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Santana A, Cajarville C, Mendoza A, Repetto JL. Including 8 hours of access to alfalfa in 1 or 2 grazing sessions in dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration: Effects on intake, behavior, digestion, and milk production and composition. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6060-6079. [PMID: 37474373 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of alfalfa grazing during 8 h continuous or partitioned in 2 separated sessions of 4 h after each milking, on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile, in late-lactation cows fed a partial mixed ration (PMR). Twelve dairy cows (193 ± 83 d in milk, 584 ± 71 kg of body weight) were housed in individual outdoor pens and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. The treatments were as follows: (1) control (T0), cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) provided ad libitum 20.0% crude protein (CP), 32.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); (2) fed a diet combining a PMR which had the same ingredient composition as the TMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 1 session of 8 h of pasture (T8), continuous grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa; 20.6% CP, 35.8% NDF) after the p.m. milking; and (3) PMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 2 daily sessions of 4 h of access to pasture after each milking (T4+4). The experiment lasted 57 d and was divided into 3 periods of 19 d each. The first 12 d of each period was used for diet adaptation, and the last 7 d was used for data collection. No differences among treatments were observed for any of the productive variables, feeding efficiency, or purine derivatives excretion. Cows in T0 had greater intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nonfibrous carbohydrates compared with T4+4 and T8. Compared with T0, alfalfa grazing increased the concentration of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased those of C16:0 and C17:0 in milk fat. Cows in T4+4 consumed 1.1 more kg DM/d of alfalfa and N provided by alfalfa in the diet was 3 percentage points higher compared with T8 cows (266 vs. 229 g/d, respectively). In addition, T4+4 cows had a greater daily range of ruminal pH than T8 (0.73 vs. 0.93), and the highest concentrations of NH3-N were recorded during the a.m. grazing session while in T8 cows it occurred during the night. In conclusion, including 8 h of alfalfa grazing in T8 and T4+4 treatments allowed the substitution between 35.8 and 38.7% of the total dry matter intake (DMI) of a PMR (with a similar CP concentration to alfalfa) for pasture, maintaining milk solids production and increasing the C18:1 trans-11 of milk fat compared with a TMR in mid late-lactation cows. In an herbage plus PMR diet, splitting the 1 continuous grazing session of 8 h into 2 sessions of 4 h increased the proportion of energy and N provided by alfalfa pasture and reduced PMR intake, without modifying the total nutrient intake or productive performance of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santana
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 801000, Uruguay
| | - C Cajarville
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 801000, Uruguay
| | - A Mendoza
- Programa de Producción de Leche, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia, 70002, Uruguay
| | - J L Repetto
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de los Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 801000, Uruguay.
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Grille L, Escobar D, Méndez MN, Adrien MDL, Olazabal L, Rodríguez V, Pelaggio R, Chilibroste P, Meikle A, Damián JP. Different Conditions during Confinement in Pasture-Based Systems and Feeding Systems Affect the Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk and Cheese of Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081426. [PMID: 37106989 PMCID: PMC10135254 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The diet of dairy cows influences the fatty acid (FA) profiles of their milk and cheese, but how these are affected by different conditions during confinement in a mixed system (MS:grazing + total mixed ration:TMR) is not known. The aim of this study was to compare the FAs of the milk and cheese from MS in a compost-bedded pack barns (CB-GRZ) versus an outdoor soil-bedded pen (OD-GRZ) during confinement, and with a confinement system (100%TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barns (CB-TMR). Individual milk samples (n = 12 cows/group), cheese, and pooled milk (MilkP) samples were collected. The saturated FA percentages in the milk and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio in the MilkP and cheese were greater for the CB-TMR (p < 0.0001), while the unsaturated and monounsaturated FA percentages in the milk were lower for the CB-TMR than the MS (p < 0.001). The milk n-3, C18:3, and conjugated linoleic acid percentages were lower for the CB-TMR than the MS (p < 0.001). The milk n-3 and C18:3 were higher for the CB-GRZ than the OD-GRZ (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed between the MS in the MilkP and cheese. In conclusion, CB-GRZ cows during confinement produced better quality milk compared to OD-GRZ cows. However, the FA profiles of the milk, MilkP, and cheese were affected to a greater extent by the feeding management than by the conditions during confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Grille
