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Licitra G, Marino VM, Mangione G, Belvedere G, Difalco A, Petriglieri R, Caccamo M. Effect of cooking temperature on alkaline phosphatase in the production of raw-milk Pecorino cheese. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7515-7529. [PMID: 37641260 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a native raw-milk enzyme used in many countries as the standard assay for rapidly validating the milk pasteurization process. Due to the increased restrictions on the production or import of cheeses produced from unpasteurized milk, ALP activity (<10 mU/g) in cheese was measured as a simple and reliable method to check proper milk pasteurization in cheese for both safety inspection and trading controls. In Sicily, the artisanal cheesemaking of the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) semi-hard cheeses made with raw sheep milk, includes the cooking of the curd, after whey separation, in a wooden vat under hot Scotta whey (≥80°C), for 3 to 4 h, and finally is left to cool at ambient temperature. Thus, the temperatures adopted during cheesemaking may inactivate the ALP enzyme. To this purpose, the aim of this study was to demonstrate how different temperatures of Scotta whey (35°C [T35], 60°C [T60], 70°C [T70], 80°C [T80], 90°C [T90], and 100°C [T100]) used during the second cooking of Pecorino cheeses after molding for 3 h, influence the ALP activity in fresh and 3-mo aged cheese, both at core and outside. The results highlight that the rate of reduction of ALP was greater with increasing temperature of the second cooking, in particular for T 80°C curd, indicating that the use of Scotta whey >80°C could be a breakpoint able to reduce the ALP activity to values <10 mU/g. Different effects between the core and the outside portions of the experimental cheeses were found, with a decrease in ALP activity more on the outside than in the core portions, in both fresh and 3-mo aged cheeses, for T80, T90, and T100 treatments. Care must be taken in using ALP to control the use of pasteurized milk in the production of PDO cheeses without considering the cheesemaking processes, such as the second cooking, which could be equal to pasteurization, and an adequate interaction of time and temperature can reduce the ALP activity to values comparable with cheeses produced with pasteurized milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Licitra
- Department Di3A, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; Consorzio per la Ricerca nel settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - V M Marino
- Consorzio per la Ricerca nel settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - G Mangione
- Department Di3A, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - G Belvedere
- Consorzio per la Ricerca nel settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - A Difalco
- Consorzio per la Ricerca nel settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - R Petriglieri
- Consorzio per la Ricerca nel settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - M Caccamo
- Consorzio per la Ricerca nel settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell'agroalimentare (CoRFiLaC), 97100 Ragusa, Italy.
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2
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Ye T, Deng B, Bai L, Luo X, Yuan M, Cao H, Hao L, Wu X, Yin F, Li Z, Xu F. Butanol accelerated entropy-driven DNA walking machine for rapid and ultrasensitive determination of alkaline phosphatase activity. Talanta 2023; 265:124879. [PMID: 37392708 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as an important biomarker as well as an index for the pasteurization degree of dairy food. However, there is a dilemma between the sensitivity and time-cost of ALP determination based on nucleic acid amplification approach. Herein, an ultrasensitive and rapid detection method for the ALP assay was developed based on entropy-driven DNA machine. In our design, the ALP catalyzed dephosphorylation of detection probe, which inhibited the digestion effect of lambda exonuclease. The remaining probe as a linker to tether the walking strand proximity to the surface of track strand modified gold nanoparticle, activating entropy-driven DNA machine. Accompany with walking strand moving, a large amount of assembled dye-labelled strand dissociated from gold nanoparticle with fluorescence recovery. More importantly, to further improve the walking efficiency, butanol was introduced to accelerated the signal amplification at interface, which short the incubation time from several hours to 5 min. Under the optimum condition, the change of fluorescence intensity was proportion to the concentration of ALP in the range from 0.05 U L-1 to 5 U L-1 with an ultralow limit of detection of 2.07 × 10-3 U L-1 was achieved, which is superior to other reported methods. Furthermore, the proposed method also successfully applied for the spiked milk sample assay with satisfactory recovery in the range of 98.83%-103.00%. This work proposed a new strategy for the application of entropy-driven DNA machine in the field of rapid and ultrasensitive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Bitao Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Long Bai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiaorong Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Liling Hao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Fengqin Yin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zefan Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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Laus F, Laghi L, Bazzano M, Cifone MG, Cinque B, Yang Y, Marchegiani A. Donkey Colostrum and Milk: How Dietary Probiotics Can Affect Metabolomic Profile, Alkaline Sphingomyelinase and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050622. [PMID: 37233663 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive results on animal health, feed efficiency, and milk's nutritional content have been obtained after oral administration of probiotics. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with high numbers of multispecies probiotic formulations on the milk metabolomic profiles of alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in donkeys. Twenty animals were randomly allocated to receive either a normal diet (group B) or a supplemented diet (group A). Colostrum and milk samples were obtained within 48 h, at 15 days (supplementation start), and at 45 days after parturition. Different metabolomic profiles were observed between colostrum and milk, as were the concentrations of 12 metabolites that changed following 30 days of probiotic supplementation. Alk-SMase activity was found to be higher in donkey colostrum (vs. milk at 15 days); this enzyme, together with ALP, increased in milk after 30 days of probiotic supplementation. The results of the present study provide new insight into the complex changes in donkey colostrum and milk composition in the first 45 days of lactation and how the milk metabolome can be modulated by probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Yaosen Yang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
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Curti E, Anedda R. TD-NMR as a Quality Control Tool for Dairy Products: a Study on Fiore Sardo PDO Cheese. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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2018-2020 National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. Microbiological Testing by Industry of Ready-to-Eat Foods under FDA's Jurisdiction for Pathogens (or Appropriate Indicator Organisms): Verification of Preventive Controls. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1646-66. [PMID: 36099067 DOI: 10.4315/JFP-22-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Alacid Y, Quintero Jaime AF, Martínez-tomé MJ, Mateo CR, Montilla F. Disposable Electrochemical Biosensor Based on the Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase Encapsulated in Acrylamide Hydrogels. Biosensors 2022; 12:698. [PMID: 36140083 PMCID: PMC9496573 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the development of an easy-to-use portable electrochemical biosensor based on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a recognition element, which has been immobilized in acrylamide-based hydrogels prepared through a green protocol over disposable screen-printed electrodes. To carry out the electrochemical transduction, an electroinactive substrate (hydroquinone diphosphate) was used in the presence of the enzyme and then it was hydrolyzed to an electroactive species (hydroquinone). The activity of the protein within the matrix was determined voltammetrically. Due to the adhesive properties of the hydrogel, this was easily deposited on the surface of the electrodes, greatly increasing the sensitivity of the biosensor. The device was optimized to allow the determination of phosphate ion, a competitive inhibitor of ALP, in aqueous media. Our study provides a proof-of-concept demonstrating the potential use of the developed biosensor for in situ, real-time measurement of water pollutants that act as ALP inhibitors.
