1
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Tian J, Song M, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine limits the spreading of T cell autoreactivity within the CNS and ameliorates disease in a model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5402. [PMID: 33686135 PMCID: PMC7940650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients given currently available disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) experience progressive disability. Accordingly, there is a need for new treatments that can limit the generation of new waves T cell autoreactivity that drive disease progression. Notably, immune cells express GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) whose activation has anti-inflammatory effects such that GABA administration can ameliorate disease in models of type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. Here, we show that oral GABA, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), does not affect the course of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, oral administration of the BBB-permeable GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine ameliorates monophasic EAE, as well as advanced-stage relapsing-remitting EAE (RR-EAE). Homotaurine treatment beginning after the first peak of paralysis reduced the spreading of Th17 and Th1 responses from the priming immunogen to a new myelin T cell epitope within the CNS. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) isolated from homotaurine-treated mice displayed an attenuated ability to promote autoantigen-specific T cell proliferation. The ability of homotaurine treatment to limit epitope spreading within the CNS, along with its safety record, makes it an excellent candidate to help treat MS and other inflammatory disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA.
| | - Min Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, originally experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, is the well-known animal model of multiple sclerosis, an immune- mediated, demyelinating, inflammatory chronic disease of the central nervous system. The experimental disease is widely utilized to test new therapies in preclinical studies, to investigate new hypothesis on the possible pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmune reaction directed against the central nervous system or more generally to investigate the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system that lead to neuroinflammation. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis may be induced following different protocols in mammals, including nonhuman primates, and autoreactive CD4+ T-lymphocytes directed against myelin antigens are the main factors. Here, after introducing the model, we describe the protocol to induce active EAE in inbred mice, we report on a table the different clinical courses of EAE depending on the combination of antigen /mouse strain and we provide indications on how to evaluate the clinics and pathology of this induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ballerini
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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3
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Breakell T, Tacke S, Schropp V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Urich E, Kuerten S. Obinutuzumab-Induced B Cell Depletion Reduces Spinal Cord Pathology in a CD20 Double Transgenic Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186864. [PMID: 32962135 PMCID: PMC7559311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-depleting therapies have recently proven to be clinically highly successful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to determine the effects of the novel type II anti-human CD20 (huCD20) monoclonal antibody (mAb) obinutuzumab (OBZ) on spinal cord degeneration in a B cell-dependent mouse model of MS. Double transgenic huCD20xHIGR3 (CD20dbtg) mice, which express human CD20, were immunised with the myelin fusion protein MP4 to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both light and electron microscopy were used to assess myelination and axonal pathology in mice treated with OBZ during chronic EAE. Furthermore, the effects of the already established murine anti-CD20 antibody 18B12 were assessed in C57BL/6 wild-type (wt) mice. In both models (18B12/wt and OBZ/CD20dbtg) anti-CD20 treatment significantly diminished the extent of spinal cord pathology. While 18B12 treatment mainly reduced the extent of axonal pathology, a significant decrease in demyelination and increase in remyelination were additionally observed in OBZ-treated mice. Hence, the data suggest that OBZ could have neuroprotective effects on the CNS, setting the drug apart from the currently available type I anti-CD20 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chronic Disease/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neurofilament Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Verena Schropp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eduard Urich
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8522264
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4
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Boyden AW, Brate AA, Stephens LM, Karandikar NJ. Immune Autoregulatory CD8 T Cells Require IFN-γ Responsiveness to Optimally Suppress Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. J Immunol 2020; 205:359-368. [PMID: 32532836 PMCID: PMC7343581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the complex cellular interplay controlling immunopathogenic and immunoregulatory responses is critical for understanding multiple sclerosis (MS) and for developing successful immunotherapies. Our group has demonstrated that CNS myelin-specific CD8 T cells unexpectedly harbor immune regulatory capacity in both mouse and human. In particular, PLP178-191-specific CD8 T cells (PLP-CD8) robustly suppress the MS mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We have recently shown that this depends on PLP-CD8 elaborating IFN-γ and perforin in a coordinated suppression program over time. However, the cellular target and downstream effects of CD8 T cell-derived IFN-γ remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that although wild-type (WT) PLP-CD8 were robustly suppressive in IFN-γR-deficient mice, IFN-γR-deficient PLP-CD8 exhibited suboptimal suppression in WT mice. Compared with WT counterparts, IFN-γR-deficient PLP-CD8 were defective in suppressing disease in IFN-γ-deficient recipients, a scenario in which the only IFN-γ available to WT PLP-CD8 is that which they produce themselves. Further, we found that IFN-γR-deficient PLP-CD8 exhibited altered granzyme/IFN-γ profiles, altered migration in recipients, and deficits in killing capacity in vivo. Collectively, this work suggests that IFN-γ responsiveness allows myelin-specific CD8 T cells to optimally perform autoregulatory function in vivo. These insights may help elucidate future adoptive immunotherapeutic approaches for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Boyden
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
| | - Ashley A Brate
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nitin J Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA 52242;
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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5
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Piatek P, Namiecinska M, Domowicz M, Przygodzka P, Wieczorek M, Michlewska S, Lewkowicz N, Tarkowski M, Lewkowicz P. MS CD49d +CD154 + Lymphocytes Reprogram Oligodendrocytes into Immune Reactive Cells Affecting CNS Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121508. [PMID: 31775315 PMCID: PMC6953114 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical aspect in multiple sclerosis (MS) progression involves insufficient regeneration of CNS resulting from deficient myelin synthesis by newly generated oligodendrocytes (OLs). Although many studies have focused on the role of autoreactive lymphocytes in the inflammatory-induced axonal loss, the problem of insufficient remyelination and disease progression is still unsolved. To determine the effect of myelin-specific lymphocytes on OL function in MS patients and in a mouse model of MS, we cultured myelin induced MS CD49d+CD154+ circulating lymphocytes as well as Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse brain-derived T and memory B cells with maturing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We found that myelin-specific CD49d+CD154+ lymphocytes affected OPC maturation toward formation of immune reactive OLs. Newly generated OLs were characterized by imbalanced myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) production as well as proinflammatory chemokine/cytokine synthesis. The analysis of cellular pathways responsible for OL reprogramming revealed that CD49d+CD154+ lymphocytes affected miRNA synthesis by dysregulation of polymerase II activity. miR-665 and ELL3 turned out to be the main targets of MS myelin-specific lymphocytes. Neutralization of high intracellular miR-665 concentration restored miRNA and MBP/PLP synthesis. Together, these data point to new targets for therapeutic intervention promoting CNS remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Piatek
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Pomorska Str. 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Namiecinska
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Pomorska Str. 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Domowicz
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Pomorska Str. 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Patrycja Przygodzka
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Natalia Lewkowicz
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco, University Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Przemysław Lewkowicz
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Pomorska Str. 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.P.); (M.N.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Pearson RM, Casey LM, Hughes KR, Wang LZ, North MG, Getts DR, Miller SD, Shea LD. Controlled Delivery of Single or Multiple Antigens in Tolerogenic Nanoparticles Using Peptide-Polymer Bioconjugates. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1655-1664. [PMID: 28479234 PMCID: PMC5498834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated their potential to induce antigen (Ag)-specific immunological tolerance in multiple immune models and are at various stages of commercial development. Association of Ag with NPs is typically achieved through surface coupling or encapsulation methods. However, these methods have limitations that include high polydispersity, uncontrollable Ag loading and release, and possible immunogenicity. Here, using antigenic peptides conjugated to poly(lactide-co-glycolide), we developed Ag-polymer conjugate NPs (acNPs) with modular loading of single or multiple Ags, negligible burst release, and minimally exposed surface Ag. Tolerogenic responses of acNPs were studied in vitro to decouple the role of NP size, concentration, and Ag loading on regulatory T cell (Treg) induction. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg induction was dependent on NP size, but CD25 expression of CD4+ T cells was not. NP concentration and Ag loading could be modulated to achieve maximal levels of Treg induction. In relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis, acNPs were effective in inhibiting disease induced by a single peptide or multiple peptides. The acNPs provide a simple, modular, and well-defined platform, and the NP physicochemical properties offer potential to design and answer complex mechanistic questions surrounding NP-induced tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage
- Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/metabolism
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/pharmacology
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Particle Size
- Polyglactin 910/chemistry
