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Reeves Pitts MA, Smith HR, Amerson EC, Starkey JD, Starkey CW, Sawyer JT, Brandebourg TD. Feeding Ractopamine Improves the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of the Lard-Type Mangalica Pig. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3857. [PMID: 38136893 PMCID: PMC10740923 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangalica pigs are gaining popularity within the U.S. as a niche breed, given their reputation for superior-quality pork. However, slow growth rates, a poor lean yield, and excessive adiposity limit the widespread adoption of Mangalica. To determine if feeding the metabolic modifier, ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC), would improve growth performance without impairing pork quality in the Mangalica, pigs were fed either 0 or 20 mg per kg RAC for 21 days. At 24 h postharvest, pork quality and carcass composition measurements were recorded; then, primal cuts were fabricated and assessed. RAC increased ADG (p < 0.04) and gain efficiency (p < 0.03) by 24% and 21%, respectively. RAC increased Loin Eye Area (p < 0.0001) by 21% but did not impact the 10th rib fat depth (p > 0.90) or marbling score (p > 0.77). RAC failed to alter any primal cut weights. Feeding RAC lowered b* values (p < 0.04) and tended to lower L* values (p < 0.08) while not affecting a* values (p > 0.30), suggesting RAC darkened loin color. Finally, RAC decreased cook yield percentage (p < 0.02) by 11% without impacting Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (p > 0.31). These data support the hypothesis that feeding RAC to Mangalica improves growth performance without impairing pork quality in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hunter R. Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ellie C. Amerson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jessica D. Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (J.D.S.)
| | - Charles W. Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (J.D.S.)
| | - Jason T. Sawyer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Guo Q, Yen CN, Scheffler TL, Richert BT, Schinckel AP, Grant AL, Gerrard DE. Ractopamine does not rescue Halothane and Rendement Napole metabolism postmortem. Meat Sci 2023; 198:109075. [PMID: 36641987 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if ractopamine (RAC) impacts postmortem muscle metabolism and subsequent pork quality in Halothane (HAL) and Rendement Napole (RN) mutant pigs. All RAC fed pigs had increased (P < 0.04) L* values. HAL and RN mutants muscle had lower (P < 0.01) pH values but RAC feeding had no effect. RN mutants had higher and lower (P < 0.05) muscle pH and temperatures, respectfully at 15 min and RN mutant pigs had greater (P < 0.0001) glycogen initially but lactate levels similar to wild type (WT) pigs at 24 h. RAC lowered (P < 0.05) glycogen in RN mutants but not in HAL mutated or WT pig muscle. These data show RAC feeding changes postmortem energy metabolism but does not change pH and pork quality hallmark of two major pig gene mutations and supports our contention that ultimate meat quality traits and their biochemical drivers may be more complex than originally reasoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Guo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - C-N Yen
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24601, United States of America
| | - T L Scheffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - B T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - A P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - A L Grant
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24601, United States of America
| | - D E Gerrard
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24601, United States of America.
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Abbas K, Raza A, Vasquez RD, Roldan MJM, Malhotra N, Huang JC, Buenafe OEM, Chen KHC, Liang SS, Hsiao CD. Ractopamine at the Center of Decades-Long Scientific and Legal Disputes: A Lesson on Benefits, Safety Issues, and Conflicts. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101342. [PMID: 36291550 PMCID: PMC9599871 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine (RAC) is a synthetic phenethanolamine, β–adrenergic agonist used as a feed additive to develop leanness and increase feed conversion efficiency in different farm animals. While RAC has been authorized as a feed additive for pigs and cattle in a limited number of countries, a great majority of jurisdictions, including the European Union (EU), China, Russia, and Taiwan, have banned its use on safety grounds. RAC has been under long scientific and political discussion as a controversial antibiotic as a feed additive. Here, we will present significant information on RAC regarding its application, detection methods, conflicts, and legal divisions that play a major role in controversial deadlock and why this issue warrants the attention of scientists, agriculturists, environmentalists, and health advocates. In this review, we highlight the potential toxicities of RAC on aquatic animals to emphasize scientific evidence and reports on the potentially harmful effects of RAC on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumail Abbas
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Aqeel Raza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ross D. Vasquez
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M. Roldan
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Nemi Malhotra
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
| | - Olivia E. M. Buenafe
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
| | - Kelvin H. -C. Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-S.L.); (C.-D.H.)
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-S.L.); (C.-D.H.)
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Guo Q, Wicks JC, Yen CN, Scheffler TL, Richert BT, Schinckel AP, Grant AL, Gerrard DE. Ractopamine changes in pork quality are not mediated by changes in muscle glycogen or lactate accumulation postmortem. Meat Sci 2021; 174:108418. [PMID: 33454640 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pork quality is a product of the rate and extent of muscle pH decline paced by carbohydrate metabolism postmortem. The beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine (RAC) alters muscle metabolism but has little impact on pork quality. The objective of this study was to determine how feeding RAC alters postmortem carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. Muscle pH was higher early postmortem in pigs fed RAC for 2 wks compared to control, while other time points and temperatures were largely unaffected. Early postmortem, muscle lactate levels were reduced (P < 0.05) after feeding RAC for 1 and 2 wks. Similarly, pigs fed RAC for 4 wks had reduced (P < 0.05) glycogen levels early postmortem compared to control pigs, but unexpectedly, L* values (lightness) increased (P < 0.05) after inclusion of RAC in the diet for 4 wk. These data show RAC feeding reduces glycogen content and changes lactate accumulation postmortem, but raise questions about the role glycolytic flux has in driving pork quality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Guo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - J C Wicks
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Con-Ning Yen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences (0306), Virginia Tech, 3480 Litton-Reaves Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - T L Scheffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - B T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - A P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - A L Grant
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - D E Gerrard
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America.
