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Huang Y, Gao C, Song W, Wei W, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Wu J, Liu L. Improving Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate Production Efficiency Optimization by Transition State Conformation of Polyphenol Oxidase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093831. [PMID: 37175239 PMCID: PMC10179947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Theaflavins (TFs) are good for health because of their bioactivities. Enzymatic synthesis of TFs has garnered much attention; however, the source and activity of the enzymes needed limit their wide application. In this study, a microbial polyphenol oxidase from Bacillus megaterium was screened for the synthesis of theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TFDG). Based on structural and mechanistic analyses of the enzyme, the O-O bond dissociation was identified as the rate-determining step. To address this issue, a transition state (TS) conformation optimization strategy was adopted to stabilize the spatial conformation of the O-O bond dissociation, which improved the catalytic efficiency of tyrosinase. Under the optimum transformation conditions of pH 4.0, temperature 25 °C, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate/epicatechin gallate molar ratio of 2:1, and time of 30 min, Mu4 (BmTyrV218A/R209S) produced 960.36 mg/L TFDG with a 44.22% conversion rate, which was 6.35-fold higher than that of the wild type. Thus, the method established has great potential in the synthesis of TFDG and other TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Changzheng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Cai H, Zhong Z, Chen Y, Zhang S, Ling H, Fu H, Zhang L. Genes cloning, sequencing and function identification of recombinant polyphenol oxidase isozymes for production of monomeric theaflavins from Camellia sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124353. [PMID: 37059281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Theaflavins (TFs) are important quality compounds in black tea with a variety of biological activities. However, direct extraction of TFs from black tea is inefficient and costly. Therefore, we cloned two PPO isozymes from Huangjinya tea, termed HjyPPO1 and HjyPPO3. Both isozymes oxidized corresponding catechin substrates for the formation of four TFs (TF1, TF2A, TF2B, TF3), and the optimal catechol-type catechin to pyrogallol-type catechin oxidation rate of both isozymes was 1:2. In particular, the oxidation efficiency of HjyPPO3 was higher than that of HjyPPO1. The optimum pH and temperature of HjyPPO1 were 6.0 and 35 °C, respectively, while those of HjyPPO3 were 5.5 and 30 °C, respectively. Molecular docking simulation indicated that the unique residue of HjyPPO3 at Phe260 was more positive and formed a π-π stacked structure with His108 to stabilize the active region. In addition, the active catalytic cavity of HjyPPO3 was more conducive for substrate binding by extensive hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yiran Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Hao Ling
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Li D, Dong L, Li J, Zhang S, Lei Y, Deng M, Li J. Optimization of enzymatic synthesis of theaflavins from potato polyphenol oxidase. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1047-1055. [PMID: 35487994 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Theaflavin (TF), a chemical component important in measuring the quality of fermented tea, has a strong natural antioxidant effect and many pharmacological functions. Enzymatic oxidation has become a widely used method for preparing TFs at the current research stage. Using plant exogenous polyphenol oxidase (PPO) to enzymatically synthesize TFs can significantly increase yield and purity. In this study, tea polyphenols were used as the reaction substrate to discuss the optimal synthesis conditions of potato PPO enzymatic synthesis of theaflavins and the main products of enzymatic synthesis of TFs. The optimal enzymatic synthesis conditions were as follows: pH of the reaction system was 5.5, reaction time was 150 min, substrate concentration was 6.0 mg/mL, reaction temperature was 20 °C, and the maximum amount of TFs produced was 651.75 μg/mL. At the same time, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of theaflavins and catechins in the sample to be tested, and the dynamic changes and correlations of the main catechins and theaflavins in the optimal enzymatic system were analyzed. The results showed that epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are all the main substrates synthesis of TFs. The main substrate of TFs and its strongest enzymatic catalytic effect on EGCG make theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TFDG) the most important synthetic monomer. In this study, theaflavins were synthesized by polyphenol oxidase catalysis, which laid a foundation for industrialization of theaflavins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Dong
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyuan Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Lei
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengsheng Deng
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingya Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Lei S, Xie M, Hu B, Zhou L, Sun Y, Saeeduddin M, Zhang H, Zeng X. Effective synthesis of theaflavin-3,3′-digallate with epigallocatechin-3- O -gallate and epicatechin gallate as substrates by using immobilized pear polyphenol oxidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:709-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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