- Polyglactin 910/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | - Liam M Casey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | - Leon Z Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | - Madeleine G North
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | - Daniel R Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 6-713 Tarry Building, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 6-713 Tarry Building, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute (CLP), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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7
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Kuo R, Saito E, Miller SD, Shea LD. Peptide-Conjugated Nanoparticles Reduce Positive Co-stimulatory Expression and T Cell Activity to Induce Tolerance. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1676-1685. [PMID: 28408181 PMCID: PMC5498812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted approaches to treat autoimmune diseases would improve upon current therapies that broadly suppress the immune system and lead to detrimental side effects. Antigen-specific tolerance was induced using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles conjugated with disease-relevant antigen to treat a model of multiple sclerosis. Increasing the nanoparticle dose and amount of conjugated antigen both resulted in more durable immune tolerance. To identify active tolerance mechanisms, we investigated downstream cellular and molecular events following nanoparticle internalization by antigen-presenting cells. The initial cell response to nanoparticles indicated suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways. Direct and functional measurement of surface MHC-restricted antigen showed positive correlation with both increasing particle dose from 1 to 100 μg/mL and increasing peptide conjugation by 2-fold. Co-stimulatory analysis of cells expressing MHC-restricted antigen revealed most significant decreases in positive co-stimulatory molecules (CD86, CD80, and CD40) following high doses of nanoparticles with higher peptide conjugation, whereas expression of a negative co-stimulatory molecule (PD-L1) remained high. T cells isolated from mice immunized against myelin proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) were co-cultured with antigen-presenting cells administered PLP139-151-conjugated nanoparticles, which resulted in reduced T cell proliferation, increased T cell apoptosis, and a stronger anti-inflammatory response. These findings indicate several potential mechanisms used by peptide-conjugated nanoparticles to induce antigen-specific tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage
- Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/metabolism
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/pharmacology
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Particle Size
- Polyglactin 910/chemistry
- Polyglactin 910/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Wang D, Ghosh D, Islam SMT, Moorman CD, Thomason AE, Wilkinson DS, Mannie MD. IFN-β Facilitates Neuroantigen-Dependent Induction of CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells That Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2016; 197:2992-3007. [PMID: 27619998 PMCID: PMC5101178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces a flexible format for tolerogenic vaccination that incorporates IFN-β and neuroantigen (NAg) in the Alum adjuvant. Tolerogenic vaccination required all three components, IFN-β, NAg, and Alum, for inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induction of tolerance. Vaccination with IFN-β + NAg in Alum ameliorated NAg-specific sensitization and inhibited EAE in C57BL/6 mice in pretreatment and therapeutic regimens. Tolerance induction was specific for the tolerogenic vaccine Ag PLP178-191 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 in proteolipid protein- and MOG-induced models of EAE, respectively, and was abrogated by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD25 mAb. IFN-β/Alum-based vaccination exhibited hallmarks of infectious tolerance, because IFN-β + OVA in Alum-specific vaccination inhibited EAE elicited by OVA + MOG in CFA but not EAE elicited by MOG in CFA. IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicited elevated numbers and percentages of FOXP3+ T cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs in 2D2 MOG-specific transgenic mice, and repeated boosters facilitated generation of activated CD44high CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. IFN-β and MOG35-55 elicited suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs in vitro in the absence of Alum via a mechanism that was neutralized by anti-TGF-β and that resulted in the induction of an effector CD69+ CTLA-4+ IFNAR+ FOXP3+ Treg subset. In vitro IFN-β + MOG-induced Tregs inhibited EAE when transferred into actively challenged recipients. Unlike IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccines, vaccination with TGF-β + MOG35-55 in Alum did not increase Treg percentages in vivo. Overall, this study indicates that IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicits NAg-specific, suppressive CD25+ Tregs that inhibit CNS autoimmune disease. Thus, IFN-β has the activity spectrum that drives selective responses of suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Ashton E Thomason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
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9
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Zamanzadeh Z, Ahangari G, Ataei M, Pouragahi S, Nabavi SM, Sadeghi M, Sanati MH. Association of New Putative Epitopes of Myelin Proteolipid Protein (58-74) with Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 15:394-402. [PMID: 27917626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which auto-reactive T cells react with self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). The main cause of MS is unknown. Nonetheless, the most probable theory is based on molecular mimicry, which suggests that some infections can activate T cells against brain auto-antigens like myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and initiate the disease cascade. This study is conducted to evaluate the activatory effects of PLP58-74 on T lymphocytes and humoral immunity. PLP58-74 was considered as an immunodominant epitope candidate of PLP using bioinformatics tools. Patients and healthy individuals' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with PLP58-74 and its proliferative effects were evaluated through assessing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene expression changes by real time PCR and immunocytochemistry assay. Finally, the rate of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were assessed by flowcytometry. ELISA was also performed to measure anti PLP58-74 antibody in patients' serum. PLP58-74 induced proliferation in patients' PBMCs while it did not influence PBMCs of healthy individuals. CD4+ T cells were the main activated cells in reaction to PLP58-74 which increased from 22% to 39.91%. In addition, immune assay showed threefold increase in specific anti PLP58-74 IgG in patients compared to healthy controls. Results showed that PLP58-74 can stimulate CD4+ T cells and humoral immunity. Therefore it seems that the epitopes of some microorganisms mimicking PLP such as PLP58-74 might have a potential role in the initiation of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zamanzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Ataei
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sanati
- Department of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zilkha-Falb R, Kaushansky N, Kawakami N, Ben-Nun A. Post-CNS-inflammation expression of CXCL12 promotes the endogenous myelin/neuronal repair capacity following spontaneous recovery from multiple sclerosis-like disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:7. [PMID: 26747276 PMCID: PMC4706716 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demyelination and axonal degeneration, hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), are associated with the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation facilitated by C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) chemokine. Both in MS and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the deleterious CNS inflammation has been associated with upregulation of CXCL12 expression in the CNS. We investigated the expression dynamics of CXCL12 in the CNS with progression of clinical EAE and following spontaneous recovery, with a focus on CXCL12 expression in the hippocampal neurogenic dentate gyrus (DG) and in the corpus callosum (CC) of spontaneously recovered mice, and its potential role in promoting the endogenous myelin/neuronal repair capacity. METHODS CNS tissue sections from mice with different clinical EAE phases or following spontaneous recovery and in vitro differentiated adult neural stem cell cultures were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and confocal imaging for detecting and enumerating neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and for expression of CXCL12. RESULTS Our expression dynamics analysis of CXCL12 in the CNS with EAE progression revealed elevated CXCL12 expression in the DG and CC, which persistently increases following spontaneous recovery even though CNS inflammation has subsided. Correspondingly, the numbers of NPCs and OPCs in the DG and CC, respectively, of EAE-recovered mice increased compared to that of naïve mice (NPCs, p < 0.0001; OPCs, p < 0.00001) or mice with active disease (OPCs, p < 0.0005). Notably, about 30 % of the NPCs and unexpectedly also OPCs (~50 %) express CXCL12, and their numbers in DG and CC, respectively, are higher in EAE-recovered mice compared with naïve mice and also compared with mice with ongoing clinical EAE (CXCL12(+) NPCs, p < 0.005; CXCL12(+) OPCs, p < 0.0005). Moreover, a significant proportion (>20 %) of the CXCL12(+) NPCs and OPCs co-express the CXCL12 receptor, CXCR4, and their numbers significantly increase with recovery from EAE not only relative to naïve mice (p < 0.0002) but also to mice with ongoing EAE (p < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS These data link CXCL12 expression in the DG and CC of EAE-recovering mice to the promotion of neuro/oligodendrogenesis generating CXCR4(+) CXCL12(+) neuronal and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells endowed with intrinsic neuro/oligondendroglial differentiation potential. These findings highlight the post-CNS-inflammation role of CXCL12 in augmenting the endogenous myelin/neuronal repair capacity in MS-like disease, likely via CXCL12/CXCR4 autocrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Zilkha-Falb
- Present address: Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurogenomics Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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11
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Jia T, Anandhan A, Massilamany C, Rajasekaran RA, Franco R, Reddy J. Association of Autophagy in the Cell Death Mediated by Dihydrotestosterone in Autoreactive T Cells Independent of Antigenic Stimulation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:620-34. [PMID: 26416183 PMCID: PMC4662616 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gender disparity is well documented in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151, in which female, but not male, SJL mice show a chronic relapsing-remitting paralysis. Furthermore, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has been shown to ameliorate the severity of EAE, but the underlying mechanisms of its protective effects are unclear. Using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for PLP 139-151, we tested the hypothesis that DHT selectively modulates the expansion and functionalities of antigen-specific T cells. Unexpectedly, we noted that DHT induced cell death in antigen-specific, autoreactive T cells, but the effects were not selective, because both proliferating and non-proliferating cells were equally affected independent of antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, DHT-exposed PLP 139-151-specific T cells did not show any shift in cytokine production; rather, frequencies of cytokine-producing PLP-specific T cells were significantly reduced, irrespective of T helper (Th) 1, Th2, and Th17 subsets of cytokines. By evaluating cell death and autophagy pathways, we provide evidence for the induction of autophagy to be associated with cell death caused by DHT. Taken together, the data provide new insights into the role of DHT and indicate that cell death and autophagy contribute to the therapeutic effects of androgens in autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jia