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Gunawan AM, Yen CN, Richert BT, Schinckel AP, Grant AL, Gerrard DE. Ractopamine-induced fiber type-specific gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles is independent of growth. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:6015031. [PMID: 33259597 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding ractopamine (RAC), a β-adrenergic agonist (BAA), to pigs increases type IIB muscle fiber type-specific protein and mRNA expression. However, increases in the abundance of these fast-twitch fiber types occur with other forms of muscle hypertrophy and thus BAA-induced changes in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition may simply be associated with increased muscle growth known to occur in response to BAA feeding. The objective of this study was to determine whether RAC feeding could change the MyHC gene expression in the absence of maximal muscle growth. Pigs were fed either an adequate diet that supported maximal muscle hypertrophy or a low nutrient diet that limited muscle growth. RAC was included in diets at 0 or 20 mg/kg for 1, 2, or 4 wk. Backfat depth was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the low nutrient diet compared with the adequate diet but was not affected by RAC. Loin eye area was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed an adequate diet plus RAC at 1 wk but did not differ among remaining pigs. At 2 and 4 wk, however, pigs fed the adequate diet had greater loin eye areas (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the low nutrient diet regardless of RAC feeding. Gene expression of the MyHC isoforms, I, IIA, IIX, and IIB, as well as glycogen synthase, citrate synthase, β 1-adrenergic receptor (AR), and β 2-AR were determined in longissimus dorsi (LD) and red (RST) and white (WST) portions of the semitendinosus muscles. MyHC type I gene expression was not altered by RAC or diet. Feeding RAC decreased (P < 0.01) MyHC type IIA gene expression in all muscles, but to a greater extent in WST and LD. MyHC type IIX gene expression was lower (P < 0.05) in WST and LD muscles in response to RAC but was not altered in RST muscles. RAC increased (P < 0.05) MyHC type IIB gene expression in all muscles, but to a greater extent in RST. β 1-AR gene expression was unaffected by RAC or diet, whereas the expression of the β 2-AR gene was decreased (P < 0.001) by RAC. No significant RAC * diet interactions were observed in gene expression in this study, indicating that RAC altered MyHC and β 2-AR gene expression in porcine skeletal muscles independent of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Gunawan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Con-Ning Yen
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Brian T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Alan L Grant
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Noel JA, Broxterman RM, McCoy GM, Craig JC, Phelps KJ, Burnett DD, Vaughn MA, Barstow TJ, O'Quinn TG, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Rozell TG, Gonzalez JM. Use of electromyography to detect muscle exhaustion in finishing barrows fed ractopamine HCl. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2344-56. [PMID: 27285911 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber characteristics and electromyography (EMG) measures of finishing barrow exhaustion when barrows were subjected to increased levels of activity. Barrows ( = 34; 92 ± 2 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a conventional swine finishing diet containing 0 mg/kg ractopamine HCl (CON) or a diet formulated to meet the requirements of finishing barrows fed 10 mg/kg RAC (RAC+). After 32 d on feed, barrows were individually moved around a track at 0.79 m/s until subjectively exhausted. Wireless EMG sensors were affixed to the deltoideus (DT), triceps brachii lateral head (TLH), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles to measure median power frequency (MdPF) and root mean square (RMS) as indicators of action potential conduction velocity and muscle fiber recruitment, respectively. After harvest, samples of each muscle were collected for fiber type, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and capillary density analysis. Speed was not different ( = 0.82) between treatments, but RAC+ barrows reached subjective exhaustion earlier and covered less distance than CON barrows ( < 0.01). There were no treatment × muscle interactions or treatment effects for end-point MdPF values ( > 0.29). There was a treatment × muscle interaction ( = 0.04) for end-point RMS values. The RAC diet did not change end-point RMS values in the DT or TLH ( > 0.37); however, the diet tended to decrease and increase end-point RMS in the ST and TFL, respectively ( < 0.07). There were no treatment × muscle interactions for fiber type, SDH, or capillary density measures ( > 0.10). Muscles of RAC+ barrows tended to have less type I fibers and more capillaries per fiber ( < 0.07). Type I and IIA fibers of RAC+ barrows were larger ( < 0.07). Compared with all other muscles, the ST had more ( < 0.01) type IIB fibers and larger type I, IIA, and IIX fibers ( < 0.01). Type I, IIA, and IIX fibers of the ST also contained less SDH compared with the other muscles ( < 0.01). Barrows fed a RAC diet had increased time to subjective exhaustion due to loss of active muscle fibers in the ST, possibly due to fibers being larger and less oxidative in metabolism. Size increases in type I and IIA fibers with no change in oxidative capacity could also contribute to early exhaustion of RAC+ barrows. Overall, EMG technology can measure real-time muscle fiber loss to help explain subjective exhaustion in barrows.
