiac magnetic resonance in autoimmune myocarditis. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liu W, Li S, Tian W, Li W, Zhang Z. Immunoregulatory effects of α-GalCer in a murine model of autoimmune myocarditis. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:636-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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