- Room 202, Bldg. VBS, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annandurai Anandhan
- Room 202, Bldg. VBS, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- Room 202, Bldg. VBS, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Rajkumar A Rajasekaran
- Room 202, Bldg. VBS, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Room 202, Bldg. VBS, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Jay Reddy
- Room 202, Bldg. VBS, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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12
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Krishnan B, Massilamany C, Basavalingappa RH, Rajasekaran RA, Kuszynski C, Switzer B, Peterson DA, Reddy J. Versatility of using major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers for derivation and characterization of antigen-specific, autoreactive T cell hybridomas. J Immunol Methods 2015; 426:86-94. [PMID: 26268454 PMCID: PMC4651793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific, T cell hybridomas are useful to study the cellular, molecular and functional events, but their generation is a lengthy process. Thus, there is a need to develop robust methods to generate the hybridoma clones rapidly in a short period of time. To this end, we have demonstrated a novel approach using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers to generate T cell hybridomas for an autoantigen, proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151. Using MHC class II dextramers assembled with PLP 139-151 as screening and sorting tools, we successfully obtained mono antigen-specific clones within seven to eight weeks. In conjunction with other T cell markers, dextramers permitted phenotypic characterization of hybridoma clones for their antigen specificity in a single step by flow cytometry. Importantly, we achieved successful fusions using dextramer(+) cells sorted by flow cytometry as a starting population, resulting in direct identification of multiple antigen-specific clones. Characterization of selected clones led us to identify chemokine receptor, CCR4(+) to be expressed consistently, but their cytokine-producing ability was variable. Our work provides a proof-of principle that the antigen-specific, CD4 T cell hybridoma clones can be generated directly using MHC class II dextramers. The availability of hybridoma clones that bind dextramers may serve as useful tools for various in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Krishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Rakesh H Basavalingappa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Rajkumar A Rajasekaran
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Charles Kuszynski
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Barbara Switzer
- College of Medicine, Dean's Research Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68918, United States
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
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13
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Oxombre B, Lee-Chang C, Duhamel A, Toussaint M, Giroux M, Donnier-Maréchal M, Carato P, Lefranc D, Zéphir H, Prin L, Melnyk P, Vermersch P. High-affinity σ1 protein agonist reduces clinical and pathological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1769-82. [PMID: 25521311 PMCID: PMC4376455 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Selective agonists of the sigma-1 receptor (σ1 protein) are generally reported to protect against neuronal damage and modulate oligodendrocyte differentiation. Human and rodent lymphocytes possess saturable, high-affinity binding sites for compounds binding to the σ1 protein and potential immunomodulatory properties have been described for σ1 protein ligands. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is recognized as a valuable model of the inflammatory aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we have assessed the role of a σ1 protein agonist, containing the tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin structure, in EAE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EAE was induced in SJL/J female mice by active immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151 peptide. The σ1 protein agonist was injected i.p. at the time of immunization (day 0). Disease severity was assessed clinically and by histopathological evaluation of the CNS. Phenotyping of B-cell subsets and regulatory T-cells were performed by flow cytometry in spleen and cervical lymph nodes. KEY RESULTS Prophylactic treatment of EAE mice with the σ1 protein agonist prevented mononuclear cell accumulation and demyelination in brain and spinal cord and increased T2 B-cells and regulatory T-cells, resulting in an overall reduction in the clinical progression of EAE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This σ1 protein agonist, containing the tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin structure, decreased the magnitude of inflammation in EAE. This effect was associated with increased proportions of B-cell subsets and regulatory T-cells with potential immunoregulatory functions. Targeting of the σ1 protein might thus provide new therapeutic opportunities in MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/pathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, sigma/agonists
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oxombre
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - C Lee-Chang
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - A Duhamel
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 2694, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - M Toussaint
- Université de LilleLille, France
- CNRS UMR8161Lille, France
| | - M Giroux
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle de neurologie–Service de Neurologie DLille, France
| | - M Donnier-Maréchal
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
| | - P Carato
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
| | - D Lefranc
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
| | - H Zéphir
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle de neurologie–Service de Neurologie DLille, France
| | - L Prin
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Pôle d'immunologie–Centre de Biologie Pathologie et GénétiqueLille, France
| | - P Melnyk
- Université de LilleLille, France
- CNRS UMR8161Lille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
- Inserm UMR-S1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research CenterLille, France
| | - P Vermersch
- Université de LilleLille, France
- UDSL, EA2686-LIRIC, UFR MédecineLille, France
- UDSL, EA 4481, UFR PharmacieLille, France
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14
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Arndt A, Hoffacker P, Zellmer K, Goecer O, Recks MS, Kuerten S. Conventional housing conditions attenuate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99794. [PMID: 24919069 PMCID: PMC4053466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) has remained unclear, but a causative contribution of factors outside the central nervous system (CNS) is conceivable. It was recently suggested that gut bacteria trigger the activation of CNS-reactive T cells and the development of demyelinative disease. METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) mice were kept either under specific pathogen free or conventional housing conditions, immunized with the myelin basic protein (MBP)-proteolipid protein (PLP) fusion protein MP4 and the development of EAE was clinically monitored. The germinal center size of the Peyer's patches was determined by immunohistochemistry in addition to the level of total IgG secretion which was assessed by ELISPOT. ELISPOT assays were also used to measure MP4-specific T cell and B cell responses in the Peyer's patches and the spleen. Ear swelling assays were performed to determine the extent of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in specific pathogen free and conventionally housed mice. RESULTS In B6 mice that were actively immunized with MP4 and kept under conventional housing conditions clinical disease was significantly attenuated compared to specific pathogen free mice. Conventionally housed mice displayed increased levels of IgG secretion in the Peyer's patches, while the germinal center formation in the gut and the MP4-specific TH17 response in the spleen were diminished after immunization. Accordingly, these mice displayed an attenuated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in ear swelling assays. CONCLUSIONS The data corroborate the notion that housing conditions play a substantial role in the induction of murine EAE and suggest that the presence of gut bacteria might be associated with a decreased immune response to antigens of lower affinity. This concept could be of importance for MS and calls for caution when considering the therapeutic approach to treat patients with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Arndt
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Hoffacker
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Oktay Goecer
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mascha S. Recks
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Massilamany C, Marciano-Cabral F, da Rocha-Azevedo B, Jamerson M, Gangaplara A, Steffen D, Zabad R, Illes Z, Sobel RA, Reddy J. SJL mice infected with Acanthamoeba castellanii develop central nervous system autoimmunity through the generation of cross-reactive T cells for myelin antigens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98506. [PMID: 24879066 PMCID: PMC4039519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that Acanthamoeba castellanii (ACA), an opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system (CNS) possesses mimicry epitopes for proteolipid protein (PLP) 139–151 and myelin basic protein 89–101, and that the epitopes induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice reminiscent of the diseases induced with their corresponding cognate peptides. We now demonstrate that mice infected with ACA also show the generation of cross-reactive T cells, predominantly for PLP 139–151, as evaluated by T cell proliferation and IAs/dextramer staining. We verified that PLP 139–151-sensitized lymphocytes generated in infected mice contained a high proportion of T helper 1 cytokine-producing cells, and they can transfer disease to naïve animals. Likewise, the animals first primed with suboptimal dose of PLP 139–151 and later infected with ACA, developed EAE, suggesting that ACA infection can trigger CNS autoimmunity in the presence of preexisting repertoire of autoreactive T cells. Taken together, the data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infections, and the potential role of infectious agents with mimicry epitopes to self-antigens in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Francine Marciano-Cabral
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bruno da Rocha-Azevedo
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa Jamerson
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Rana Zabad
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Zsolt Illes
- University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Raymond A. Sobel