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COSTA E SILVA LC, BARBOSA RD, BOLER DD, SILVEIRA ETF. Ractopamine hydrochloride and immunological castration in pigs. Part 1: fresh belly characteristics for bacon processing and quality. Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lowe BK, Overholt MF, Gerlemann GD, Carr SN, Rincker PJ, Schroeder AL, Petry DB, McKeith FK, Allee GL, Dilger AC. Ham and belly processing characteristics of immunological castrated barrows (Improvest) fed ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean). Meat Sci 2015; 112:103-9. [PMID: 26584399 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effects of sex class (physically castrated, PC or immunologically castrated, IC) and diet (0 or 5mg/kg ractopamine hydrochloride, RAC) on characteristics of ham and bellies were determined from pigs slaughtered in three groups with similar ending live weights. One carcass per pen per marketing group (n=8) was selected to evaluate further processing characteristics. Data were analyzed as a 2×2 factorial design with a split plot in time and fixed effects of sex, diet, marketing group, and their interactions. IC fresh bellies were thinner (P<0.01) and softer (P<0.01) than PC bellies. IC hams and bellies were leaner (P<0.05) than those from PC pigs. RAC feeding did not affect (P>0.05) fresh ham or belly characteristics but decreased (P<0.01) fat in cured PC bellies. Marketing group affected (P<0.05) fresh quality, processing characteristics, and composition of hams and bellies. Immunological castration and RAC produced leaner finished products but did not alter processing yield of hams or bacon.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lowe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - M F Overholt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - G D Gerlemann
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - S N Carr
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140, United States
| | - P J Rincker
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140, United States
| | | | - D B Petry
- Choice Genetics USA, West Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - F K McKeith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - G L Allee
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - A C Dilger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Needham T, Hoffman LC. Carcass traits and cutting yields of entire and immunocastrated pigs fed increasing protein levels with and without ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation1–3. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4545-56. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Needham T, Hoffman LC. Physical meat quality and chemical composition of the Longissimus thoracis of entire and immunocastrated pigs fed varying dietary protein levels with and without ractopamine hydrochloride. Meat Sci 2015. [PMID: 26201695 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical and chemical attributes of the Longissimus thoracis (LT) of 96 PIC(©) entire (E) and immunocastrated (C) pigs were evaluated. The study followed a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design where three diets of low, medium and high proteins (7.50, 9.79 and 12.07 g digestible lysine/kg) were fed either with (10mg/kg) or without ractopamine (RAC) for the last 28 days of growth. Vaccination of C occurred at 16 and 20 weeks and slaughtering at 24 weeks of age. The LTs were analysed for moisture, protein, fat and ash contents as well as CIE L*, a*, b* colour, drip loss, cooking loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Various sex and protein interactions were observed for LT protein content, L* values and WBSF. Cooking loss was decreased in C and by the medium protein diet. Feeding RAC increased WBSF values, whilst decreasing a* and b* values. However, the differences observed are minor and might be considered negligible when evaluated by a consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Needham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - L C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Little K, Bohrer B, Stein H, Boler D. Effects of feeding high protein or conventional canola meal on dry cured and conventionally cured bacon. Meat Sci 2015; 103:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Puls CL, Ellis M, McKeith FK, Gaines AM, Schroeder AL. Effects of ractopamine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of immunologically and physically castrated barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4725-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Puls
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M. Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F. K. McKeith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Lowe BK, Gerlemann GD, Carr SN, Rincker PJ, Schroeder AL, Petry DB, McKeith FK, Allee GL, Dilger AC. Effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean) to physical and immunological castrates (Improvest) in a commercial setting on carcass cutting yields and loin quality. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3715-26. [PMID: 25006065 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of feeding ractopamine (RAC; 5 mg/kg) to physically castrated (PC) and immunologically castrated (IC) pigs on carcass characteristics, cutting yields, and loin quality were evaluated using 285 carcasses. Male pigs were randomly assigned to sex treatments (PC and IC) at birth and fed the same nursery diets before allotment into 32 pens with 22 pigs per pen in a grow-finish barn. Pigs in the PC group were physically castrated at approximately 5 d of age, and pigs in the IC group were administered Improvest at 11 and 18 wk of age. Diet treatments (control or RAC) were initiated on study d 87. Pigs were marketed at 12 d (4.5 wk post-second Improvest dose), 19 d (5.5 wk post-second Improvest dose), and 33 d (7.5 wk post-second Improvest dose) following the start of final diet treatments. Three carcasses per pen were selected for evaluation of cutting yields and loin quality. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with fixed effects of sex, diet, market group, and their interaction; carcass (N = 285) was the experimental unit. Carcasses from RAC-fed pigs were heavier (P < 0.01) and had deeper (P = 0.02) loins than control-fed carcasses. Carcasses from IC pigs were similar (P = 0.22) in weight but had less (P < 0.01) fat and shallower (P = 0.02) loins when compared to PC carcasses. There were differences (P < 0.05) among market groups for carcass weights, fat depths, loin depths, and estimated carcass leanness. For cutting yields, RAC-fed carcasses had greater (P ≤ 0.03) bone-in lean and total carcass cutting yields than control-fed carcasses while there were no differences (P > 0.05) between RAC-fed and control-fed carcasses when evaluating LM color, marbling, firmness, pH, drip loss, and tenderness. Carcasses from IC pigs had greater (P < 0.05) boneless lean yields, bone-in lean yields, and total carcass cutting yields than PC carcasses. There were minimal differences (P < 0.05) in LM marbling, firmness, composition, and tenderness between PC and IC pigs. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) between sex and diet for LM composition. Control-fed PC loins had more (P < 0.01) lipid than all other treatment combinations. Market group had effects (P < 0.05) on carcass cutting yields, LM color, marbling and firmness scores, pH, purge loss, composition, and tenderness. The results from this study indicated RAC and immunological castration were additive in terms of improving carcass cutting yields while having minimal effects on pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lowe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - G D Gerlemann