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Tsiamita A, Valiakos G, Natsaridis N, Fotiadou S, Manouras A, Malissiova E. Preliminary Results on the Comparative Evaluation of Alkaline Phosphatase Commercial Tests Efficiency in Non-Cow Milk Pasteurization. BioTech 2022; 11:39. [PMID: 36134913 PMCID: PMC9496796 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for non-cow milk and the products derived from it, is constantly increasing; thus, correct and effective pasteurization becomes necessary. Typical practices for evaluating milk pasteurization are mainly based on the thermal inactivation of an endogenous enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The ALP tests, originally designed and applied to pasteurized cow milk, are often used to control pasteurization in non-cow milk, without sufficient data on their suitability; EFSA calls on the scientific world for collecting more information on the subject. In this study, the pertinent details of the ALP assay for non-cow milk products are summarized, and a comparison is performed regarding the evaluation of the adequacy of commercially available tests for the determination of ALP activity in non-cow milk. At the same time, raw and pasteurized non-cow milk was analyzed microbiologically using standard ISO methods and MALDI-TOF MS in order to confirm the thermal effect on common microorganisms. In these preliminary results, various ALP tests do not appear to be fully reliable as indicators for the pasteurization of some types of non-cow milk such as camel and donkey milk or even goat and sheep milk, using the EFSA proposed limits. ALP commercial kits may not be suitable as pasteurization indicators for various types on non-cow milk, and alternatives should be investigated.
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Shaban SM, Byeok Jo S, Hafez E, Ho Cho J, Kim DH. A comprehensive overview on alkaline phosphatase targeting and reporting assays. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Shrestha S, Pudasaini S, Giri B. Towards the development of paper analytical devices for testing alkaline phosphatase, starch, and urea in milk. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Wang WF, Nsanzamahoro S, Zhang Y, Wang CB, Shi YP, Yang JL. A highly sensitive colorimetric sensing platform based on silver nanocomposites for alkaline phosphatase. Anal Methods 2022; 14:2431-2438. [PMID: 35678556 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays significant roles in regulating intracellular processes and is an important biomarker connected to several diseases. In this work, one facile and sensitive sensing platform based on CQD-silver nanocomposites (CQD-silver NPs) for colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was introduced. ALP triggers the removal of the phosphate group of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P), which is then transformed into ascorbic acid (AA). The as-obtained AA can easily cause significant aggregation of monodispersed NPs and cause the system color to turn from bright yellow to gray. Based on the color change of the ratio of 490 nm/630 nm, ALP was sensitively and selectively detected. Under the optimum, the established method showed linearity for ALP in the range of 0.1-50 U L-1 and the detection limit was low at 0.035 U L-1, and it was subjected to ALP inhibitor screening from goji berry extract. These results indicated that the colorimetric system can be used as a simple tool for visual and fast evaluation of ALP activity as well as providing an alternative to screen ALP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Stanislas Nsanzamahoro
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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Duarte R, Casal S, da Silva JA, Gomes A, Delgadillo I, Saraiva JA. Nutritional, Physicochemical, and Endogenous Enzyme Assessment of Raw Milk Preserved under Hyperbaric Storage at Variable Room Temperature. ACS Food Sci Technol 2022; 2:961-974. [PMID: 36570727 PMCID: PMC9778117 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Raw milk (a highly perishable food) was preserved at variable room temperature (RT) under hyperbaric storage (HS) (50-100 MPa) for 60 days and compared with refrigeration (RF) under atmospheric pressure (AP) on quality, nutritional, and endogenous enzyme activity parameters. Overall, a comparable raw milk preservation outcome was observed between storage under AP/RF and 50/RT after 14 days, with similar variations in the parameters studied indicating milk degradation. Differently, even after 60 days (the maximum period studied) under 75-100/RT, a slower milk degradation was achieved, keeping most of the parameters similar to those of milk prior to storage, including pH, titratable acidity, total solid content, density, color, viscosity, and volatile organic and fatty acid profiles, but with higher free amino acid content, signs of an overall better preservation. These results indicate an improved preservation and enhanced shelf life of raw milk by HS/RT versus RF, showing HS potential for milk and highly perishable food preservation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo
V. Duarte
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Universidade
de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,Universidade
Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química
Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola
Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório
de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade
de Farmácia – Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A.
Lopes da Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Universidade
de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Universidade
Católica Portuguesa, CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química
Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola
Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivonne Delgadillo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Universidade
de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. Saraiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Universidade
de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,
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12
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Gerokomou V, Rozos G, Demertzis P, Akrida-demertzi K. Assessment of Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Pasteurized Milk. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:4833. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to detect the concentration levels of ALP (alkaline phosphatase) in pasteurized milk and determine whether the pasteurization was successful or not, according to WHO Directives, which clearly state that the ALP (alkaline phosphatase) substance in pasteurized milk must be totally inactivated, by implementing a newly developed method. The study, additionally, focused on repeatability, stability of results, the effect of the environmental temperature, the effect of the different origins of the milk and convenience with respect to performance characteristics of three methods for the detection of ALP. The milk samples were collected from different areas of Greece during February 2016–February 2018 and May 2019–January 2020. The novel enzymatic biochemical method, named the “AP test”, showed superior characteristics for a diversity of materials such as milk, whey, cheese and butter in comparison to the other two methods that were used for screening and quantitative estimation of the concentration of ALP in samples.