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California and VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Trede NS, Fujinami RS. Targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 leads to amelioration of inflammatory demyelinating disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94486. [PMID: 24718491 PMCID: PMC3981810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), proliferating autoreactive T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Due to the importance of these myelin-specific T cells, these cells have been therapeutic targets in a variety of treatments. Previously we found that Lenaldekar (LDK), a novel small molecule, could inhibit exacerbations in a preclinical model of MS when given at the start of an EAE exacerbation. In those studies, we found that LDK could inhibit human T cell recall responses and murine myelin responses in vitro. In these new studies, we found that LDK could inhibit myelin specific T cell responses through the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway. Alteration of this pathway led to marked reduction in T cell proliferation and expansion. Blocking this pathway could account for the observed decreases in clinical signs and inflammatory demyelinating disease, which was accompanied by axonal preservation. Our data indicate that IGF-1R could be a potential target for new therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases where autoreactive T cell expansion is a requisite for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus S. Trede
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Puentes F, Dickhaut K, Hofstätter M, Falk K, Rötzschke O. Active suppression induced by repetitive self-epitopes protects against EAE development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64888. [PMID: 23738007 PMCID: PMC3667816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in self-tolerance to autoantigens. Self-tolerance is induced and sustained by central and peripheral mechanisms intended to deviate harmful immune responses and to maintain homeostasis, where regulatory T cells play a crucial role. The use of self-antigens in the study and treatment of a range of autoimmune diseases has been widely described; however, the mechanisms underlying the induced protection by these means are unclear. This study shows that protection of experimental autoimmune disease induced by T cell self-epitopes in a multimerized form (oligomers) is mediated by the induction of active suppression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model for multiple sclerosis was used to study the mechanisms of protection induced by the treatment of oligomerized T cell epitope of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP139-151). Disease protection attained by the administration of oligomers was shown to be antigen specific and effective in both prevention and treatment of ongoing EAE. Oligomer mediated tolerance was actively transferred by cells from treated mice into adoptive hosts. The induction of active suppression was correlated with the recruitment of cells in the periphery associated with increased production of IL-10 and reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. The role of suppressive cytokines was demonstrated by the reversion of oligomer-induced protection after in vivo blocking of either IL-10 or TGF-β cytokines. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly supports an immunosuppressive role of repeat auto-antigens to control the development of EAE with potential applications in vaccination and antigen specific treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Female
- Immunosuppression Therapy/methods
- Mice
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Libbey JE, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Possible role of interleukin-17 in a prime/challenge model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:471-8. [PMID: 22991336 PMCID: PMC3508306 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
No one single pathogen has been identified as the causative agent of multiple sclerosis (MS). Alternately, the likelihood of an autoimmune event may be nonspecifically enhanced by different infectious agents. In a novel animal model of MS, SJL/J mice primed through infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) (VV(PLP)) were susceptible to a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disease following administration of a nonspecific immunostimulant [complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) plus Bordetella pertussis (BP)]. Mononuclear cells isolated from the brains, but not the spleens, of VV(PLP)-primed CFA/BP challenged mice produced interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon-γ and transferred a CNS inflammatory disease to naïve SJL/J mice. Administration of curdlan, a T helper 17 cell inducer, unexpectedly resulted in less severe clinical and histological signs of disease, compared to CFA/BP challenged mice, despite the induction of IL-17 in the periphery. Further examination of the VV(PLP)-prime CFA/BP challenge model may suggest new mechanisms for how different pathogens associated with MS can protect or enhance disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71130
- Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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19
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Jun S, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Zlotkowska D, Hoyt T, Pascual DW. Bystander-mediated stimulation of proteolipid protein-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells confers protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) via TGF-β. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 245:39-47. [PMID: 22418032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potency of regulatory T (Treg) cells induced against an irrelevant Ag, mice were orally vaccinated with Salmonella expressing Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae. Isolated CD25⁺ and CD25⁻CD4⁺ T cells were adoptively transferred to naive mice, and Treg cells effectively protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), unlike Treg cells from Salmonella vector-immunized mice. This protection was abrogated upon in vivo neutralization of TGF-β, resulting in elevated IL-17 and loss of IL-4 and IL-10 production. Thus, Treg cells induced to irrelevant Ags offer a novel approach to treat autoimmune diseases independent of auto-Ag.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Bystander Effect/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmu Jun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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20
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Sinha S, Miller L, Subramanian S, McCarty OJT, Proctor T, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Binding of recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTL) to antigen presenting cells prevents upregulation of CD11b and inhibits T cell activation and transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 225:52-61. [PMID: 20546940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant T cell ligands (RTLs) ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an antigen-specific manner. We evaluated effects of RTL401 (I-A(s) alpha1beta1+PLP-139-151) on splenocytes from SJL/J mice with EAE to study RTL-T cell tolerance-inducing mechanisms. RTLs bound to B, macrophages and DCs, through RTL-MHC-alpha1beta1 moiety. RTL binding reduced CD11b expression on splenic macrophages/DC, and RTL401-conditioned macrophages/DC, not B cells, inhibited T cell activation. Reduced ability of RTL- incubated splenocytes to transfer EAE was likely mediated through macrophages/DC, since B cells were unnecessary for RTL treatment of EAE. These results demonstrate a novel pathway of T cell regulation by RTL-bound APCs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Ligands
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Neuroimmunology Research R&D-31, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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21
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Nath N, Morinaga O, Singh I. S-nitrosoglutathione a physiologic nitric oxide carrier attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:240-51. [PMID: 20091246 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a physiological nitric oxide molecule which regulates biological activities of target proteins via s-nitrosylation leading to attenuation of chronic inflammation. In this study we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of GSNO in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Oral administration of GSNO (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) reduced disease progression in chronic models (SJL and C57BL/6) of EAE induced with PLP((139-151)) or MOG((35-55)) peptides, respectively. GSNO attenuated EAE disease by reducing the production of IL17 (from Th(i) or Th17 cells) and the infiltration of CD4 T cells into the central nervous system without affecting the levels of Th1 (IFN gamma) and Th2 (IL4) immune responses. Inhibition of IL17 was observed in T cells under normal as well as Th17 skewed conditions. In vitro studies showed that the phosphorylation of STAT3 and expression of ROR gamma, key regulators of IL17 signaling, were reduced while phosphorylation of STAT4 or STAT6 and expression of T-bet or GATA3 remained unaffected, suggesting that GSNO preferentially targets Th17 cells. Collectively, GSNO attenuated EAE via modulation of Th17 cells and its effects are independent of Th1 or Th2 cells functions, indicating that it may have therapeutic potential for Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Nath
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue CRI # 505, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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22
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Theil DJ, Libbey JE, Rodriguez F, Whitton JL, Tsunoda I, Derfuss TJ, Fujinami RS. Targeting myelin proteolipid protein to the MHC class I pathway by ubiquitination modulates the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 204:92-100. [PMID: 18706703 PMCID: PMC2646907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis model, is induced in mice by injection of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) encephalitogenic peptide, PLP139-151, in adjuvant. In this study, prior to EAE induction, mice were vaccinated with a bacterial plasmid encoding a PLP-ubiquitin fusion (pCMVUPLP). During the relapse phase of EAE, clinical signs, histopathologic changes, in vitro lymphoproliferation to PLP139-151 and interferon-gamma levels were reduced in pCMVUPLP-vaccinated mice, compared to mock-vaccinated mice (controls). Lymphocytes from pCMVUPLP-vaccinated mice produced interleukin-4, a cytokine lacking in controls. Thus, pCMVUPLP vaccination can modulate the relapse after EAE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethilde J. Theil
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Tobias J. Derfuss
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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23
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Hellings N, Stinissen P. Tovaxin, radiation-attenuated, patient-specific T-cells for the therapeutic vaccination of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 9:534-540. [PMID: 18465664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Opexa Pharmaceuticals Inc is developing Tovaxin, a trivalent formulation of attenuated myelin-peptide-reactive T-cells, for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis. Tovaxin is being evaluated in phase II clinical trials. Opexa was previously investigating Tovaxin for the potential treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; however, no development has been reported for this indication since December 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hellings
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan Building A, Diepenbeek B-3590, Belgium.