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - S N Carr
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | | | | | | | - F K McKeith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
| | - G L Allee
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - A C Dilger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801
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Lowe BK, Gerlemann GD, Carr SN, Rincker PJ, Schroeder AL, Petry DB, McKeith FK, Allee GL, Dilger AC. Effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean) to physical and immunological castrates (Improvest) in a commercial setting on growth performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3727-35. [PMID: 25006070 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth performance and carcass characteristics of physically castrated (PC) and immunologically castrated (IC) pigs fed ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC; 5 mg/kg) were evaluated in 64 pens of 22 pigs each. Male pigs were randomly assigned to castration method at birth. Pigs in the PC group were physically castrated at 5 d of age while IC pigs were administered Improvest at 11 and 18 wk of age. Pigs entered the grow-finish barn at approximately 9 wk of age (d 0). Dietary treatments (control or RAC) were initiated on d 87. Final treatment arrangement was a 2 × 2 factorial of castration method and diet. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of castration method, diet, market group, and all 2- and 3-way interactions. Pen was the experimental unit. From d 0 to 65, IC pigs had 11.2% greater (P < 0.01) G:F and 11.6% less (P < 0.01) ADFI than PC pigs, but ADG was increased 1.0% in PC pigs compared with IC pigs (P < 0.01). From d 65 to 87, IC pigs had 7.9% greater (P < 0.01) ADG and 12.1% greater (P < 0.01) G:F than PC pigs while having similar (P = 0.16) ADFI. At the initiation of diet (RAC) treatments, BW of all treatments were similar (P ≥ 0.32). From d 87 to 120 (RAC feeding period), IC pigs had 10.0% greater (P < 0.01) ADG and 10.5% greater (P < 0.01) ADFI than PC pigs while having similar (P = 0.64) G:F. Feeding RAC increased (P < 0.01) ADG by 16.9% and G:F by 17.9% while having no effect (P = 0.42) on ADFI from d 87 to 120. There were no significant interactions between castration method and diet on growth performance from d 87 to 120. For the entire study (d 0-120), IC pigs had 2.6% greater (P < 0.01) ADG, 4.6% less (P < 0.01) ADFI, and 7.3% greater (P < 0.01) G:F than PC pigs. Averaged over market groups, IC pigs were 2.5 kg heavier (P < 0.01) and had similar (P = 0.10) carcass weights and 1.8 percentage units less (P < 0.01) dressing yields than PC pigs. Additionally, IC pigs had 1.3 mm less (P < 0.01) fat and 1.7 mm less (P < 0.01) loin depth than PC pigs. Pigs fed RAC were 2.9 kg heavier (P < 0.01) and had 2.3 kg heavier (P < 0.01) carcasses and 2.2 mm deeper (P < 0.01) loins but similar (P = 0.21) dressing yields and tended (P < 0.10) to have 0.4 mm less fat than control-fed pigs when averaged over market groups. Group 3 pigs were the heaviest (P < 0.01) at slaughter and had the heaviest (P < 0.01) carcasses, greatest (P < 0.01) dressing yields, and the most (P < 0.01) carcass fat of all market groups. Overall, immunological castration and RAC were additive in terms of improving growth performance and carcass characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lowe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - G D Gerlemann
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - S N Carr
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | | | | | | | - F K McKeith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - G L Allee
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - A C Dilger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Puls CL, Rojo A, Ellis M, Boler DD, McKeith FK, Killefer J, Gaines AM, Matzat PD, Schroeder AL. Growth performance of immunologically castrated (with Improvest) barrows (with or without ractopamine) compared to gilt, physically castrated barrow, and intact male pigs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2289-95. [PMID: 24671576 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study used a randomized complete block design (blocking factor was date of start on test) with 5 treatments: 1) physically castrated barrows (PC), 2) intact males (IM), 3) gilts (G), 4) immunologically castrated barrows (IC), and 5) immunologically castrated barrows fed ractopamine at 5 mg/kg (IC+RAC). The study used 192 pigs and was performed from the 16 wk of age (67.2 ± 2.52 kg BW) to a pen mean BW of 132.5 ± 3.60 kg. For IC+RAC, ractopamine was fed for the final 23 d of the study. Pigs were housed in groups of 4 (10 groups for PC, IM, G, and IC and 8 groups for IC+RAC) in a finishing building at a floor space of 1.18 m(2)/pig. Diets were formulated to meet requirements of IM except that the diet for the IC+RAC fed during the ractopamine feeding period was formulated to meet requirements of pigs on that treatment. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study period and were individually weighed at the start, wk 2 and 4, and subsequently every week until the end of study. For the overall study period, IC had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG than the other genders (1,150, 1,024, 1,064, and 954 g/d for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 25.8) and required fewer days to reach slaughter weight than the other genders (58.1, 61.6, 61.6, and 66.5 d for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 1.26). Overall ADFI was less (P ≤ 0.05) for IM and G than IC and PC, which were similar (P > 0.05) in this respect (3.11, 3.06, 2.68, and 2.75 kg/d for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 0.061). Overall G:F was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for IM than the other genders; IC had greater overall G:F than PC and G, which were similar in this respect (0.371, 0.335, 0.397, and 0.347 kg/kg for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 0.0068). Immunologically castrated barrows had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG (30.7%) and ADFI (22.5%) than PC from the second week following the second Improvest dose to the end of the study. During the ractopamine feeding period, IC+RAC had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG (11.6%) and G:F (17.3%) than IC. The results of this study confirmed previously observed gender differences and effects of ractopamine on growth performance and that IC grew faster and had greater feed efficiency than PC during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Puls