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Cenur Litoral Norte Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | | | - Maria Noel Méndez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - María de Lourdes Adrien
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Cenur Litoral Norte Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Laura Olazabal
- Departamento de Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay (LATU), Montevideo 11500, Uruguay
| | - Víctor Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Cenur Litoral Norte Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | | | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Ana Meikle
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Damián
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay
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Melendez P, Möller J, Arevalo A, Pinedo P. The effect of rumen-protected lysine and methionine on milk yield, milk components, and body weight in grazing Holstein cows during spring calving season in the southern hemisphere. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Salzano A, Fioriniello S, D'Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Aiese Cigliano R, Neglia G, Della Ragione F, Campanile G. Transcriptomic profiles of the ruminal wall in Italian Mediterranean dairy buffaloes fed green forage. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:133. [PMID: 36941576 PMCID: PMC10029215 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green feed diet in ruminants exerts a beneficial effect on rumen metabolism and enhances the content of milk nutraceutical quality. At present, a comprehensive analysis focused on the identification of genes, and therefore, biological processes modulated by the green feed in buffalo rumen has never been reported. We performed RNA-sequencing in the rumen of buffaloes fed a total mixed ration (TMR) + the inclusion of 30% of ryegrass green feed (treated) or TMR (control), and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using EdgeR and NOISeq tools. RESULTS We found 155 DEGs using EdgeR (p-values < 0.05) and 61 DEGs using NOISeq (prob ≥0.8), 30 of which are shared. The rt-qPCR validation suggested a higher reliability of EdgeR results as compared with NOISeq data, in our biological context. Gene Ontology analysis of DEGs identified using EdgeR revealed that green feed modulates biological processes relevant for the rumen physiology and, then, health and well-being of buffaloes, such as lipid metabolism, response to the oxidative stress, immune response, and muscle structure and function. Accordingly, we found: (i) up-regulation of HSD17B13, LOC102410803 (or PSAT1) and HYKK, and down-regulation of CDO1, SELENBP1 and PEMT, encoding factors involved in energy, lipid and amino acid metabolism; (ii) enhanced expression of SIM2 and TRIM14, whose products are implicated in the immune response and defense against infections, and reduced expression of LOC112585166 (or SAAL1), ROR2, SMOC2, and S100A11, encoding pro-inflammatory factors; (iii) up-regulation of NUDT18, DNAJA4 and HSF4, whose products counteract stressful conditions, and down-regulation of LOC102396388 (or UGT1A9) and LOC102413340 (or MRP4/ABCC4), encoding detoxifying factors; (iv) increased expression of KCNK10, CACNG4, and ATP2B4, encoding proteins modulating Ca2+ homeostasis, and reduced expression of the cytoskeleton-related MYH11 and DES. CONCLUSION Although statistically unpowered, this study suggests that green feed modulates the expression of genes involved in biological processes relevant for rumen functionality and physiology, and thus, for welfare and quality production in Italian Mediterranean dairy buffaloes. These findings, that need to be further confirmed through the validation of additional DEGs, allow to speculate a role of green feed in the production of nutraceutical molecules, whose levels might be enhanced also in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Della Ragione