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14
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Wu H, Wang Y, Li H, Meng L, Zheng N, Wang J. Protective Effect of Alkaline Phosphatase Supplementation on Infant Health. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091212. [PMID: 35563935 PMCID: PMC9101100 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is abundant in raw milk. Because of its high heat resistance, ALP negative is used as an indicator of successful sterilization. However, pasteurized milk loses its immune protection against allergy. Clinically, ALP is also used as an indicator of organ diseases. When the activity of ALP in blood increases, it is considered that diseases occur in viscera and organs. Oral administration or injecting ALP will not cause harm to the body and has a variety of probiotic effects. For infants with low immunity, ALP intake is a good prebiotic for protecting the infant’s intestine from potential pathogenic bacteria. In addition, ALP has a variety of probiotic effects for any age group, including prevention and treatment intestinal diseases, allergies, hepatitis, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetes, and even the prevention of aging. The prebiotic effects of alkaline phosphatase on the health of infants and consumers and the content of ALP in different mammalian raw milk are summarized. The review calls on consumers and manufacturers to pay more attention to ALP, especially for infants with incomplete immune development. ALP supplementation is conducive to the healthy growth of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62816069
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (H.L.); (L.M.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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15
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Wu H, Wang Y, Hao X, Meng L, Li H, Cheng M, Zheng N, Wang J. Effect of TBC of raw milk and thermal treatment intensity on endotoxin contents of milk products. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Zhao Z, Liu N, Wang C, Cheng J, Guo M. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed whey proteins in Saanen goat milk from different provinces in China using a data-independent acquisition technique. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10513-10527. [PMID: 34419278 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whey proteins of Saanen goat milk samples from 3 provinces in China (Guangdong, GD; Inner Mongolia, IM; Shaanxi, SX) were characterized and compared using data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics technique. A total of 550 proteins were quantified in all 3 samples. There were 44, 44, and 33 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) for GD versus IM, GD versus SX, and IM versus SX, respectively. Gene ontology annotation analysis showed that the largest number of DEP for the 3 comparisons were as follows: for biological processes: response to progesterone, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process, and negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation; for molecular functions: antioxidant activity, binding, and peroxiredoxin activity; and for cellular components: the same category of extracellular regions for the 3 comparisons, respectively. Pathways for the DEP of 3 comparisons were (1) disease; (2) synthesis and metabolism; and (3) synthesis, degradation, and metabolism. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that DEP for GD versus SX had the most interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Cuina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; Department of Food Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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Todaro M, Lo Presti V, Macaluso A, Alleri M, Licitra G, Chiofalo V. Alkaline Phosphatase Survey in Pecorino Siciliano PDO Cheese. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071648. [PMID: 34359518 PMCID: PMC8304104 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cheeses has become an official method for controlling cheeses with a protected designation of origin (PDO), all of which use raw milk. PDO cheeses, characterized by high craftsmanship, usually have an uneven quality. However, for these cheeses, it is necessary to establish ALP values so that they can be defined as a raw milk product. In this study, a dataset with Pecorino Siciliano PDO samples was analyzed to determine ALP both at the core and under the rind. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the different zones in Pecorino cheese. A second dataset of 100 pecorino cheese samples determined that ALP was only at the core of the cheese. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the ALP values of cheeses produced with raw milk and those produced with pasteurized milk. Furthermore, according to the temperatures, a wide variability of ALP values was observed in the Pecorino Siciliano PDO samples from the core of the cheeses. This was a result of several under scotta whey cooking methodologies adopted by cheesemakers, which do not permit a clear range. Therefore, further investigation is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Todaro
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie Alimentari Forestali, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 13, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, viale dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Macaluso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, viale dell’Annunziata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Maria Alleri
- Nuovo Consorzio di Tutela del Pecorino Siciliano DOP, via dell’amicizia 26, 91020 Poggioreale (TP), Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Licitra
- Consorzio per la Ricerca nel Settore della Filiera Lattiero-Casearia e dell’Agroalimentare, SP 25, 97100 Ragusa, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Chiofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, viale dell’Annunziata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (V.C.)
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Sivakumar R, Lee NY. Recent progress in smartphone-based techniques for food safety and the detection of heavy metal ions in environmental water. Chemosphere 2021; 275:130096. [PMID: 33677270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging smartphone-based point-of-care tests (POCTs) are cost-effective, precise, and easy to implement in resource-limited areas. Thus, they are considered a potential alternative to conventional diagnostic testing. This review explores food safety and the detection of metal ions in environmental water based on unprecedented smartphone technology. Specifically, we provide an overview of various methods used for target analyte detection (antibiotics, enzymes, mycotoxins, pathogens, pesticides, small molecules, and metal ions), such as colorimetric, fluorescence, microscopic imaging, and electrochemical methods. This paper performs a comprehensive review of smartphone-based POCTs developed in the last three years (2018-2020) and evaluates their relative advantages and limitations. Moreover, we discuss the imperative role of new technology in the progress of POCTs. Sensor materials (metal nanoparticles, carbon dots, quantum dots, organic substrates, etc.) and detection techniques (paper-based, later flow assay, microfluidic platform, etc.) involved in POCTs based on smartphones, and the challenges faced by these techniques, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Sivakumar
- Department of Industrial Environmental Engineering, College of Industrial Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, South Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, South Korea.
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Park S, Seo S, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor using a bienzymatic system consisting of β-galactosidase and glucose dehydrogenase. Analyst 2021; 146:3880-3887. [PMID: 33983348 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bienzymatic systems are often used with electrochemical affinity biosensors to achieve high signal levels and/or low background levels. It is important to select two enzymes whose reactions do not exhibit mutual interference but have similar optimal conditions. Here, we report a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on a bienzymatic system consisting of β-galactosidase (Gal, a hydrolase enzyme) and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH, a redox enzyme). Both enzymes showed high activities at neutral pH, the reactions catalyzed by them did not exhibit mutual interference, and the electrochemical-enzymatic redox cycling based on FAD-GDH coupled with enzymatic amplification by Gal enabled high signal amplification. Among the three amino-hydroxy-naphthalenes and 4-aminophenol (potential Gal products), 4-amino-1-naphthol showed the highest signal amplification. Glucose, as an electro-inactive, stable reducing agent for redox cycling, helped in achieving low background levels. Our bienzymatic system could detect parathyroid hormone at a detection limit of ∼0.2 pg mL-1, implying that it can be used for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of parathyroid hormone and other biomarkers in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seungah Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Stocco G, Summer A, Cipolat-Gotet C, Malacarne M, Cecchinato A, Amalfitano N, Bittante G. The mineral profile affects the coagulation pattern and cheese-making efficiency of bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8439-8453. [PMID: 34053760 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural variations in milk minerals, their relationships, and their associations with the coagulation process and cheese-making traits present an opportunity for the differentiation of milk destined for high-quality natural products, such as traditional specialties or Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheeses. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of the native contents of Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg on 18 traits describing traditional milk coagulation properties (MCP), curd firming over time (CFt) equation parameters, cheese yield (CY) measures, and nutrient recoveries in the curd (REC) using models that either included or omitted the simultaneous effects of milk fat and casein contents. The results showed that, by including milk fat and casein and the minerals in the statistical model, we were able to determine the specific effects of each mineral on coagulation and cheese-making efficiency. In general, about two-thirds of the apparent effects of the minerals on MCP and the CFt equation parameters are actually mediated by their association with milk composition, especially casein content, whereas only one-third of the effects are direct and independent of milk composition. In the case of cheese-making traits, the effects of the minerals were mediated only negligibly by their association with milk composition. High Ca content had a positive effect on the coagulation pattern and cheese-making traits, favoring water retention in the curd in particular. Phosphorus positively affected the cheese-making traits in that it was associated with an increase in CY in terms of curd solids, and in all the nutrient recovery traits. However, a very high P content in milk was associated with lower fat recovery in the curd. The variation in the Na content in milk only mildly affected coagulation, whereas with regard to cheese-making, protein recovery was negatively associated with high concentrations of this mineral. Potassium seemed not to be actively involved in coagulation and the cheese-making process. Magnesium content tended to slow coagulation and reduce CY measures. Further studies on the relationships of minerals with casein and protein fractions could deepen our knowledge of the role of all minerals in coagulation and the cheese-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Stocco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Summer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Malacarne
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Nicolò Amalfitano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Shaban SM, Moon BS, Pyun DG, Kim DH. A colorimetric alkaline phosphatase biosensor based on p-aminophenol-mediated growth of silver nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 205:111835. [PMID: 33992822 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of proteins, nucleic acids, and biomolecules. It is a potential biomarker for diverse diseases such as breast cancer, osteopenia, and hepatobiliary. Herein, we developed a colorimetric sensor for the ALP assay based on its enzymatic activity to dephosphorylate the p-aminophenol phosphate (pAPP) into pAP. In a solution containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Ag+ ions prepared using a low concentration of NaBH4, pAP mediates the growth of AgNPs by reducing the concentration of Ag+ ions to enhance the intensity of localized surface plasmon resonance as the pAPP cannot induce a reduction of the remaining Ag+ due to the masking of the hydroxyl with phosphate. The quantitative assay of the ALP was demonstrated via the colorimetric detection of the pAP-mediated growth of AgNPs in the presence of an ALP. The highly sensitive enzymatic growth of AgNPs provided a wider dynamic linear range of 0.5-225 U/L with a lower limit of detection of 0.24 U/L than that previously reported. The use of pAP resulted in excellent selectivity of the sensor for the ALP assay in human serum, yielding a high recovery rate and a high precision of 99.2 ± 1.5 % for the standard addition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy M Shaban
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Republic of Korea; Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Egypt
| | - Byeong-Seok Moon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Gi Pyun
- Biomedical Polymer R&D institute, T&L Co., Ltd, Anseong, 17554, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Wang X, Zhou S, Chu C, Yang M, Huo D, Hou C. Target-induced transcription amplification to trigger the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas13a (TITAC-Cas) for detection of alkaline phosphatase. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 185:113281. [PMID: 33940494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an ultra-sensitive alkaline phosphatase (ALP) sensing strategy is developed by target-induced transcription amplification to trigger the trans-cleavage activity of Cas13a (TITAC-Cas). A double-stranded DNA duplex integrating a T7 promoter with 5'-phosphate and a transcription template (5'P-dsDNA) serves as the ALP substrate. In the absence of ALP, 5'P-dsDNA can be degraded by the λexo, leading to the subsequent transcription failure. In the presence of ALP, dephosphorylation reaction converts the 5'P-dsDNA to 5'OH-dsDNA and provides the protection for T7 promoter against the λexo-digestion. The intact T7 promoter of 5'OH-dsDNA can activate T7 transcription to produce a mass of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). The ssRNA products possess a full complementarity to the spacer of crRNA and activate the ssRNase activity of CRISPR/Cas13a. As a result, Cas13a exhibits the indiscriminate cleavage of collateral FQ-reporter to release significant fluorescence signal, realizing the ultra-sensitive detection of ALP. Due to the triple signal amplification (ALP self-catalysis, T7 transcription amplification, and trans-cleavage of CRISPR/Cas13a), TITAC-Cas assay shows the ultra-sensitive detection of ALP activity with a wide linear range from 0.008 to 250 U∙L-1). The LOD is calculated to be 6 ± 0.52 mU∙L-1. TITAC-Cas assay is also successfully applied for analysis of ALP activity in HepG2 cell lysate with high fidelity. In addition, this method is employed to screen ALP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Shiying Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Chengxiang Chu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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Abstract
Simple Summary The camel milk market was limited for a long time by its almost exclusive self-consumption use in nomadic camps. Significant development has been observed for the past two or three decades, including internationally, boosted by its reputation regarding its health effects for regular consumers. Such emergence has led the stakeholders in the sector to offer diversified products corresponding to the tastes of increasingly urbanized consumers, more sensitive to “modern” products. Thus, traditionally drunk in raw or naturally fermented form, camel milk has undergone unprecedented transformations such as pasteurization, directed fermentation, cheese or yoghurt processing, and manufacture of milk powder for the export market. However, the specific characteristics of this milk (composition, physical properties) mean that the technologies applied (copied from technologies used for cow milk) must be adapted. In this review, some technological innovations are presented, enabling stakeholders of the camel milk sector to satisfy the demand of manufacturers and consumers. Abstract Camel milk is a newcomer to domestic markets and especially to the international milk market. This recent emergence has been accompanied by a diversification of processed products, based on the technologies developed for milk from other dairy species. However, technical innovations had to be adapted to a product with specific behavior and composition. The transformation of camel milk into pasteurized milk, fermented milk, cheese, powder, or other products was supported, under the pressure of commercial development, by technological innovations made possible by a basic and applied research set. Some of these innovations regarding one of the less studied milk sources are presented here, as well as their limitations. Technical investigations for an optimal pasteurization, development of controlled fermentation at industrial scale, control of cheese technology suitable for standardized production, and improvements in processes for the supply of a high-quality milk powder are among the challenges of research regarding camel milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaukhar Konuspayeva
- UMR SELMET, CIRAD-ES, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Bernard Faye
- UMR SELMET, CIRAD-ES, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-671-355-928
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Clawin‐Rädecker I, De Block J, Egger L, Willis C, Da Silva Felicio MT, Messens W. The use of alkaline phosphatase and possible alternative testing to verify pasteurisation of raw milk, colostrum, dairy and colostrum-based products. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06576. [PMID: 33968255 PMCID: PMC8085980 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurisation of raw milk, colostrum, dairy or colostrum-based products must be achieved using at least 72°C for 15 s, at least 63°C for 30 min or any equivalent combination, such that the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test immediately after such treatment gives a negative result. For cows' milk, a negative result is when the measured activity is ≤ 350 milliunits of enzyme activity per litre (mU/L) using the ISO standard 11816-1. The use and limitations of an ALP test and possible alternative methods for verifying pasteurisation of those products from other animal species (in particular sheep and goats) were evaluated. The current limitations of ALP testing of bovine products also apply. ALP activity in raw ovine milk appears to be about three times higher and in caprine milk about five times lower than in bovine milk and is highly variable between breeds. It is influenced by season, lactation stage and fat content. Assuming a similar pathogen inactivation rate to cows' milk and based on the available data, there is 95-99% probability (extremely likely) that pasteurised goat milk and pasteurised sheep milk would have an ALP activity below a limit of 300 and 500 mU/L, respectively. The main alternative methods currently used are temperature monitoring using data loggers (which cannot detect other process failures such as cracked or leaking plates) and the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae (which is not suitable for pasteurisation verification but is relevant for hygiene monitoring). The inactivation of certain enzymes other than ALP may be more suitable for the verification of pasteurisation but requires further study. Secondary products of heat treatment are not suitable as pasteurisation markers due to the high temperatures needed for their production. More research is needed to facilitate a definitive conclusion on the applicability of changes in native whey proteins as pasteurisation markers.