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Braña DV, Rojo-Gómez GA, Ellis M, Cuaron JA. Effect of gender (gilt and surgically and immunocastrated male) and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on growth performance, carcass, and pork quality characteristics of finishing pigs under commercial conditions1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5894-904. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Braña
- CENID-Fisiología, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, México
| | - G. A. Rojo-Gómez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M. Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J. A. Cuaron
- CENID-Fisiología, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, México
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James BW, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL, Dritz SS, Owen KQ, Woodworth J, Sulabo RC. Interactive effects of dietary ractopamine HCl and L-carnitine on finishing pigs: II. Carcass characteristics and meat quality1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3272-82. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. James
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture
| | - M. D. Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture
| | - R. D. Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture
| | - J. L. Nelssen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture
| | - S. S. Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-0201
| | | | | | - R. C. Sulabo
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture
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Athayde NB, Dalla Costa OA, Roça RO, Guidoni AL, Ludtke CB, Lima GJMM. Meat quality of swine supplemented with ractopamine under commercial conditions in Brazil1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4604-10. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hinson R, Galloway H, Boler D, Ritter M, Mckeith F, Carr S. Effects of feeding ractopamine (Paylean) on growth and carcass traits in finishing pigs marketed at equal slaughter weights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 28:657-63. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tavárez MA, Boler DD, Carr SN, Ritter MJ, Petry DB, Souza CM, Killefer J, McKeith FK, Dilger AC. Fresh meat quality and further processing characteristics of shoulders from finishing pigs fed ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean). J Anim Sci 2012; 90:5122-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Tavárez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D. D. Boler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - S. N. Carr
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - M. J. Ritter
- Elanco Animal Health, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | | | | | - J. Killefer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F. K. McKeith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A. C. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Bicudo A, Sado R, Cyrino J. Growth, body composition and hematology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed increasing levels of ractopamine. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of four levels of dietary ractopamine (RAC) on growth, body composition and hematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles (103.6±3.3g) were studied. Fish were housed into 12 circular tanks of 1 m3 - 15 fish per tank - and fed for 60 days with practical diets supplemented with 0; 10; 20 or 40mg RAC per kg of diet, in a totally randomized design trial (n=3). Fish fed diets containing up to 40mg RAC/kg diet for 60 days did not have improved growth or body composition parameters. There were no significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Plasma glucose and triglycerides were significantly smaller in fish fed with RAC; however no significant differences between RAC levels were detected. The inclusion of up to 40mg RAC/kg of diet did not improve growth and body composition, but influenced some hematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile pacu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R.Y. Sado
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
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Marchant-Forde JN, Lay DC, Marchant-Forde RM, McMunn KA, Richert BT. The effects of R-salbutamol on growth, carcass measures, and health of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4081-9. [PMID: 22859762 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pure form of salbutamol has the potential to deliver positive production benefits to the swine industry. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of salbutamol on growth, carcass measures, and health of finishing pigs. The study used 192 pigs (89 ± 1 kg BW) housed in groups of 6 in 32 pens and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) control (CTL), 0 mg/kg salbutamol; 2) 2R, control diet with 2 mg/kg of the pure R-enantiomer of salbutamol; 3) 4R, control diet with 4 mg/kg of pure R-salbutamol; or 4) 8RS, control diet with 8 mg/kg of a 50:50 mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. All diets were offered ad libitum for 4 wk. All pigs were weighed and pen feed intakes were recorded weekly. At slaughter, individual HCW and measurements of the 10th-rib loin muscle area (LMA), color, marbling, firmness, and back fat, last lumbar, and midline back fat depths were collected. Data were analyzed using Proc GLM of SAS, with pen as the experimental unit. Overall, 2R and 4R pigs had greater ADG than CTL pigs (P < 0.05) and, at slaughter, were heavier than CTL pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, 8RS pigs had decreased ADFI (P < 0.05), and CTL pigs had poorer G:F (P < 0.001) than the other 3 treatments. All salbutamol-fed pigs had 5 to 6 kg greater HCW (P < 0.001), 2% to 3% increased carcass yield (P < 0.001), 5.6 cm(2) larger LMA (P < 0.01), 3 to 4 mm less 10th-rib back fat (P < 0.01), and 2 mm less lumbar back fat (P < 0.05) than CTL pigs. However, control pigs had greater loin muscle color scores (P < 0.05) and marbling scores (P < 0.001) than all salbutamol-treated pigs. Taken together, these data indicate that as little as 2 mg/kg R-salbutamol has a positive effect on pig growth and carcass composition. However, the effects of salbutamol on meat quality require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Marchant-Forde