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'A. Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Pozo CA, Kozloski GV, Cuffia M, Repetto JL, Cajarville C. Changing the grazing session from morning to afternoon or including tannins in the diet was effective in decreasing the urinary nitrogen of dairy cows fed a total mixed ration and herbage. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4987-5003. [PMID: 35450709 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether increasing soluble carbohydrates in the herbage by changing the time of the grazing session or including Acacia mearnsii tannin in the diet would affect intake, digestion, N partitioning, and productive performance of dairy cows fed a diet combining ryegrass herbage with partial total mixed ration (PMR). We hypothesized that both strategies could reduce the concentration of NH3-N in the rumen, reducing urinary N excretion. Nine Holstein cows were used in a triplicate 3 × 3 Latin square experiment with 3 experimental periods of 22 d. The cows were fed a fixed amount of PMR [60% of the predicted individual dry matter intake (DMI)], and an unrestricted amount of herbage in 1 grazing session of 5 h/d. The treatments were (1) morning grazing session and afternoon PMR meal (AM); (2) morning PMR meal and afternoon grazing session (PM); and (3) morning grazing session and afternoon PMR meal supplemented with 15.0 g of tannins/kg of PMR dry matter (TAN). Milk production was not affected by treatments. Although the protein concentration was lower for TAN than for PM, no differences were detected for the yield of any component between treatments. The concentration of individual or grouped fatty acids in milk fat was not affected by treatments, except for 16:1 cis-9 and Δ9-desaturase ratios 14:1/14:0 and 16:1/16:0, which were lower for TAN. Treatments did not affect total DMI, but PM tended to increase herbage DMI and reduce dry matter and crude protein digestibilities. Treatments did not affect cow eating and ruminating behavior except for the proportion of time spent eating PMR, which was higher for PM and TAN. Although no relevant effects of treatments on ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives excretion in urine, or N excretion in milk were detected, both PM and TAN decreased the total N excreted in urine by an average of 8% compared with AM. In conclusion, changing the grazing session from the morning to the afternoon and including tannins in the diet were effective in decreasing the excretion of urinary N but did not change the productive performance of dairy cows fed PMR and ryegrass herbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Pozo
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilberto V Kozloski
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maira Cuffia
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, 3080, Argentina
| | - José L Repetto
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 80100, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Cajarville
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Salud de Sistemas Productivos (IPAV), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José, 80100, Uruguay.
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Grille L, Adrien ML, Méndez MN, Chilibroste P, Olazabal L, Damián JP, Al-alawi A. Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Holstein Cows When Changed from a Mixed System to a Confinement System or Mixed System with Overnight Grazing. International Journal of Food Science 2022; 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35242874 PMCID: PMC8888079 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5610079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at comparing the milk fatty acid profile (FAP) of cows that changed from a mixed system (MS) of double grazing plus total mixed ration (TMR) to a total confinement system (TCS, 100% TMR) with cows that changed to another MS with one overnight grazing plus TMR and compare with cows that were kept unchanged in TCS. The diet change was made in the second month of lactation. The milk samples were collected at one (M1-spring) and three months of lactation (M3-summer). Three treatments are as follows (each n = 10): confined cows fed with TMR throughout the period (GTMR), cows that changed from MS with double grazing plus TMR in M1 to TCS in M3 (GCHD), and cows that changed from a MS with double grazing plus TMR in M1 to a MS with overnight grazing plus TMR in M3 (GTMR+P). Unlike GTMR+P, GCHD improved milk production after change (increased 14% from M1 to M3), but milk FAP was impaired. In M3, conjugated linoleic acid (C18 : 2-CLA) in GTMR and GCHD was lower than GTMR+P (p < 0.05), and linolenic (C18 : 3-n-3) was lower in GCHD than GTMR+P. Maintaining grazing in summer overnight sustained milk fat quality, evidenced by higher C18 : 3 (n-3); C18 : 2 (CLA); and n-6/n-3 ratio than cows that changed to TCS.