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24
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Moldovan IR, Cotleur AC, Zamor N, Butler RS, Pelfrey CM. Multiple sclerosis patients show sexual dimorphism in cytokine responses to myelin antigens. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 193:161-9. [PMID: 18022700 PMCID: PMC2235927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis affects more women than men. The reasons for this are unknown. Previously, we have shown significant differences in women versus men in inflammatory cytokine responses to the major protein component of myelin, proteolipid protein (PLP), which is thought to be a target in MS patients. Here, using the ELISPOT assay, we examined sex differences in single-cell secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines from freshly isolated PBMC between relapsing remitting (RR) MS patients and healthy individuals. Cells were stimulated with MS-associated antigens including proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and non-disease related antigens. Our data show a sex bias in the cytokine responses to multiple MS-relevant myelin antigens: Women with MS show IFNgamma-skewed responses and men with MS show IL-5-skewed responses. These data extend our previous findings [Pelfrey, C.M., Cotleur, A.C., Lee, J.C., Rudick, R.A. 2002. Sex differences in cytokine responses to myelin peptides in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 130, 211-223.]: (1) by demonstrating gender skewing in cytokine responses to an expanded myelin antigen repertoire, which includes MBP, MOG and PLP; (2) by showing TNFalpha and IL-10 do not display comparable gender skewing compared to IFNgamma and IL5; (3) by defining the patient population as early, untreated RRMS patients to avoid confounding factors, such as different disease stages/disability and immunomodulatory therapy; and (4) by showing HLA type does not appear to underlie the gender differences. These findings may explain increased susceptibility to MS in women and could contribute to the differences in disease severity between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana R. Moldovan
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Anne C. Cotleur
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Natacha Zamor
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Robert S. Butler
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute
| | - Clara M. Pelfrey
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106
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25
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Hofstetter HH, Grau C, Buttmann M, Forsthuber TG, Gaupp S, Toyka KV, Gold R. The PLPp-specific T-cell population promoted by pertussis toxin is characterized by high frequencies of IL-17-producing cells. Cytokine 2007; 40:35-43. [PMID: 17881243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is commonly regarded as an animal model of the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Pertussis toxin (PTX) is routinely used for EAE induction in mice. Besides opening the blood-brain barrier, it acts as an adjuvant causing strong expansion of antigen-specific cells after coinjection with neuroantigens in IFA. Using an IL-17 ELISPOT assay we developed previously, we investigated the capability of PTX to induce proteolipid protein peptide 139-151(PLPp)-specific Th-17 cells in the immune periphery and in the thymus after coinjection with PLPp/IFA. PTX was found to induce peripheral PLPp-specific Th-17 cells in the draining lymph node and in the spleen, but not in the thymus. Our study indicates a new mechanism by which microbial agents can initiate or maintain autoimmune reactions and supports the growing role in particular for Th-17 cells in organ-specific autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis or EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Hofstetter
- Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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26
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Smorodchenko A, Wuerfel J, Pohl EE, Vogt J, Tysiak E, Glumm R, Hendrix S, Nitsch R, Zipp F, Infante-Duarte C. CNS-irrelevant T-cells enter the brain, cause blood-brain barrier disruption but no glial pathology. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1387-98. [PMID: 17880383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of autoreactive T-cells and alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represent early pathological manifestations of multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Non-CNS-specific T-cells are also capable of entering the CNS. However, studies investigating the spatial pattern of BBB alterations as well as the exact localization and neuropathological consequences of transferred non-CNS-specific cells have been thus far lacking. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging and multiphoton microscopy, as well as histochemical and high-precision unbiased stereological analyses to compare T-cell transmigration, localization, persistence, relation to BBB disruption and subsequent effects on CNS tissue in a model of T-cell transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)- and proteolipid protein (PLP)-specific T-cells. BBB alterations were present in both EAE-mice and mice transferred with OVA-specific T-cells. In the latter case, BBB alterations were less pronounced, but the pattern of initial cell migration into the CNS was similar for both PLP- and OVA-specific cells [mean (SEM), 95 x 10(3) (7.6 x 10(3)) and 88 x 10(3) (18 x 10(3)), respectively]. Increased microglial cell density, astrogliosis and demyelination were, however, observed exclusively in the brain of EAE-mice. While mice transferred with non-neural-specific cells showed similar levels of rhodamine-dextran extravasation in susceptible brain regions, EAE-mice presented huge BBB disruption in brainstem and moderate leakage in cerebellum. This suggests that antigen specificity and not the absolute number of infiltrating cells determine the magnitude of BBB disruption and glial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Smorodchenko
- Cecilie-Vogt-Clinic for Molecular Neurology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Villmann C, Sandmeier B, Seeber S, Hannappel E, Pischetsrieder M, Becker CM. Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) as a marker antigen of central nervous system contaminations for routine food control. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:7114-23. [PMID: 17629299 DOI: 10.1021/jf0707278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) have been widely attributed to transmission by ingestion of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Reliable exclusion of this epidemiological important route of transmission relies on an effective surveillance of food contamination. Here, myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) is identified as a specific and largely heat-resistant marker for detection of food contaminations by CNS tissue. PLP is a component of oligodendritic glial sheaths of neuronal processes that is specifically expressed in the CNS. A highly selective polyclonal antibody was developed directed against an epitope present in the full-length PLP protein, but absent from the developmentally regulated splice variant DM-20. In combination with a hydrophobic extraction of PLP from tissue samples, the antibody reliably detected PLP from spinal cord, cerebellum, and cortex of different mammalian species. Consistent with earlier reports on PLP expression, no cross-reactivity was observed with peripheral nerve or extraneural tissue, except for a very faint signal obtained with heart. When applied to an artificial CNS contamination present in sausages, the antibody reliably detected a low concentration (1%) of the contaminant. Application of heat, as used during conventional sausage manufacturing, led to a predominant alteration of arginine residues in the PLP protein and a partial loss of immunoreactivity. In contrast, a stretch of hydrophilic amino acids(112-122) proved to be heat-resistant, preserving the immunogenicity of this PLP epitope during heating. Taken together, the excellent CNS specificity of PLP immunodetection and the presence of a heat-resistant epitope have permitted the development of a highly sensitive immunoassay for CNS contamination in routine food control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Villmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Kobayashi N, Kobayashi H, Gu L, Malefyt T, Siahaan TJ. Antigen-specific suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:879-86. [PMID: 17522343 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.123257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the activity of a novel peptide, i.e., bifunctional peptide inhibitor (BPI), which targets the immunological synapse and inhibits autoimmune responses in an antigen-specific manner. Proteolipid protein (PLP)-BPI was designed by conjugating two peptides, an encephalitogenic epitope of proteolipid protein (PLP(139-151)) and an intercellular adhesion molecule-1-binding peptide derived from alpha(L) integrin (CD11a(237-246)), via a spacer peptide. The therapeutic effect of PLP-BPI was studied in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in female SJL/J mice as a model for human multiple sclerosis. Mice that received i.v. injections of PLP-BPI showed significantly lower EAE disease scores and incidence than those treated with vehicle, PLP(139-151) peptide only, CD11a(237-246) peptide only, unlinked mixture of PLP(139-151), and CD11a(237-246) peptides, or other control peptides. Multiple injections of antigenic peptide can produce anaphylactic responses; interestingly, PLP-BPI-treated animals have significantly lower anaphylactic response than do the PLP(139-151)-treated group. Therefore, PLP-BPI can effectively inhibit the disease severity and incidence of EAE with a lower possibility of inducing fatal anaphylaxis. These results suggest that BPI-type molecules can be used to treat different autoimmune diseases in which antigenic epitopes have been identified.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anaphylaxis/chemically induced
- Anaphylaxis/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- CD11a Antigen/chemistry
- Capsid Proteins/chemistry
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Models, Immunological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Ovalbumin/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Peptides/toxicity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047-3729, USA
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29
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Hofstetter HH, Kovalovsky A, Shive CL, Lehmann PV, Forsthuber TG. Neonatal induction of myelin-specific Th1/Th17 immunity does not result in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and can protect against the disease in adulthood. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 187:20-30. [PMID: 17482277 PMCID: PMC3204791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal immune system is believed to be biased towards T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity, but under certain conditions neonates can also develop Th1 immune responses. Neonatal Th2 immunity to myelin antigens is not pathogenic and can prevent induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in adulthood, but the consequences of neonatally induced Th1 immunity to self-antigens have remained unresolved. Here, we show that neonatal injection of mice with myelin antigens emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced vigorous production of IFN-gamma and IL-17, but not IL-5, consistent with myelin-specific Th1/Th17 immunity. Importantly, the myelin-specific Th1/Th17 cells persisted in the mice until adulthood without causing symptoms of EAE. Intraperitoneal, but not subcutaneous injection of neonates with myelin antigens protected against induction of EAE as adults. Intraperitoneally injected neonates showed a substantial decrease of the number and avidity of myelin-reactive Th17 cells, suggesting a decrease in IL-17 producing precursor cells as the mechanism of protection from EAE upon re-injection with myelin antigens as adults. The results could provide a rationale for the presence of autoreactive T cells found in healthy human individuals without autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Guinea Pigs
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Infusions, Parenteral/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H. Hofstetter
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Andra Kovalovsky
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Carey L. Shive
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Thomas G. Forsthuber
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
- Dept. Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 United States., (T.G. Forsthuber)
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30
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Abstract
This unit details the materials and methods required for both active induction and adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL mouse strain using intact proteins or peptides from the two major myelin proteins: proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Detailed materials and methods required for the purification of both PLP and MBP are also described. Modifications of the specified protocols may be necessary for efficient induction of active or adoptive EAE in other mouse strains.
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31
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Boucher A, Desforges M, Duquette P, Talbot PJ. Long-term human coronavirus-myelin cross-reactive T-cell clones derived from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:258-67. [PMID: 17448727 PMCID: PMC7106099 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune reactions associated with MS involve genetic and environmental factors. Because murine coronaviruses induce an MS-like disease, the human coronaviruses (HCoV) are attractive candidates as environmental factors involved in a demyelinating pathology. We previously reported the isolation of HCoV-229E/myelin basic protein (MBP) cross-reactive T-cell lines (TCL) in MS patients. To investigate antigenic cross-reactivity at the molecular level, 155 long-term T-cell clones (TCC) were derived from 32 MS patients by in vitro selection with MBP, proteolipid protein (PLP) or HCoV (strains 229E and OC43). Overall, 114 TCC were virus-specific, 31 were specific for myelin Ag and 10 other were HCoV/myelin cross-reactive. Twenty-eight virus-specific TCC and 7 myelin-specific TCC were obtained from six healthy donors. RACE RT-PCR amplification of the Vbeta chains of five of ten the cross-reactive TCC confirmed clonality and sequencing identified the CDR3 region associated with cross-reactivity. Our findings have promising implications in the investigation of the role of molecular mimicry between coronaviruses and myelin in MS as a mechanism related to disease initiation or relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Boucher
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Marc Desforges
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Pierre Duquette
- MS Clinic, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4K8
| | - Pierre J. Talbot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada H7V 1B7
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 450 686 5566.
