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Orsolini S, Marzi C, Gavazzi G, Bianchi A, Salvadori E, Giannelli M, Donnini I, Rinnoci V, Pescini F, Pantoni L, Mascalchi M, Diciotti S. Altered Regional Brain Homogeneity of BOLD Signal in CADASIL: A Resting State fMRI Study. J Neuroimaging 2020; 31:348-355. [PMID: 33314416 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cognitive decline in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is assumed to be due to a cortical-subcortical disconnection secondary to damage to the cerebral white matter (WM). Using resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and analysis of the regional homogeneity (ReHo), we examined a group of CADASIL patients and a group of healthy subjects in order to: (1) explore possible differences between the two groups; and (2) to assess, in CADASIL patients, whether any ReHo abnormalities correlate with individual burdens of WM T2 -weighted hyperintensity and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived index of mean diffusivity (MD) of the cerebral WM, an index reflecting microstructural damage in CADASIL. METHODS Twenty-three paucisymptomatic CADASIL patients (13 females; age mean ± standard deviation = 43.6 ± 11.1 years; three symptomatic and 20 with no or few symptoms) and 16 healthy controls (nine females; age 46.6 ± 11.0 years) were examined with T1 -weighted, T2 -weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery images, DTI, and rsfMRI. RESULTS When compared to controls, CADASIL patients showed four clusters of significantly lower ReHo values in cortical areas belonging to networks involved in inhibition and attention, including the right insula, the left superior frontal gyrus, and the bilateral anterior cingulated cortex. ReHo changes did not correlate with an individual patient's lesion burden or MD. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals decreased ReHo of rsfMRI signals in cortical areas involved in inhibition and attention processes, suggesting a potential role for these functional cortical changes in CADASIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Orsolini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Chiara Marzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Integrated Imaging, IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Marco Giannelli
- Unit of Medical Physics, Pisa University Hospital "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana", Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Pantoni
- Stroke and Dementia Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Diciotti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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De Guio F, Duering M, Fazekas F, De Leeuw FE, Greenberg SM, Pantoni L, Aghetti A, Smith EE, Wardlaw J, Jouvent E. Brain atrophy in cerebral small vessel diseases: Extent, consequences, technical limitations and perspectives: The HARNESS initiative. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:231-245. [PMID: 31744377 PMCID: PMC7370623 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19888967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain atrophy is increasingly evaluated in cerebral small vessel diseases. We aim at systematically reviewing the available data regarding its extent, correlates and cognitive consequences. Given that in this context, brain atrophy measures might be biased, the first part of the review focuses on technical aspects. Thereafter, data from the literature are analyzed in light of these potential limitations, to better understand the relationships between brain atrophy and other MRI markers of cerebral small vessel diseases. In the last part, we review the links between brain atrophy and cognitive alterations in patients with cerebral small vessel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François De Guio
- Department of Neurology and Referral Center for Rare Vascular Diseases of the Brain and Retina (CERVCO), APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, DHU NeuroVasc, Univ Paris Diderot, and U1141 INSERM, France
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- "Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Aghetti
- Department of Neurology and Referral Center for Rare Vascular Diseases of the Brain and Retina (CERVCO), APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, DHU NeuroVasc, Univ Paris Diderot, and U1141 INSERM, France
| | - Eric E Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Department of Neurology and Referral Center for Rare Vascular Diseases of the Brain and Retina (CERVCO), APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, DHU NeuroVasc, Univ Paris Diderot, and U1141 INSERM, France
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Claesson TB, Putaala J, Shams S, Salli E, Gordin D, Liebkind R, Forsblom C, Summanen PA, Tatlisumak T, Groop PH, Martola J, Thorn LM. Comparison of Manual Cross-Sectional Measurements and Automatic Volumetry of the Corpus Callosum, and Their Clinical Impact: A Study on Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Controls. Front Neurol 2020; 11:27. [PMID: 32063882 PMCID: PMC7000520 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Degenerative change of the corpus callosum might serve as a clinically useful surrogate marker for net pathological cerebral impact of diabetes type 1. We compared manual and automatic measurements of the corpus callosum, as well as differences in callosal cross-sectional area between subjects with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study on 188 neurologically asymptomatic participants with type 1 diabetes and 30 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects, recruited as part of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. All participants underwent clinical work-up and brain MRI. Callosal area was manually measured and callosal volume quantified with FreeSurfer. The measures were normalized using manually measured mid-sagittal intracranial area and volumetric intracranial volume, respectively. Results: Manual and automatic measurements correlated well (callosal area vs. volume: ρ = 0.83, p < 0.001 and mid-sagittal area vs. intracranial volume: ρ = 0.82, p < 0.001). We found no significant differences in the callosal measures between cases and controls. In type 1 diabetes, the lowest quartile of normalized callosal area was associated with higher insulin doses (p = 0.029) and reduced insulin sensitivity (p = 0.033). In addition, participants with more than two cerebral microbleeds had smaller callosal area (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Manually measured callosal area and automatically segmented are interchangeable. The association seen between callosal size with cerebral microbleeds and insulin resistance is indicative of small vessel disease pathology in diabetes type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor-Björn Claesson
- Department of Radiology, Visby Regional Hospital, Visby, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Shams
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eero Salli
- HUS Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Finland Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ron Liebkind
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Finland Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A Summanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Finland Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Juha Martola
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lena M Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Finland Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Cognitive dysfunction and brain atrophy in Susac syndrome. J Neurol 2019; 267:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Jouvent E, Duering M, Chabriat H. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy: Lessons From Neuroimaging. Stroke 2019; 51:21-28. [PMID: 31752612 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.024152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jouvent
- From the Department of Neurology and Referral Center for Rare Vascular Diseases of the Brain and Retina (CERVCO), APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, F-75475 Paris, France (E.J., H.C.).,DHU NeuroVasc, University Paris Diderot (E.J., H.C.).,U1141 INSERM, Paris, France (E.J., H.C.)