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Enriquez-Hidalgo D, Teixeira DL, Pinheiro Machado Filho LC, Hennessy D, Toro-Mujica P, Williams SRO, Pereira FC. Incorporating a Fresh Mixed Annual Ryegrass and Berseem Clover Forage Into the Winter Diet of Dairy Cows Resulted in Reduced Milk Yield, but Reduced Nitrogen Excretion and Reduced Methane Yield. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:576944. [PMID: 33330696 PMCID: PMC7714779 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.576944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The winter diet of dairy cows in Mediterranean climate regions is usually a total mixed ration with a base of conserved summer crops such as corn silage and alfalfa hay. However, there is increased labor and financial cost related to this kind of feeding, which could be reduced if fresh forages were used in place of some of the conserved forage in the cow diet. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of including fresh mixed annual ryegrass and berseem clover into the diet of dairy cows on milk, nitrogen utilization, and methane emission. Twenty-four lactating dairy cows were split into two groups and offered either a diet similar to that usually offered to the cows (CON) or one where a mixture of fresh annual ryegrass and berseem clover was used to partially substitute the corn silage and alfalfa hay in the diet (MIX). Milk yield was recorded automatically, and methane emissions were estimated using the SF6 tracer technique. The MIX diet had lower crude protein concentration (148 vs. 170 g/kg DM) but higher DM digestibility (81.6 vs. 78.6%) than the CON diet. Compared to the cows offered the CON diet, milk yield was reduced when cows were fed the MIX diet (36.4 vs. 31.9 kg/d), but methane emissions (381 vs. 332 g/d) and nitrogen excretion were also reduced (238 vs. 180 g/d). Nitrogen use efficiency was unaffected (30.8%). In addition, milk from cows fed the MIX diet had a fatty acid profile considered to be more beneficial to human health than that of the milk from cows fed the CON diet. Increasing the protein concentration in the MIX diet, either by direct supplementation or increasing the proportion of legume in the mixed herbage, could overcome the reduction on milk and positively affect methane emission and N use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enriquez-Hidalgo
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom.,Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile.,Rothamsted Research, Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Okehampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dayane Lemos Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | | | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Paula Toro-Mujica
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | | | - Fabiellen Cristina Pereira
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Etologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Fernandez-Turren G, Repetto JL, Arroyo JM, Pérez-Ruchel A, Cajarville C. Lamb Fattening Under Intensive Pasture-Based Systems: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E382. [PMID: 32120943 PMCID: PMC7143110 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of pasture-based systems on the fatty acid composition of sheep meat appear to be achievable despite variability in the quality of the pastures. Lambs fed high levels of temperate pastures have an excess of N-ammonia derived from protein degradation. Furthermore, animal performance is highly variable depending on the quality of the pasture at the time of grazing, and high animal performance in these systems appears to be linked to the use of high-quality pastures with high availability, and is possibly added to by the inclusion of concentrates that allow increasing energy intake and a better use of the N in the pasture. The combination of high-quality pastures and total mixed ration offers a good alternative to the inclusion of concentrates in the diet, improving the use of N, and avoiding acidosis problems. However, information to determine the effect of a number of nutritional strategies on meat quality, and the minimum level of pasture intake necessary to achieve the benefits of pastoral systems is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Fernandez-Turren
- Departamento de Producción Animal, IPAV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42,5 km, San José 80100, Uruguay; (J.L.R.); (J.M.A.); (A.P.-R.); (C.C.)
| | - José L. Repetto
- Departamento de Producción Animal, IPAV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42,5 km, San José 80100, Uruguay; (J.L.R.); (J.M.A.); (A.P.-R.); (C.C.)
| | - José M. Arroyo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, IPAV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42,5 km, San José 80100, Uruguay; (J.L.R.); (J.M.A.); (A.P.-R.); (C.C.)
- Programa Nacional de Investigación en Pasturas y Forrajes, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela 70002, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Analía Pérez-Ruchel
- Departamento de Producción Animal, IPAV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42,5 km, San José 80100, Uruguay; (J.L.R.); (J.M.A.); (A.P.-R.); (C.C.)
| | - Cecilia Cajarville
- Departamento de Producción Animal, IPAV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Ruta 1 km 42,5 km, San José 80100, Uruguay; (J.L.R.); (J.M.A.); (A.P.-R.); (C.C.)
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