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32
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Lichtenegger FS, Kuerten S, Faas S, Boehm BO, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV. Dissociation of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Protective Effect and Allergic Side Reactions in Tolerization with Neuroantigen. J Immunol 2007; 178:4749-56. [PMID: 17404254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of autoantigens under conditions that induce type 2 immunity frequently leads to protection from T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Such treatments, however, are inherently linked to the induction of IgG1 Abs and to the risk of triggering anaphylactic reactions. We studied the therapeutic benefit vs risk of immune deviation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis of SJL mice induced by MP4, a myelin basic protein-proteolipid protein (PLP) fusion protein. MP4 administration in IFA induced type 2 T cell immunity, IgG1 Abs, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis protection, and all three were enhanced by repeat injections. Despite high Ab titers, anaphylactic side reactions were not observed when MP4 was repeatedly injected in IFA or as soluble Ag s.c. In contrast, lethal anaphylaxis was seen after s.c. injection of soluble PLP:139-151 peptide, but not when the peptide was reinjected in IFA. Therefore, the Ab response accompanying the immune therapy constituted an anaphylactic risk factor only when the autoantigen was not retained in an adjuvant and when it was small enough to be readily disseminated within the body. Taken together, our data show that treatment regimens can be designed to boost the protective type 2 T cell response while avoiding the risk of Ab-mediated allergic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Lichtenegger
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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33
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Ercolini AM, Ludovic Croxford J, Degutes M, Miller SD. Cross-reactivity between peptide mimics of the immunodominant myelin proteolipid protein epitope PLP139-151: comparison of peptide priming in CFA vs. viral delivery. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:5-18. [PMID: 17376542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that pathogens may trigger the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Pathogens may trigger disease via molecular mimicry, wherein T cells generated against foreign epitopes are also cross-reactive with self-epitopes. Five pathogen-derived molecular mimics of PLP(139-151) (the immunodominant CD4(+) T cell myelin epitope in SJL mice) were previously identified. This study examines the degree of cross-reactivity between the different mimics, comparing mice primed with mimic peptide in CFA with mice infected with recombinant mimic-expressing viruses. The pattern of in vitro reactivity and ability to induce CNS disease differs between peptide priming and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ercolini
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-718, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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34
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Gerdoni E, Gallo B, Casazza S, Musio S, Bonanni I, Pedemonte E, Mantegazza R, Frassoni F, Mancardi G, Pedotti R, Uccelli A. Mesenchymal stem cells effectively modulate pathogenic immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 2007; 61:219-27. [PMID: 17387730 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subset of adult stem cells from bone marrow, to cure experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. METHODS The outcome of the injection of MSCs, in mice immunized with the peptide 139-151 of the proteolipid protein (PLP), was studied analyzing clinical and histological scores of treated mice. The fate of MSCs labeled with the green fluorescent protein was tracked in vivo by a photon emission imaging system and postmortem by immunofluorescence. The modulation of the immune response against PLP was studied through the analysis of in vivo T- and B-cell responses and by the adoptive transfer of MSC-treated encephalitogenic cells. RESULTS MSC-treated mice showed a significantly milder disease and fewer relapses compared with control mice, with decreased number of inflammatory infiltrates, reduced demyelination, and axonal loss. In contrast, no evidence of green fluorescent protein-labeled neural cells was detected inside the brain parenchyma, thus not supporting the hypothesis of MSCs transdifferentiation. In vivo, PLP-specific T-cell response and antibody titers were significantly lower in MSC-treated mice. When adoptively transferred, encephalitogenic T cells activated against PLP(139-151) in the presence of MSCs induced a milder disease compared with that induced by untreated encephalitogenic T cells. These cells showed decreased production of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and did not proliferate on antigen recall, and thus were considered anergic. INTERPRETATION Overall, these findings suggest that the beneficial effect of MSCs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mainly the result of an interference with the pathogenic autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Gerdoni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
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35
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Mangalam A, Rodriguez M, David C. Role of MHC class II expressing CD4+ T cells in proteolipid protein(91-110)-induced EAE in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:3356-70. [PMID: 17125142 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules play a central role in the control of adaptive immune responses through selection of the CD4(+) T cell repertoire in the thymus and antigen presentation in the periphery. Inherited susceptibility to autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and IDDM are associated with particular MHC class II alleles. Advent of HLA transgenic mice has helped us in deciphering the role of particular HLA DR and DQ class II molecules in human autoimmune diseases. In mice, the expression of class II is restricted to professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). However, in humans, class II is also expressed on T cells, unlike murine T cells. We have developed new humanized HLA class II transgenic mice expressing class II molecules not only on APC but also on a subset of CD4(+) T cells. The expression of class II on CD4(+) T cells is inducible, and class II(+) CD4(+) T cells can present antigen in the absence of APC. Further, using EAE, a well-established animal model of MS, we tested the functional significance of these class II(+) CD4(+) T cells. DR3.AEo transgenic mice were susceptible to proteolipid protein(91-110)-induced EAE and showed CNS pathology accompanied by widespread inflammation and demyelination seen in human MS patients, suggesting a role for class II(+) CD4(+) T cells in the pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Mangalam
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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36
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Croxford J, Ercolini A, DeGutes M, Miller S. Structural requirements for initiation of cross-reactivity and CNS autoimmunity with a PLP139-151 mimic peptide derived from murine hepatitis virus. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2671-80. [PMID: 16981179 PMCID: PMC7163677 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MS is an autoimmune CNS demyelinating disease in which infection appears to be an important pathogenic factor. Molecular mimicry, the cross‐activation of autoreactive T cells by mimic peptides from infectious agents, is a possible explanation for infection‐induced autoimmunity. Infection of mice with a non‐pathogenic strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) engineered to express an epitope from Haemophilus influenzae (HI) sharing 6/13 amino acids with the dominant proteolipid protein (PLP) epitope, PLP139–151, can induce CNS autoimmune disease. Here we demonstrate that another PLP139–151 mimic sequence derived from murine hepatitis virus (MHV) which shares only 3/13 amino acids with PLP139–151 can also induce CNS autoimmune disease, but only when delivered by genetically engineered TMEV, not by immunization with the MHV peptide. Further, we demonstrate the importance of proline at the secondary MHC class II contact residue for effective cross‐reactivity, as addition of this amino acid to the native MHV sequence increases its ability to cross‐activate PLP139–151‐specific autoreactive T cells, while substitution of proline in the HI mimic peptide has the opposite effect. This study describes a structural requirement for potential PLP139–151 mimic peptides, and provides further evidence for infection‐induced molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ludovic Croxford
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology & Psychiatry, 4‐1‐1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187–8502, Japan
| | - Anne M. Ercolini
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Mathew DeGutes
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology‐Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
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37
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Sun X, Minohara M, Kikuchi H, Ishizu T, Tanaka M, Piao H, Osoegawa M, Ohyagi Y, Shimokawa H, Kira JI. The selective Rho-kinase inhibitor Fasudil is protective and therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 180:126-34. [PMID: 16996142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of fasudil, a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Both parenteral and oral administration of fasudil prevented the development of EAE induced by proteolipid protein (PLP) p139-151 in SJL/J mice. Specific proliferation of lymphocytes to PLP was significantly reduced, together with a downregulation of interleukin (IL)-17 and a marked decrease of the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio. Immunohistochemical examination also disclosed a marked decrease of inflammatory cell infiltration, and attenuated demyelination and acute axonal transaction. These results may provide a rationale of selective blockade of Rho-kinase by oral use of fasudil as a new therapy for multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/pharmacology
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/drug effects
- Central Nervous System/enzymology
- Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Immunosuppression Therapy/methods
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Wallerian Degeneration/drug therapy
- Wallerian Degeneration/physiopathology
- Wallerian Degeneration/prevention & control
- rho-Associated Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Sun
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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38
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Amend B, Doster H, Lange C, Dubois E, Kalbacher H, Melms A, Bischof F. Induction of autoimmunity by expansion of autoreactive CD4+CD62Llow cells in vivo. J Immunol 2006; 177:4384-90. [PMID: 16982873 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prerequisites of peripheral activation of self-specific CD4(+) T cells that determine the development of autoimmunity are incompletely understood. SJL mice immunized with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when pertussis toxin (PT) was injected at the time of immunization but not when injected 6 days later, indicating that PT-induced alterations of the peripheral immune response lead to the development of autoimmunity. Further analysis using IA(s)/PLP(139-151) tetramers revealed that PT did not change effector T cell activation or regulatory T cell numbers but enhanced IFN-gamma production by self-specific CD4(+) T cells. In addition, PT promoted the generation of CD4(+)CD62L(low) effector T cells in vivo. Upon adoptive transfer, these cells were more potent than CD4(+)CD62L(high) cells in inducing autoimmunity in recipient mice. The generation of this population was paralleled by higher expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and B7-DC, but not B7-RP, PD-1, and B7-H1 on CD11c(+)CD4(+) dendritic cells whereas CD11c(+)CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells were not altered. Collectively, these data demonstrate the induction of autoimmunity by specific in vivo expansion of CD4(+)CD62L(low) cells and indicate that CD4(+)CD62L(low) effector T cells and CD11c(+)CD4(+) dendritic cells may be attractive targets for immune interventions to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Amend
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of General Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Zephir H, Almeras L, El Behi M, Dussart P, de Seze J, Steibel J, Trifilieff E, Dubucquoi S, Dessaint JP, Vermersch P, Prin L, Lefranc D. Diversified serum IgG response involving non-myelin CNS proteins during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 179:53-64. [PMID: 16893572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We sequentially analyzed the serum IgG response against normal mouse brain during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice injected with CFA, Bordetella pertussis toxin (BPT) and proteolipid protein 139-151 peptide, compared with mice that received CFA and BPT or were uninjected. Dynamic changes were observed from day 0 to day 28 in the 3 groups. Six highly discriminant antigenic bands (kappa=0.974) were identified. Three non-myelin proteins were characterized (mitochondrial aconitase hydratase 2, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, brain specific pyruvate deshydrogenase). The IgG response against two of them was less frequent in EAE whereas it was associated with multiple sclerosis in our previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Zephir
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie EA2686, Faculté de Médecine, 1, Place de Verdun, Lille Cedex, France.