- ARS-USDA, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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ZHAI FL, HUANG YQ, WANG XC, LAI KQ. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Determination of β-Agonists in Swine Urine. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Andretta I, Kipper M, Lehnen CR, Demori AB, Remus A, Lovatto PA. Meta-analysis of the relationship between ractopamine and dietary lysine levels on carcass characteristics in pigs. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boler DD, Killefer J, Meeuwse DM, King VL, McKeith FK, Dilger AC. Effects of slaughter time post-second injection on carcass cutting yields and bacon characteristics of immunologically castrated male pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:334-44. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Boler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J. Killefer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D. M. Meeuwse
- Pfizer Animal Health, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI 49009
| | - V. L. King
- Pfizer Animal Health, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI 49009
| | - F. K. McKeith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - A. C. Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Wiegand BR, Hinson RB, Ritter MJ, Carr SN, Allee GL. Fatty acid profiles and iodine value correlations between 4 carcass fat depots from pigs fed varied combinations of ractopamine and energy. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3580-6. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Woods A, Armstrong T, Anderson D, Elam T, Sutton A. CASE STUDY: Environmental benefits of ractopamine use in United States finisher swine12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:492-9. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhai F, Huang Y, Li C, Wang X, Lai K. Rapid determination of ractopamine in swine urine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:10023-7. [PMID: 21846097 DOI: 10.1021/jf202581k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ractopamine is approved for use in swine to improve carcass leanness in the United States, but banned in the European Union and China because ractopamine residue may pose health risks. This study investigated the possibility of applying surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for analysis of ractopamine in swine urine. Ractopamine (0.1-10 μg mL(-1)) was added to urine samples collected from 20 swine to prepare a total of 240 samples. A simple centrifugation, a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method, and a more complicated method involving liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (LLE-SPE) were used to extract ractopamine from urine samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression were used for spectral data analyses. Although no satisfactory result was obtained with the centrifugation method, ractopamine could be detected at levels of 0.8 and 0.4 μg mL(-1) with the LLE and LLE-SPE extraction methods, respectively. The R2 of the PLS model of actual ractopamine values versus predicted values was 0.74 for the LLE method and 0.73 for the LLE-SPE method. The SERS method with simple sample preparation has great potential for rapid analysis of ractopamine in swine urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Hucheng Huan Road, LinGang New City, Shanghai, China 201306
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Kutzler LW, Holmer SF, Boler DD, Carr SN, Ritter MJ, Parks CW, McKeith FK, Killefer J. Comparison of varying doses and durations of ractopamine hydrochloride on late-finishing pig carcass characteristics and meat quality. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2176-88. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Boler DD, Clark DL, Baer AA, Meeuwse DM, King VL, McKeith FK, Killefer J. Effects of increasing lysine on further processed product characteristics from immunologically castrated male pigs. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2200-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Boler DD, Holmer SF, Duncan DA, Carr SN, Ritter MJ, Stites CR, Petry DB, Hinson RB, Allee GL, McKeith FK, Killefer J. Fresh meat and further processing characteristics of ham muscles from finishing pigs fed ractopamine hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:210-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Leick CM, Puls CL, Ellis M, Killefer J, Carr TR, Scramlin SM, England MB, Gaines AM, Wolter BF, Carr SN, McKeith FK. Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles and ractopamine (Paylean) on quality and shelf-life of fresh pork and bacon. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2751-66. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gonzalez J, Johnson S, Stelzleni A, Thrift T, Savell J, Warnock T, Johnson D. Effect of ractopamine–HCl supplementation for 28 days on carcass characteristics, muscle fiber morphometrics, and whole muscle yields of six distinct muscles of the loin and round. Meat Sci 2010; 85:379-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kutzler L, Peterson C, Ellis M, Carr S, Ritter M, Armstrong T, Mckeith F, Killefer J. Ractopamine (Paylean) Response in Heavy-Weight Finishing Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 26:243-9. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Foi realizada simulação técnico-econômica a partir de resultados de publicações para avaliar a inclusão de ractopamina em dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 18 artigos, que avaliaram níveis de 0, 5, 10 e/ou 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta, totalizando 2.991 animais. A partir dos resultados técnicos das publicações avaliadas, foram geradas equações que foram utilizadas na simulação do desempenho técnico-econômico. Verificou-se que os custos independem do sistema de receitas do produtor e oscilam de 3 a 6ppm de ractopamina adicionada à dieta. O lucro máximo foi obtido com os níveis de 10 e 12ppm de ractopamina, respectivamente, para os sistemas de receita por peso vivo e por bonificação. Os resultados evidenciam melhor desempenho econômico da utilização de ractopamina, na dieta dos suínos em terminação, pelo sistema de receita por bonificação. As análises de sensibilidade para a variação na receita dos produtores apresentam valores ótimos de 9 a 12ppm de ractopamina, com oscilação de até R$ 49,00/cabeça entre os cenários testados.