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Wang Y, Hu W, Deng Z, He X. Rapid identification of magnesium ascorbyl phosphate utilizing phosphatase through a chromogenic change-coupled activity assay. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2901-9. [PMID: 33754168 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a chromogenic reaction between magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP) and ferric chloride to generate a Brown-Red clathrate, while the Treated MAP by phosphatases forms Colorless (BRTC) product with ferric chloride. The BRTC was indicative of phosphatase activity-mediated excision of phosphorous group from MAP and utilized to screen phosphatases from bacterial cell lysates. From ten tested strains, BRTC was observed in the cell lysate of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cerro 87. BRTC was again employed to track phosphatase activity of the resuspensions of the ammonium sulfate graded precipitations of the cell lysate. Two phosphatases, PhoN and YcdX, were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis in the protein fraction giving most obvious BRTC phenotype and validated by examination of in vitro activity of the purified proteins. KEY POINTS: • BRTC is labelling-free, naked-eye visible, and independent of any facilities. • BRTC can directly screen phosphatases from microbial cell lysates. • Using BRTC system, two phosphatases were identified in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cerro 87.
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26
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Anedda R, Pardu A, Korb JP, Curti E. Effect of the manufacturing process on Fiore Sardo PDO cheese microstructure by multi-frequency NMR relaxometry. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110079. [PMID: 33648298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The quality of Fiore Sardo cheese, a traditional Italian dairy product, was analyzed by means of Multi-frequency Nuclear Magnetic (NMR) relaxometry. Specifically, ten cheese wheels were purchased from different production chains, either industrial (N = 5) or artisanal (N = 5) samples. The former came from large scale productions and the latter were produced by shepherds in small quantities and in very small dairy factories. A preliminary interlaboratory proficiency testing of Time Domain - NMR (TD-NMR, 20 MHz) relaxometry by five laboratories, consistently showed that product quality is significantly different in terms of molecular mobility according to their production chain (i.e. industrial or artisanal). More detailed information about cheese microstructure was obtained by Multi-frequency Fast Field Cycling NMR (FFC-NMR) at lower magnetic fields (0.01-10 MHz). According to the interpretative model adopted to describe FFC-NMR data, industrially processed cheeses showed a higher para-casein hydration, higher protein protons to water protons ratio and a higher disorder (lower fractal dimension df) than artisanal products. It is suggested that differences between artisanal and industrial cheeses generate from the processing steps preceding cheese maturation, and are clearly reflected in the visual appearance of cheeses. This study shows that NMR relaxometry techniques can successfully discriminate Fiore Sardo cheese from different production chains, and paves the way for their implementation in quality control practices of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km 8.400 Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - A Pardu
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km 8.400 Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - J-P Korb
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E Curti
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km 8.400 Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
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Paun VI, Lavin P, Chifiriuc MC, Purcarea C. First report on antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial activity of bacterial isolates from 13,000-year old cave ice core. Sci Rep 2021; 11:514. [PMID: 33436712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the unique physiology and metabolic pathways of microbiomes from cold environments providing key evolutionary insights and promising leads for discovering new bioactive compounds, cultivable bacteria entrapped in perennial ice from caves remained a largely unexplored life system. In this context, we obtained and characterized bacterial strains from 13,000-years old ice core of Scarisoara Ice Cave, providing first isolates from perennial ice accumulated in caves since Late Glacial, and first culture-based evidences of bacterial resistome and antimicrobial compounds production. The 68 bacterial isolates belonged to 4 phyla, 34 genera and 56 species, with 17 strains representing putative new taxa. The Gram-negative cave bacteria (Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) were more resistant to the great majority of antibiotic classes than the Gram-positive ones (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes). More than 50% of the strains exhibited high resistance to 17 classes of antibiotics. Some of the isolates inhibited the growth of clinically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative resistant strains and revealed metabolic features with applicative potential. The current report on bacterial strains from millennia-old cave ice revealed promising candidates for studying the evolution of environmental resistome and for obtaining new active biomolecules for fighting the antibiotics crisis, and valuable cold-active biocatalysts.
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Yousef SM, El-Gendi H, Ghozlan H, Sabry SA, Soliman NA, Abdel-Fattah YR. Production, partial purification and characterization of alkaline phosphatase from a thermo-alkaliphile Geobacillus thermodenitrificans I2 isolate. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Morosanova MA, Fedorova TV, Polyakova AS, Morosanova EI. Agaricus bisporus Crude Extract: Characterization and Analytical Application. Molecules 2020; 25:E5996. [PMID: 33352884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work crude Agaricus bisporus extract (ABE) has been prepared and characterized by its tyrosinase activity, protein composition and substrate specificity. The presence of mushroom tyrosinase (PPO3) in ABE has been confirmed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by MALDI TOF/TOF MS-based analysis. GH27 alpha-glucosidases, GH47 alpha-mannosidases, GH20 hexosaminidases, and alkaline phosphatases have been also detected in ABE. ABE substrate specificity has been studied using 19 phenolic compounds: polyphenols (catechol, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, quercetin, rutin, dihydroquercetin, l-dihydroxyphenylalanine, resorcinol, propyl gallate) and monophenols (l-tyrosine, phenol, p-nitrophenol, o-nitrophenol, guaiacol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol). The comparison of ABE substrate specificity and affinity to the corresponding parameters of purified A. bisporus tyrosinase has revealed no major differences. The conditions for spectrophotometric determination have been chosen and the analytical procedures for determination of 1.4 × 10-4-1.0 × 10-3 M l-tyrosine, 3.1 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-4 M phenol, 5.4 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M catechol, 8.5 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M caffeic acid, 1.5 × 10-4-7.5 × 10-4 M chlorogenic acid, 6.8 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M l-DOPA have been proposed. The procedures have been applied for the determination of l-tyrosine in food supplements, l-DOPA in synthetic serum, and phenol in waste water from the food manufacturing plant. Thus, we have demonstrated the possibility of using ABE as a substitute for tyrosinase in such analytical applications, as food supplements, medical and environmental analysis.