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40
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Ip CW, Kroner A, Bendszus M, Leder C, Kobsar I, Fischer S, Wiendl H, Nave KA, Martini R. Immune cells contribute to myelin degeneration and axonopathic changes in mice overexpressing proteolipid protein in oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8206-16. [PMID: 16885234 PMCID: PMC6673777 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1921-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the major myelin protein of the CNS, proteolipid protein (PLP), leads to late-onset degeneration of myelin and pathological changes in axons. Based on the observation that in white matter tracts of these mutants both CD8+ T-lymphocytes and CD11b+ macrophage-like cells are numerically elevated, we tested the hypothesis that these cells are pathologically involved in the primarily genetically caused neuropathy. Using flow cytometry of mutant brains, CD8+ cells could be identified as activated effector cells, and confocal microscopy revealed a close association of the T-cells with MHC-I+ (major histocompatibility complex class I positive) oligodendrocytes. Crossbreeding the myelin mutants with mice deficient in the recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes led to a reduction of the number of CD11b+ cells and to a substantial alleviation of pathological changes. In accordance with these findings, magnetic resonance imaging revealed less ventricular enlargement in the double mutants, partially because of more preserved corpora callosa. To investigate the role of CD8+ versus CD4+ T-lymphocytes, we reconstituted the myelin-RAG-1 double mutants with bone marrow from either CD8-negative (CD4+) or CD4-negative (CD8+) mice. The severe ventricular enlargement was only found when the double mutants were reconstituted with bone marrow from CD8+ mice, suggesting that the CD8+ lymphocytes play a critical role in the immune-related component of myelin degeneration in the mutants. These findings provide strong evidence that a primary glial damage can cause secondary immune reactions of pathological significance as it has been suggested for some forms of multiple sclerosis and other leukodystrophies.
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41
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Podojil JR, Kohm AP, Miller SD. CD4+ T Cell Expressed CD80 Regulates Central Nervous System Effector Function and Survival during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006; 177:2948-58. [PMID: 16920930 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD80 expressed on the surface of APCs provides a positive costimulatory signal to naive CD4+ T cells during activation. Therefore, it was hypothesized that treatment of SJL mice with various forms of anti-CD80 mAb during remission from the acute phase of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) would ameliorate disease progression. We previously reported that treatment of SJL mice with anti-CD80 Fab during R-EAE remission blocked activation of T cells specific for endogenous myelin epitopes, inhibiting epitope spreading and clinical disease progression; however, treatment with the native form of the same anti-CD80 mAb exacerbated disease progression. The current data show that intact anti-CD80 mAb binds both CNS-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells and that exacerbation of R-EAE directly correlates with increased survival and activity of myelin-specific CD4+ T cells, while the percentage of CD11c+ dendritic cells in the CNS and their APC activity was not altered. In vitro data show that cross-linking CD80 on the surface of CD4+ T cells activated in the presence of Th1-promoting cytokines increases the level of T cell activation, effector function, and survival by directly up-regulating the expression levels of transcripts for T-bet, IFN-gamma, and Bcl-xL. These findings indicate a novel regulatory role for CD80-mediated intracellular signals in CD4+ T cells and have important implications for using anti-costimulatory molecule mAb therapy in established autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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42
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Kuerten S, Lichtenegger FS, Faas S, Angelov DN, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV. MBP-PLP fusion protein-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 177:99-111. [PMID: 16781782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene knock-out and knock-in mice are becoming increasingly indispensable for mechanism-oriented studies of EAE. Most gene-modified mice are on the C57BL/6 background, for which presently there are only two EAE models available, the MOG peptide 35-55 and the PLP 178-191 peptide induced disease. However, because MS is not a single pathogenic entity, different EAE models are required to reproduce and study its various features. Here we are introducing MBP-PLP fusion protein (MP4)-induced EAE for C57BL/6 mice. B cell- and CD8+ T cell-dependence, as well as multi-determinant recognition are among the unique features of this demyelinating EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland OH, 44106, USA
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43
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Columba-Cabezas S, Griguoli M, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R, Ria F, Serafini B, Aloisi F. Suppression of established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and formation of meningeal lymphoid follicles by lymphotoxin beta receptor-Ig fusion protein. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 179:76-86. [PMID: 16870269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that de novo formation of lymphoid structures resembling B-cell follicles occurs in the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) meninges in a subset of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and in SJL mice with relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Because lymphotoxin (LT) alpha(1)beta(2) is essential for lymphoid tissue organization, we used real-time PCR to examine LTbeta and LTbeta receptor (LTbetaR) gene expression in the CNS of SJL mice immunized with PLP 139-151 peptide. Moreover, we used the decoy receptor LTbetaR-immunoglobulin fusion protein to block the interaction of lymphotoxin (LT) alpha(1)beta(2) with the LTbeta receptor (LTbetaR) in mice with established EAE and evaluate the effect of systemic and local treatments with the fusion protein on disease progression, CNS lymphocytic infiltration and formation of meningeal B-cell follicles. The present findings indicate that both LTbeta and LTbetaR are upregulated at EAE onset and during subsequent relapses and that systemic and local blockade of the LT pathway with LTbetaR-Ig results in protracted and transient inhibition of EAE clinical signs, respectively. LTbetaR-Ig treatment also reduces T- and B-cell infiltration and prevents the induction of the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL13 and the formation of organized ectopic follicles in the EAE-affected CNS. Targeting of molecules involved in lymphoid organogenesis could represent a valid strategy to inhibit CNS inflammation and formation of ectopic follicles, which may play a role in maintaining an abnormal, intrathecal humoral immune response in CNS autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL13
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/genetics
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/metabolism
- Lymphotoxin-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphotoxin-beta/genetics
- Meninges/immunology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Columba-Cabezas
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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44
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Kirwin SJ, Dowdell KC, Hindinger C, Feng N, Bergmann CC, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA. Altered neuroantigen-specific cytokine secretion in a Th2 environment reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:30-9. [PMID: 16814872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Th2 cells suppresses clinical experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), demyelination and expression of genes associated with Th1-mediated inflammation. Despite both reduced central nervous system inflammation and IFN-gamma induced MHC class II expression by microglia, the composition of CNS infiltrates in Th2-protected mice were similar to mice with EAE. Analysis of the CNS infiltrating cells by flow cytometry suggests that protection did not correlate with abrogation of CD4+ T cell recruitment, preferential recruitment of donor Th2 cells or an increased frequency of CD25+ CD4+ T cells. By contrast, protection correlated with an increased frequency of neuroantigen-specific Th2 cells infiltrating the CNS. These data suggest that a peripheral Th2 cytokine environment influences both potential antigen presenting cells as well as recruitment and/or retention of neuroAg-specific Th2 CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Kirwin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1333 San Pablo Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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45
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Greenfield EA, Reddy J, Lees A, Dyer CA, Koul O, Nguyen K, Bell S, Kassam N, Hinojoza J, Eaton MJ, Lees MB, Kuchroo VK, Sobel RA. Monoclonal antibodies to distinct regions of human myelin proteolipid protein simultaneously recognize central nervous system myelin and neurons of many vertebrate species. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:415-31. [PMID: 16416423 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), the major protein of mammalian CNS myelin, is a member of the proteolipid gene family (pgf). It is an evolutionarily conserved polytopic integral membrane protein and a potential autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). To analyze antibody recognition of PLP epitopes in situ, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for different regions of human PLP (50-69, 100-123, 139-151, 178-191, 200-219, 264-276) were generated and used to immunostain CNS tissues of representative vertebrates. mAbs to each region recognized whole human PLP on Western blots; the anti-100-123 mAb did not recognize DM-20, the PLP isoform that lacks residues 116-150. All of the mAbs stained fixed, permeabilized oligodendrocytes and mammalian and avian CNS tissue myelin. Most of the mAbs also stained amphibian, teleost, and elasmobranch CNS myelin despite greater diversity of their pgf myelin protein sequences. Myelin staining was observed when there was at least 40% identity of the mAb epitope and known pgf myelin proteins of the same or related species. The pgf myelin proteins of teleosts and elasmobranchs lack 116-150; the anti-100-123 mAb did not stain their myelin. In addition to myelin, the anti-178-191 mAb stained many neurons in all species; other mAbs stained distinct neuron subpopulations in different species. Neuronal staining was observed when there was at least approximately 30% identity of the PLP mAb epitope and known pgf neuronal proteins of the same or related species. Thus, anti-human PLP epitope mAbs simultaneously recognize CNS myelin and neurons even without extensive sequence identity. Widespread anti-PLP mAb recognition of neurons suggests a novel potential pathophysiologic mechanism in MS patients, i.e., that anti-PLP antibodies associated with demyelination might simultaneously recognize pgf epitopes in neurons, thereby affecting their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Greenfield