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Carr S, Hamilton D, Miller K, Schroeder A, Fernández-dueñas D, Killefer J, Ellis M, Mckeith F. The effect of ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean®) on lean carcass yields and pork quality characteristics of heavy pigs fed normal and amino acid fortified diets. Meat Sci 2009; 81:533-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Fernández-Dueñas DM, Myers AJ, Scramlin SM, Parks CW, Carr SN, Killefer J, McKeith FK. Carcass, meat quality, and sensory characteristics of heavy body weight pigs fed ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean). J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3544-50. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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39
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Scramlin S, Carr S, Parks C, Fernandez-Dueñas D, Leick C, McKeith F, Killefer J. Effect of ractopamine level, gender, and duration of ractopamine on belly and bacon quality traits. Meat Sci 2008; 80:1218-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Webster M, Goodband R, Tokach M, Nelssen J, Dritz S, Unruh J, Brown K, Real D, Derouchey J, Woodworth J, Groesbeck C, Marsteller T. Interactive Effects Between Ractopamine Hydrochloride and Dietary Lysine on Finishing Pig Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Pork Quality, and Tissue Accretion1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 23:597-611. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Sawyer JT, Kutz BR, Rakes LK, Davis ME, Johnson ZB, Carr SN, Armstrong TA. Interactive effect of ractopamine and dietary fat source on quality characteristics of fresh pork bellies1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2682-90. [PMID: 17609473 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossbred pigs (n = 216) were used to test the interaction, if any, of ractopamine (RAC) and dietary fat source on the characteristics of fresh pork bellies. Pigs were blocked by BW (77.6 +/- 6.5 kg) and allotted randomly to pens (6 pigs/pen). After receiving a common diet devoid of RAC for 2 wk, pens within blocks were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design, with 5% fat (beef tallow vs. soybean oil) and RAC (0 vs. 10 mg/kg). At the conclusion of the 35-d feeding period, pigs were slaughtered at a commercial pork packing plant (average BW of 108.8 +/- 0.6 kg), and fresh bellies were captured during carcass fabrication. Neither RAC (P = 0.362) nor fat source (P = 0.247) affected belly thickness. Subjective (bar-suspension) or objective (compression test) measures of belly firmness were not (P > or = 0.148) affected by the inclusion of RAC in the diet; however, bellies from pigs fed soybean oil (SBO) were softer than those from pigs fed beef tallow (BT), as indicated by perpendicular (P < or = 0.005) and parallel (P < 0.001) suspensions. Moreover, bellies from BT-fed pigs required more (P = 0.096) force to compress 50% of their thickness than bellies from SBO-fed pigs (52.29 vs. 43.51 kg). Color (L*, a*, and b* values) of the belly lean and fat was not (P > or = 0.131) affected by RAC, and lean color was similar (P > or = 0.262) between fat sources; however, belly fat from BT-fed pigs was lighter (P = 0.030) and redder (P = 0.013) in color than belly fat from SBO-fed pigs. Bellies of SBO-fed pigs had greater (P < 0.001) proportions of PUFA and lower (P < 0.001) proportions of SFA and MUFA than belly fat from pigs fed BT. Regardless of the RAC inclusion level, PUFA:SFA and iodine values were lower in belly fat from pigs fed BT than SBO; however, within SBO-fed pigs, PUFA:SFA and iodine values were further increased by feeding RAC (RAC x fat source, P < 0.001). As expected, dietary fat source altered the fatty acid composition of fresh pork bellies, which subsequently impacted fresh belly firmness. Interestingly, including RAC in swine finishing diets exacerbated the effect of feeding SBO on pork fat polyunsaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Apple
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Dikeman M. Effects of metabolic modifiers on carcass traits and meat quality. Meat Sci 2007; 77:121-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Apple J, Rincker P, Mckeith F, Carr S, Armstrong T, Matzat P. Meta-Analysis of the Ractopamine Response in Finishing Swine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 23:179-96. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gruber SL, Tatum JD, Engle TE, Mitchell MA, Laudert SB, Schroeder AL, Platter WJ. Effects of ractopamine supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers differing in biological type. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1809-15. [PMID: 17431043 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers differing in biological type were investigated using British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman crossbred calf-fed steers (n = 420). Steers of each type were weighed at reimplantation [British, mean BW = 375 kg (SD = 38 kg); Continental crossbred, mean BW = 379 kg (SD = 42 kg); Brahman crossbred, mean BW = 340 (SD = 32 kg)] and sorted into 7 BW blocks, each block consisting of 2 pens (10 steers per pen) per type. Pens within a block x type subclass were randomly assigned to RAC treatments (0 or 200 mg x steer(-1) x d(-1) fed during the final 28 d of the finishing period). The type x RAC interaction did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the traits evaluated in this study. Feeding RAC improved (P = 0.001) ADG (1.50 vs. 1.73 +/- 0.09 kg) and G:F (0.145 vs. 0.170 +/- 0.005), but did not affect (P = 0.48) DMI of steers. Dressing percentage, adjusted fat thickness, KPH percentage, and yield grade were not affected by RAC supplementation. Carcasses of steers fed RAC had heavier (P = 0.01) HCW (359 vs. 365 +/- 4.9 kg), larger (P = 0.046) LM areas (81.7 vs. 84.0 +/- 1.1 cm(2)), and tended (P = 0.07) to have lower mean marbling scores (487 vs. 477 +/- 5.2; Slight = 400, Small = 500) than did carcasses of control steers. Among the 3 biological types, Brahman crossbred steers had the lowest DMI and produced the lightest-weight carcasses that had the lowest mean marbling score (P < 0.05). Compared with Continental crossbred and Brahman crossbred steers, British steers produced carcasses with the greatest (P = 0.001) mean marbling scores. Continental crossbred steers had the heaviest BW and greatest dressing percentages and produced the heaviest carcasses with the largest LM areas (P < 0.05) compared with British and Brahman crossbred steers. In the present study, 28 d of supplementation with RAC at a dosage rate of 200 mg x steer(-1) x d(-1) elicited consistent responses in growth performance and carcass traits among 3 diverse biological cattle types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gruber
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
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Inoue T, Chang JP. Capillary Electrophoretic Separation and Quantitation of Ractopamine Stereoisomers Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Additives. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120021276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Inoue