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Scudino H, Silva EK, Gomes A, Guimarães JT, Cunha RL, Sant'Ana AS, Meireles MAA, Cruz AG. Ultrasound stabilization of raw milk: Microbial and enzymatic inactivation, physicochemical properties and kinetic stability. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 67:105185. [PMID: 32474185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of non-thermal and thermal high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment on the microbial and enzymatic inactivation, physicochemical properties, and kinetic stability of the raw milk by applying different energy densities (1, 3, 5, and 7 kJ/mL). Two HIUS treatments were evaluated based on different nominal powers, named HIUS-A and HIUS-B, using 100 W and 475 W, respectively. HIUS-A treatment was non-thermal processing while HIUS-B was a thermal treatment only for the energy densities of 5 and 7 kJ/mL since the final temperature was above 70 °C. The HIUS-B treatment showed to be more efficient. Log reductions up to 3.9 cycles of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria (AMHB) were achieved. Significant reductions of the fat globule size, with diameters lower than 1 µm, better color parameters, and kinetic stability during the storage were observed. Also, HIUS-B treatment inactivated the alkaline phosphatase and lactoperoxidase. The HIUS-B treatment at 3 kJ/mL worked below 57 °C being considered a border temperature since it did not cause unwanted physicochemical effects. Furthermore, a microbial inactivation of 1.8 ± 0.1 log cycles of AMHB was observed. A proper inactivation of only the Alkaline phosphatase and a significant reduction of the fat globules sizes, which kept the milk kinetically stable during storage was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Scudino
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andresa Gomes
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas T Guimarães
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosiane L Cunha
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M Angela A Meireles
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Curti E, Pardu A, Melis R, Addis M, Pes M, Pirisi A, Anedda R. Molecular mobility changes after high-temperature, short-time pasteurization: An extended time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance screening of ewe milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9881-9892. [PMID: 32921454 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an extensive investigation on the effect of pasteurization on raw whole ewe milk. Milk samples have been analyzed, throughout lactation (from February to July), by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR), collecting the characteristic TD-NMR relaxation parameters, proton longitudinal and transverse relaxation times (1H T1 and T2). Collected data aim at integrating previous NMR works, mainly focusing on dairy model systems (casein and whey proteins solutions and gels, reconstituted skim milk) and cheese, with specific reference to the effect of heat treatments. Whole ewe milk, from a single flock (Sarda sheep breed), was daily analyzed both as untreated (raw) and heat treated with a laboratory-scaled high-temperature, short-time treatment (72°C for 15 and 20 s). Moreover, molecular dynamics in milk were investigated by TD-NMR in different periods of lactation for the first time. As a consequence of high-temperature short-time treatment, 1H T1 and T2 consistently shifted to lower values with respect to raw counterparts. Statistical analysis indicated a significant decrease of T2 in treated samples, to an extent dependent on the heat treatment duration. A subset of dedicated experiments demonstrated that the observed T2 shift is largely ascribable to protein molecular rearrangements and, to a lesser extent, to the interaction of fat globules with proteins or other nonfat components (or both). In light of the crucial importance of detecting the application of a heat treatment to milk, the results reported here suggest TD-NMR relaxation parameters were able to describe heat-induced changes in molecular dynamics and interactions of milk components in a water-rich environment. The use of TD-NMR can be considered a potential suitable technique for quality control and assurance practices in the dairy industry. Upon statistical validation of methods, the application of TD-NMR in the dairy industry would take advantage of its low cost, reliability, and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Curti
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km. 8,400 Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero (SS), Italy
| | - A Pardu
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km. 8,400 Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero (SS), Italy
| | - R Melis
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km. 8,400 Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero (SS), Italy
| | - M Addis
- AGRIS Sardegna (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
| | - M Pes
- AGRIS Sardegna (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
| | - A Pirisi
- AGRIS Sardegna (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
| | - R Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km. 8,400 Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero (SS), Italy.
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Sevastou A, Tragoulias SS, Kalogianni DP, Christopoulos TK. Mix-and-read method for assessment of milk pasteurization using a smartphone or a common digital camera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5663-9. [PMID: 32613568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is the most widely used marker of the adequacy of milk pasteurization since it is inactivated at temperatures slightly higher than those required for elimination of pathogens. The cutoff level is 350 mU/L. The approved colorimetric, fluorometric, and chemiluminometric methods require specialized readers with photomultipliers as detectors, and the samples are usually analyzed one-by-one. We developed a low-cost mix-and-read method that exploited a smartphone or a common digital camera as detectors for the chemiluminometric determination of ALP in milk. As samples, we used pasteurized cow and sheep milk spiked with ALP, as well as mixtures of pasteurized and raw (non-pasteurized) milk. Chemiluminescence images acquired by the smartphone or the digital camera were analyzed by the ImageJ software. The limits of detection (LODs), for images captured by the smartphone, were 4.4 mU/L and 11.1 mU/L for cow milk and sheep milk, respectively, while with the digital camera, the respective LODs were 6.2 mU/L and 6.7 mU/L, respectively. The coefficients of variation (CVs) at the cutoff level of 350 mU/L were 8% and 8.5% for the cow and sheep milk, respectively. For images by the digital camera, the CVs were 5.8% and 5% for cow and sheep milk, respectively. The performance of the method is similar to methods that use a microtiter plate and a luminometer for chemiluminescence measurements. Sample pretreatment is not necessary. The microtiter well format combined with detection by a smartphone enables the analysis of multiple samples simultaneously. It is anticipated that the method will prove useful for the rapid assessment of milk pasteurization efficiency in dairy industries, especially in remote areas where expensive instruments are not available. Graphical abstract.
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Thum C, Ozturk G, McNabb WC, Roy NC, Leite Nobrega de Moura Bell JM. Effects of microwave processing conditions on microbial safety and antimicrobial proteins in bovine milk. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis CA USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of California Davis CA USA
- Food Nutrition & Health Team AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre Palmerston North New Zealand
- Riddet Institute Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Gulustan Ozturk
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis CA USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of California Davis CA USA
| | | | - Nicole C. Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre Palmerston North New Zealand
- Riddet Institute Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
- High‐Value Nutrition National Science Challenge Palmerston North New Zealand
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Sarver R, Higbee C, Biswas P, Zhang L, Banner N, Rice J, Mozola M, Tollakson Z, Hardrath L, Bulthaus M, Zangl J. A Portable Chemiluminescence Assay of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity To Monitor Pasteurization of Milk Products. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2119-2125. [PMID: 31729916 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A chemiluminescence assay using a handheld luminometer to measure the activity of alkaline phosphatase was developed that can detect 0.002% or more of unpasteurized milk in various milk products. Evaluation of the assay followed an National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS)-approved protocol in which aliquots of pasteurized milk products were spiked with raw milk at various levels. Milk products evaluated included skim white milk, 1 and 2% fat content white milk, whole white milk, strawberry-flavored 1% fat content milk, chocolate-flavored 1% fat content milk, half-and-half, and heavy cream. Split samples were prepared, and alkaline phosphatase activities were determined in triplicate on 4 days by three NCIMS-accredited laboratories by the chemiluminescent method and NCIMS-approved reference methods. Equivalence of the chemiluminescent method to the approved reference methods was demonstrated for all eight products evaluated over a range of raw milk concentration from 0 to 0.5%, using criteria established by NCIMS, in which mean results obtained by the three laboratories by the chemiluminescent method were within 1 standard deviation of the mean results obtained by the NCIMS-approved reference methods at each alkaline phosphatase concentration. Procedures for measurement of microbial and reactivated alkaline phosphatase were also established for the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sarver
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Cayley Higbee
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Preetha Biswas
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Nate Banner
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Jennifer Rice