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Tsunoda I, Tolley ND, Theil DJ, Whitton JL, Kobayashi H, Fujinami RS. Exacerbation of viral and autoimmune animal models for multiple sclerosis by bacterial DNA. Brain Pathol 2006; 9:481-93. [PMID: 10416988 PMCID: PMC8098503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and relapsing-remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) have been used to investigate the viral and autoimmune etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a possible Th1-type mediated disease. DNA immunization is a novel vaccination strategy in which few harmful effects have been reported. Bacterial DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides, which contain CpG motifs, have been reported to enhance immunostimulation. Our objectives were two-fold: first, to ascertain whether plasmid DNA, pCMV, which is widely used as a vector in DNA immunization studies, could exert immunostimulation in vitro; and second, to test if pCMV injection could modulate animal models for MS in vivo. We demonstrated that this bacterially derived DNA could induce interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)gamma, (Th1-promoting cytokines), and IL-6 production as well as activate NK cells. Following pCMV injections, SJL/J mice were infected with TMEV or challenged with encephalitogenic myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides. pCMV injection exacerbated TMEV-induced demyelinating disease in a dose-dependent manner. Exacerbation of the disease did not correlate with the number of TMEV-antigen positive cells but did with an increase in anti-TMEV antibody. pCMV injection also enhanced R-EAE with increased IFNgamma and IL-6 responses. These results caution the use of DNA vaccination in MS patients and other possible Th1-mediated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/adverse effects
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/microbiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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47
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Galazka G, Stasiolek M, Walczak A, Jurewicz A, Zylicz A, Brosnan CF, Raine CS, Selmaj KW. Brain-derived heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes induce NK cell-dependent tolerance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006; 176:1588-99. [PMID: 16424188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are markedly up-regulated at sites of inflammation during autoimmune diseases like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we show that Hsp70-peptide complexes (pc) isolated from brains of mice with EAE prevented the development of EAE clinically and pathologically when administered before proteolipid protein 139-151 (PLP139-151) immunization. In contrast, pure Hsp70 or Hsp70-pc derived from brains of healthy mice or other inflamed tissue did not modulate the expression of EAE. In animals in which EAE had been suppressed by Hsp70-pc, lymphocytes showed increased cell death in response to PLP139-151 that correlated with elevated IFN-gamma and NO production. Coculture of spleen cells from Hsp70-pc immunized mice with spleen cells from untreated EAE mice, in addition to depletion experiments, showed that NK cells reduced reactivity to PLP139-151. Transfer of NK cells from Hsp70-pc-immunized mice to recipients sensitized for EAE abolished disease development. Thus, we propose that Hsp70 demonstrate the ability to bind to peptides generated during brain inflammation and to induce a regulatory NK cell population that is capable of preventing subsequent autoimmunization for EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Galazka
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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48
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Caprio-Young JC, Bell JJ, Lee HH, Ellis J, Nast D, Sayler G, Min B, Zaghouani H. neonatally primed lymph node, but not splenic T cells, display a Gly-Gly motif within the TCR beta-chain complementarity-determining region 3 that controls affinity and may affect lymphoid organ retention. J Immunol 2006; 176:357-64. [PMID: 16365428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ig-proteolipid protein 1 (Ig-PLP1) is an Ig chimera expressing the encephalitogenic PLP1 peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 139-151 of PLP. Newborn mice given Ig-PLP1 in saline on the day of birth and challenged 7 wk later with PLP1 peptide in CFA develop an organ-specific neonatal immunity that confers resistance against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The T cell responses in these animals are comprised of Th2 cells in the lymph node and anergic Th1 lymphocytes in the spleen. Intriguingly, the anergic splenic T cells, although nonproliferative and unable to produce IFN-gamma or IL-4, secrete significant amounts of IL-2. Studies were performed to determine whether the two populations display any structural differences in the TCR H chain variable region that could contribute to the differential affinity and retention in different organs. Responsive Th2 lymph node T cells and anergic splenic lymphocytes were immortalized, and the structures of their TCR Vbeta were determined. The results show that Vbeta and Jbeta usage was random, but the CDR3 regions of the lymph node cells had a conserved Gly-Gly motif. Analysis of TCR affinity/avidity correlated the Gly-Gly motif with lower affinity and retention of the Th2 cells in the lymph node. Also, it is suggested that a higher TCR affinity may be a contributing factor for the development of the neonatal Th1 response in the spleen.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Base Sequence
- Clonal Anergy
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Hybridomas
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacque C Caprio-Young
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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49
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Nicolò C, Di Sante G, Orsini M, Rolla S, Columba-Cabezas S, Romano Spica V, Ricciardi G, Chan BMC, Ria F. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the adjuvant modulates the balance of Th immune response to self-antigen of the CNS without influencing a “core” repertoire of specific T cells. Int Immunol 2006; 18:363-74. [PMID: 16415105 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we use modified CDR3 beta-chain spectratyping (immunoscope) to dissect the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT)-derived proteins on individual PLP139-151-specific cells in the SJL mouse strain. In this model, the immunoscope technique allows the characterization of a public TCR that involves rearrangement of Vbeta10 and Jbeta1.1 and a semi-private TCR characterized by rearrangement of Vbeta4 and Jbeta1.6. Both rearrangements are specific for PLP139-151 and sequences of the CDR3 region of the two beta-chains show a conserved motif for the public rearrangement and related but more variable sequences for the semi-private rearrangement. MT-derived proteins promote increase of IFN-gamma-secreting cells. However, we observe that the presence and amount of MT used during immunization have no effect on the frequency of usage, polarization and in vivo expansion of cells carrying the studied rearrangements. Rather, the strong Th1-promoting effect of adjuvant is possibly due to recruitment toward Th1 of a wider spectrum of TCR repertoires. Therefore, instead of having a comprehensive effect on the entire repertoire, MT modulates the immune response by affecting a subset of antigen-specific T cells whose polarization can be adapted to the environment. This step establishes the final balance between Th1 and Th2 and may be essential for the enhancement or protection of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nicolò
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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50
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De Rosa V, Procaccini C, La Cava A, Chieffi P, Nicoletti GF, Fontana S, Zappacosta S, Matarese G. Leptin neutralization interferes with pathogenic T cell autoreactivity in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:447-55. [PMID: 16410832 PMCID: PMC1326145 DOI: 10.1172/jci26523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone belonging to the helical cytokine family, significantly influences immune and autoimmune responses. We investigate here the mechanisms by which in vivo abrogation of leptin effects protects SJL/J mice from proteolipid protein peptide PLP(139-151)-induced EAE, an animal model of MS. Blockade of leptin with anti-leptin Abs or with a soluble mouse leptin receptor chimera (ObR:Fc), either before or after onset of EAE, improved clinical score, slowed disease progression, reduced disease relapses, inhibited PLP(139-151)-specific T cell proliferation, and switched cytokine secretion toward a Th2/regulatory profile. This was also confirmed by induction of forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) expression in CD4 T cells in leptin-neutralized mice. Importantly, anti-leptin treatment induced a failure to downmodulate the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (p27) in autoreactive CD4 T cells. These effects were associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and STAT6. Taken together, our data provide what we believe is a new molecular basis for leptin antagonism in EAE and envision novel strategies of leptin-based molecular targeting in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
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