- a Elanco Animal Health , Division of Eli Lilly and Company , 2001 West Main Street, Greenfield , Indiana , 46140 , USA
| | - Jen P. Chang
- a Elanco Animal Health , Division of Eli Lilly and Company , 2001 West Main Street, Greenfield , Indiana , 46140 , USA
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Stahl C, Carlson-Shannon M, Wiegand B, Meyer D, Schmidt T, Berg E. The influence of creatine and a high glycemic carbohydrate on the growth performance and meat quality of market hogs fed ractopamine hydrochloride. Meat Sci 2007; 75:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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SAKAI T, HITOMI T, SUGAYA K, KAI S, MURAYAMA M, MAITANI T. Determination Method for Ractopamine in Swine and Cattle Tissues Using LC/MS. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 2007; 48:144-7. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.48.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Carr SN, Ivers DJ, Anderson DB, Jones DJ, Mowrey DH, England MB, Killefer J, Rincker PJ, McKeith FK. The effects of ractopamine hydrochloride on lean carcass yields and pork quality characteristics1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2886-93. [PMID: 16282628 DOI: 10.2527/2005.83122886x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred eighty barrows were evaluated to determine the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on lean carcass yields and pork quality. The pens were blocked by weight (six pens per block) with starting block weights of 69.0, 70.7, 73.8, 76.6, 78.4, and 84.3 kg. Pens within a block were assigned randomly to one of three RAC treatments so each treatment in a block was replicated twice. Treatments (as-fed basis) included control diet, 10 ppm of RAC added (R10), and 20 ppm of RAC added (R20) and ranged from 25 to 41 d depending on block. Pigs were slaughtered by blocks when block average live weights were 109 kg. Gain and feed efficiency were improved (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary concentrations of RAC, but feed intake did not differ (P > 0.05). Dressing percentage was higher (P < 0.05) for RAC-treated pigs. Subjective color, firmness, marbling scores, and Minolta L* reflection of the LM were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Carcass weights were heavier (P < 0.05) for pigs treated with RAC compared with control pigs and were higher for R20 than for R10. The RAC-fed pigs had greater (P < 0.05) yields (actual and percentage of HCW) of the following Institutional Meat Purchase Specification (IMPS) cuts than control pigs: trimmed, boneless ham (IMPS-402C and IMPS-402G), loin (IMPS-414), sirloin, and Boston butt (IMPS-406A). Pigs treated with RAC had a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of fat-free lean trimmings (IMPS-418) than did control pigs. Pigs treated with the R20 concentration had increased (P < 0.05) water-holding capacity compared with control pigs. Purge loss decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing RAC compared with control for 14-d aged, non-enhanced loins. Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force values measured for nonenhanced chops were greater for RAC-treated pigs than for control pigs with a low dose response (P = 0.001). Enhanced chop (salt and phosphate injection) WBS values did not differ (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments. Trained sensory evaluation panel results for tenderness decreased in a low-dose plateau response fashion for nonenhanced chops (P = 0.004). Tenderness of enhanced chops decreased linearly (P = 0.04) with increasing RAC concentrations. No differences (P > 0.05) were found in juiciness or flavor of enhanced or nonenhanced chops. Feeding RAC to late-finishing swine resulted in faster growing, more efficient animals with increased boneless subprimal yields, and it had little effect on pork juiciness and flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
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Mimbs KJ, Pringle TD, Azain MJ, Meers SA, Armstrong TA. Effects of ractopamine on performance and composition of pigs phenotypically sorted into fat and lean groups1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1361-9. [PMID: 15890813 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8361361x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossbred barrows (n = 144; 80 kg) from four farrowing groups were phenotypically selected into fat (FAT) and lean (LEAN) pens using ultrasound. The difference in 10th-rib fat depth between the LEAN and FAT groups was > or =0.5 cm. Within a farrowing group, pigs were assigned to pens (five pigs per pen and eight pens per phenotype) to equalize pen weight and fat depth. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 19% CP, 1.0% added animal/vegetable fat, and 1.1% lysine (as-fed basis). Half the pens received 10 ppm (as-fed basis) of ractopamine (RAC) during the 28-d finishing phase. At 7-d intervals, live weight and feed disappearance were recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and 10th-rib fat depth and LM area were ultrasonically measured to calculate fat-free lean and fat and muscle accretion rates. During the first 7 d on feed, LEAN pigs fed RAC gained less (P < 0.05) than FAT pigs fed RAC or LEAN and FAT pigs fed the control diet (RAC x phenotype; P = 0.02); however, RAC did not (P > 0.25) affect ADG after the second, third, and fourth weeks, or over the entire 28-d feeding period. Although wk-2 and -3 ADG were higher (P < or = 0.03) in LEAN than in FAT pigs, phenotype did not (P = 0.08) affect overall ADG. Dietary RAC decreased (P < or = 0.05) ADFI over the 28-d feeding trial, as well as in wk 2, 3, and 4, but intake was not (P > 0.20) affected by phenotype. Neither RAC nor phenotype affected (P > 0.10) G:F after 7 d on trial; however, RAC improved (P < or = 0.04) wk-3, wk-4, and overall G:F. Lean pigs were more efficient (P < or = 0.05) in wk 2 and 3 and over the duration of the trial than FAT pigs. Ultrasound LM accretion (ULA) was not (P > or = 0.10) affected by RAC; however, LEAN pigs had greater (P < or = 0.02) ULA in wk 2 and 4 than FAT pigs. Although fat depth was lower (P < 0.01) in RAC-fed pigs than pigs fed the control diet, ultrasound fat accretion rate indicated that RAC-pigs deposited less (P = 0.04) fat only during wk 4. In addition, calculated fat-free lean (using ultrasound body fat, ULA, and BW) was increased (P < 0.05) in RAC pigs after 3 and 4 wk of supplementation. In conclusion, RAC enhanced the performance of finishing swine through decreased ADFI and increased G:F, whereas carcass lean was enhanced through decreases in carcass fat and increases in carcass muscling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Mimbs
- Edgar L. Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602-2771, USA
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Person R, McKenna D, Griffin D, McKeith F, Scanga J, Belk K, Smith G, Savell J. Benchmarking value in the pork supply chain: Processing characteristics and consumer evaluations of pork bellies of different thicknesses when manufactured into bacon. Meat Sci 2005; 70:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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