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Mark Mozola
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912
| | - Zachari Tollakson
- Foreign Type Cheesemakers Association Laboratory, 1520 17th Street, Monroe, Wisconsin 53566
| | - Luci Hardrath
- AgSource Laboratories, 3700 Downwind Drive, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449
| | - Mary Bulthaus
- Eurofins DQCI, 5205 Quincy Street, Mounds View, Minnesota 55112, USA
| | - Justin Zangl
- Eurofins DQCI, 5205 Quincy Street, Mounds View, Minnesota 55112, USA
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Leite JA, Migotto AM, Landgraf M, Quintal VS, Gut JA, Tadini CC. Pasteurization efficiency of donor human milk processed by microwave heating. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ozkan B, Budama-Kilinc Y, Cakir-Koc R, Mese S, Badur S. Application of an immunoglobulin Y-alkaline phosphatase bioconjugate as a diagnostic tool for influenza A virus. Bioengineered 2019; 10:33-42. [PMID: 30913952 PMCID: PMC6527078 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1586054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of influenza A virus is essential since it can be confused with influenza A like illness and lead to inaccurate drug prescription. In this study, the M2e peptide, a strategic antigen that is conserved in all virus subtypes, was used as a diagnostic marker of influenza A. For the first time, M2e-specific IgY antibody was covalently conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme in the presence of glutaraldehyde. The antibody-enzyme bioconjugate was characterized by fluorescence and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, the diagnostic value of this bioconjugate was evaluated by direct sandwich ELISA using nasopharyngeal swab samples positive/negative for H1N1 and H3N2, which were previously analyzed by rRT-PCR for influenza. In conclusion, the M2e-specific IgY-ALP bioconjugate demonstrated positive results for Influenza A in samples that were diagnosed as Influenza A via the RT-PCR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Ozkan
- a Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Yasemin Budama-Kilinc
- a Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Rabia Cakir-Koc
- a Department of Bioengineering, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sevim Mese
- b Department of Virology and Fundamental Immunology, Istanbul Medical Faculty , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Selim Badur
- c GlaxoSmithKline-Vaccine , Istanbul , Turkey
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Lee Y, Kim SS, Lee JH. Chemiluminescent dual-enzyme immunoassays capable of simultaneously quantifying carbohydrate antigen 19–9 and carcinoma embryonic antigen in a sample. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abbring S, Ryan JT, Diks MAP, Hols G, Garssen J, van Esch BCAM. Suppression of Food Allergic Symptoms by Raw Cow's Milk in Mice is Retained after Skimming but Abolished after Heating the Milk-A Promising Contribution of Alkaline Phosphatase. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071499. [PMID: 31262028 PMCID: PMC6683262 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw cow's milk was previously shown to suppress allergic symptoms in a murine model for food allergy. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of fat content and heat-sensitive milk components to this allergy-protective effect. In addition, we determined the potency of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a heat-sensitive raw milk component, to affect the allergic response. C3H/HeOuJ mice were treated with raw milk, pasteurized milk, skimmed raw milk, pasteurized milk spiked with ALP, or phosphate-buffered saline for eight days prior to sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Effects of these milk types on the allergic response were subsequently assessed. Similar to raw milk, skimmed raw milk suppressed food allergic symptoms, demonstrated by a reduced acute allergic skin response and low levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2-related cytokines. This protective effect was accompanied by an induction of CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells and TGF-β-producing regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Pasteurized milk was not protective but adding ALP restored the allergy-protective effect. Not the fat content, but the heat-sensitive components are responsible for the allergy-protective effects of raw cow's milk. Adding ALP to heat-treated milk might be an interesting alternative to raw cow's milk consumption, as spiking pasteurized milk with ALP restored the protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mara A P Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Hols
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Caboni P, Maxia D, Scano P, Addis M, Dedola A, Pes M, Murgia A, Casula M, Profumo A, Pirisi A. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomics approach to discriminate Fiore Sardo cheese produced from raw or thermized ovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5005-5018. [PMID: 31005329 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermization is a sub-pasteurization heat treatment of cheese milk (at 57-68°C for 15-30 s) aimed to reduce the number of undesirable microbial contaminants with reduced heat damage to the indigenous milk enzymes. In this work, the effects of milk thermization on the compositional parameters, proteolysis indices, free fatty acid levels, and low molecular weight metabolite profiles of ovine cheese were studied. Cheese samples at different ripening stages and produced in 2 different periods of the year were analyzed. While the effects of milk thermization on cheese macro-compositional parameters and free fatty acid levels were not evident due to the predominant effects of milk seasonality and cheese ripening stage, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach of ovine cheese produced from raw and thermized milk highlighted strong differences at the metabolite level. Discriminant analysis applied to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data provided an excellent classification model where cheese samples were correctly classified as produced from raw or thermized milk. The metabolites that mostly changed due to the thermization process belonged to the classes of free amino acids and saccharides. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has proven to be a valid tool to study the effect of mild heat treatments on the polar metabolite profile in ovine cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - D Maxia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - P Scano
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554 km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; Institute for Macromolecular Studies (CNR-ISMAC), Via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Addis
- Agris Sardegna, Servizio Ricerca Prodotti di Origine Animale, Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
| | - A Dedola
- Agris Sardegna, Servizio Ricerca Prodotti di Origine Animale, Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
| | - M Pes
- Agris Sardegna, Servizio Ricerca Prodotti di Origine Animale, Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
| | - A Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - M Casula
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Profumo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A Pirisi
- Agris Sardegna, Servizio Ricerca Prodotti di Origine Animale, Loc. Bonassai, 07040 Olmedo, Italy
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Mahato K, Chandra P. Paper-based miniaturized immunosensor for naked eye ALP detection based on digital image colorimetry integrated with smartphone. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 128:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yang Y, Rader E, Peters-Carr M, Bent RC, Smilowitz JT, Guillemin K, Rader B. Ontogeny of alkaline phosphatase activity in infant intestines and breast milk. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:2. [PMID: 30606146 PMCID: PMC6318838 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of intestinal inflammation that primarily affects premature infants. A potential risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis is exposure of the premature neonatal intestine to environmental bacteria and their proinflammatory products such as lipopolysaccharide. The metalloenzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been shown to reduce lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation. Additionally, premature rat pups have reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and expression as compared to full term pups. To explore the possibility that the human premature neonatal intestine has a paucity of alkaline phosphatase activity, we measured endogenously produced intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in meconium as a function of gestational age. To test whether breast milk could serve as a source of exogenous alkaline phosphatase to the neonatal intestine through ingestion, we measured alkaline phosphatase activity in breast milk across a range of time points post-birth. Methods Alkaline phosphatase activity was quantified in 122 meconium samples from infants of gestational ages ranging from 24 to 40 weeks and in 289 breast milk samples collected from 78 individual mothers between days 2–49 post-birth. Results We observed a strong positive correlation between the meconium alkaline phosphatase activity and gestational age, with preterm infants having lower meconium alkaline phosphatase activities than early term or term infants. Breast milk alkaline phosphatase activity was highest in the first week post-birth, with peak alkaline phosphatase activity at day 2 post-birth, followed by relatively low alkaline phosphatase activity in weeks 2–7. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the two major risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis development, preterm birth and lack of breast milk feeding, both contributing to a paucity of alkaline phosphatase activity and impaired capacity to detoxify proinflammatory bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emilee Rader
- Department of Media and Information, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Rebecca C Bent
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, RiverBend Medical Center, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Rader
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Life Science II Room 131, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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Abbring S, Hols G, Garssen J, van Esch BCAM. Raw cow's milk consumption and allergic diseases - The potential role of bioactive whey proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 843:55-65. [PMID: 30439365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly in Western countries in the last decades. This increase is often explained by the loss of rural living conditions and associated changes in diet and lifestyle. In line with this 'hygiene hypothesis', several epidemiological studies have shown that growing up on a farm lowers the risk of developing allergic diseases. The consumption of raw, unprocessed, cow's milk seems to be one of the factors contributing to this protective effect. Recent evidence indeed shows an inverse relation between raw cow's milk consumption and the development of asthma and allergies. However, the consumption of raw milk is not recommended due to the possible contamination with pathogens. Cow's milk used for commercial purposes is therefore processed, but this milk processing is shown to abolish the allergy-protective effects of raw milk. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the components and mechanisms underlying the allergy-protective capacity of raw cow's milk. Only then, ways to produce a safe and protective milk can be developed. Since mainly heat treatment is shown to abolish the allergy-protective effects of raw cow's milk, the heat-sensitive whey protein fraction of raw milk is an often-mentioned source of the protective components. In this review, several of these whey proteins, their potential contribution to the allergy-protective effects of raw cow's milk and the consequences of heat treatment will be discussed. A better understanding of these bioactive whey proteins might eventually contribute to the development of new nutritional approaches for allergy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Hols
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Rankin SA, Bradley RL, Miller G, Mildenhall KB. A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy processing advancements-Pasteurization, cleaning and sanitation, and sanitary equipment design. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:9903-9915. [PMID: 29153179 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, advancements within the mainstream dairy foods processing industry have acted in complement with other dairy-affiliated industries to produce a human food that has few rivals with regard to safety, nutrition, and sustainability. These advancements, such as milk pasteurization, may appear commonplace in the context of a modern dairy processing plant, but some consideration of how these advancements came into being serve as a basis for considering what advancements will come to bear on the next century of processing advancements. In the year 1917, depending on where one resided, most milk was presented to the consumer through privately owned dairy animals, small local or regional dairy farms, or small urban commercial dairies with minimal, or at best nascent, processing capabilities. In 1917, much of the retail milk in the United States was packaged and sold in returnable quart-sized clear glass bottles fitted with caps of various design and composition. Some reports suggest that the cost of that quart of milk was approximately 9 cents-an estimated $2.00 in 2017 US dollars. Comparing that 1917 quart of milk to a quart of milk in 2017 suggests several differences in microbiological, compositional, and nutritional value as well as flavor characteristics. Although a more comprehensive timeline of significant processing advancements is noted in the AppendixTable A1 to this paper, we have selected 3 advancements to highlight; namely, the development of milk pasteurization, cleaning and sanitizing technologies, and sanitary specifications for processing equipment. Finally, we provide some insights into the future of milk processing and suggest areas where technological advancements may need continued or strengthened attention and development as a means of securing milk as a food of high safety and value for the next century to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rankin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison 53706.
| | - R L Bradley
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison 53706
| | | | - K B Mildenhall
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison 53706
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Yuivar Y, Barahona S, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Biochemical and Thermodynamical Characterization of Glucose Oxidase, Invertase, and Alkaline Phosphatase Secreted by Antarctic Yeasts. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:86. [PMID: 29312954 PMCID: PMC5733001 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes in diverse industries has increased substantially over past decades, creating a well-established and growing global market. Currently, the use of enzymes that work better at ambient or lower temperatures in order to decrease the temperatures of production processes is desirable. There is thus a continuous search for enzymes in cold environments, especially from microbial sources, with amylases, proteases, lipases and, cellulases being the most studied. Other enzymes, such as glucose oxidase (GOD), invertase (Inv), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), also have a high potential for application, but have been much less studied in microorganisms living in cold-environments. In this work, secretion of these three enzymes by Antarctic yeast species was analyzed, and five, three, and five species were found to produce extracellular GOD, Inv, and ALP, respectively. The major producers of GOD, Inv, and ALP were Goffeauzyma gastrica, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, and Dioszegia sp., respectively, from which the enzymes were purified and characterized. Contrary to what was expected, the highest GOD and Inv activities were found at 64°C and 60°C, respectively, and at 47°C for ALP. However, the three enzymes maintained a significant percentage of activity at lower temperatures, especially ALP that kept a 67 and 43% of activity at 10°C and 4°C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassef Yuivar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Boor KJ, Wiedmann M, Murphy S, Alcaine S. A 100-Year Review: Microbiology and safety of milk handling. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9933-9951. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Pramanik K, Ghosh PK, Ray S, Sarkar A, Mitra S, Maiti TK. An in silico structural, functional and phylogenetic analysis with three dimensional protein modeling of alkaline phosphatase enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:527-537. [PMID: 30647696 PMCID: PMC6296634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a primary macronutrient required for normal plant health, metabolism and survival. It is present in soil in compound insoluble form for which plant cannot uptake it directly from the soil. Some phosphate solubilizing bacteria possess some important enzymes for phosphate solubilization as well as mineralization. Alkaline (or basic) phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) is a type of zinc containing dimeric hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing the phosphate groups from various kinds of molecules including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. Unlike acid phosphatases alkaline phosphatases are most effective in an alkaline environment. Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) are of immense importance in various agricultural industries including dairy industries for testing successful pasteurization process. In this present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa phosphatase was selected for a detailed computational investigation to exploit its physicochemical characteristics, structural properties including 3D model, model quality analysis, phylogenetic assessment and functional analysis using a number of available standard bioinformatics tools. The protein having average molecular weight about 51 kDa, was found thermostable and alkaline in nature belonging to metalloenzyme superfamily. Specifically, the thermostable behavior of the protein is suitable for the dairy industry. Moreover, this theoretical overview will help researchers to get an idea about the predicted protein structure and it may also help to design genetically engineered phosphate solubilizing bacteria by designing specific primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Pramanik
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Burdwan University, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Pallab Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Marine Science, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyajit Ray
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Burdwan University, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Anumita Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Government General Degree College, Singur, West Bengal 712409, India
| | - Soumik Mitra
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Burdwan University, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Burdwan University, West Bengal 713104, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Food Science; Gregory Building; 276 Leith Walk Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- Riddet Institute; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Department of Food Science; Gregory Building; 276 Leith Walk Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Phil Bremer
- Department of Food Science; Gregory Building; 276 Leith Walk Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - David W Everett
- Riddet Institute; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
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Bolzoni G, Marcolini A, Ferrini AM, Buffoli E. Production and Validation of an Alkaline Phosphatase Reference Material in Lyophilized Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017; 10:559-564. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ntuli V, Njage P, Buys E. Characterization of Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae in producer-distributor bulk milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9534-9549. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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