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (M.D.).,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany (M.D.)
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- From the Department of Neurology and Referral Center for Rare Vascular Diseases of the Brain and Retina (CERVCO), APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, F-75475 Paris, France (E.J., H.C.).,DHU NeuroVasc, University Paris Diderot (E.J., H.C.).,U1141 INSERM, Paris, France (E.J., H.C.)
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Reduced resting-state brain functional network connectivity and poor regional homogeneity in patients with CADASIL. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:103. [PMID: 31711415 PMCID: PMC6849263 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) manifests principally as a suite of cognitive impairments, particularly in the executive domain. Executive functioning requires the dynamic coordination of neural activity over large-scale networks. It remains unclear whether changes in resting-state brain functional network connectivity and regional homogeneities (ReHos) underly the mechanisms of executive dysfunction evident in CADASIL patients. METHODS In this study, 22 CADASIL patients and 44 matched healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to measure functional brain network connectivity, and ReHos were calculated to evaluate local brain activities. We used seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses to determine whether dysfunctional areas (as defined by ReHos) exhibited abnormal FC with other brain areas. Relationships among the mean intra-network connectivity z-scores of dysfunctional areas within functional networks, and cognitive scores were evaluated using Pearson correlation analyses. RESULTS Compared to the controls, CADASIL patients exhibited decreased intra-network connectivity within the bilateral lingual gyrus (LG) and the right cuneus (CU) (thus within the visual network [VIN)], and within the right precuneus (Pcu), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and precentral gyrus (thus within the frontal network [FRN]). Compared to the controls, patients also exhibited significantly lower ReHos in the right precuneus and cuneus (Pcu/CU), visual association cortex, calcarine gyri, posterior cingulate, limbic lobe, and weaker FC between the right Pcu/CU and the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), and between the right Pcu/CU and the right postcentral gyrus. Notably, the mean connectivity z-scores of the bilateral LG and the right CU within the VIN were positively associated with compromised attention, calculation and delayed recall as revealed by tests of the various cognitive domains explored by the Mini-Mental State Examination. CONCLUSIONS The decreases in intra-network connectivity within the VIN and FRN and reduced local brain activity in the posterior parietal area suggest that patients with CADASIL may exhibit dysfunctional visuomotor behaviors (a hallmark of executive function), and that all visual information processing, visuomotor planning, and movement execution may be affected.
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Zhao B, Luo T, Li T, Li Y, Zhang J, Shan Y, Wang X, Yang L, Zhou F, Zhu Z, Zhu H. Genome-wide association analysis of 19,629 individuals identifies variants influencing regional brain volumes and refines their genetic co-architecture with cognitive and mental health traits. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1637-1644. [PMID: 31676860 PMCID: PMC6858580 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric variations of the human brain are heritable and are associated with many brain-related complex traits. Here we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 101 brain volumetric phenotypes using the UK Biobank sample including 19,629 participants. GWAS identified 365 independent genetic variants exceeding a significance threshold of 4.9 × 10-10, adjusted for testing multiple phenotypes. A gene-based association study found 157 associated genes (124 new), and functional gene mapping analysis linked 146 additional genes. Many of the discovered genetic variants and genes have previously been implicated in cognitive and mental health traits. Through genome-wide polygenic-risk-score prediction, more than 6% of the phenotypic variance (P = 3.13 × 10-24) in four other independent studies could be explained by the UK Biobank GWAS results. In conclusion, our study identifies many new genetic associations at the variant, locus and gene levels and advances our understanding of the pleiotropy and genetic co-architecture between brain volumes and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tianyou Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Shan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ziliang Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Su J, Wang M, Ban S, Wang L, Cheng X, Hua F, Tang Y, Zhou H, Zhai Y, Du X, Liu J. Relationship between changes in resting-state spontaneous brain activity and cognitive impairment in patients with CADASIL. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:36. [PMID: 30995925 PMCID: PMC6734224 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-0982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) mainly manifests with cognitive impairment. Cognitive deficits in patients with CADASIL are correlated with structural brain changes such as lacunar lesion burden, normalized brain volume, and anterior thalamic radiation lesions, but changes in resting-state functional brain activity in patients with CADASIL have not been reported. Methods This study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in 22 patients with CADASIL and 44 healthy matched controls. A seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis was used to investigate whether the dysfunctional areas identified by ALFF analysis exhibited abnormal FC with other brain areas. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to detect correlations between the ALFF z-score of abnormal brain areas and clinical scores in patients with CADASIL. Results Patients with CADASIL exhibited significantly lower ALFF values in the right precuneus and cuneus (Pcu/CU) and higher ALFF values in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and left cerebellar anterior and posterior lobes compared with controls. Patients with CADASIL showed weaker FC between the areas with abnormal ALFF (using peaks in the left and right SFG and the right Pcu/CU) and other brain areas. Importantly, the ALFF z-scores for the left and right SFG were negatively associated with cognitive performance, including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (MoCA), respectively, whereas those of the right Pcu/CU were positively correlated with the MMSE score. Conclusions This preliminary study provides evidence for changes in ALFF of the right Pcu/CU, bilateral SFG and left cerebellar anterior and posterior lobes, and associations between ALFF values for abnormal brain areas and cognitive performance in patients with CADASIL. Therefore, spontaneous brain activity may be a novel imaging biomarker of cognitive impairment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Su
- Department of Neurology and Jiuyuan Municipal Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.,College of Medical Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Highway, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Ban
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengchun Hua
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai, 200235, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Houguang Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhai
- Department of Neurology and Jiuyuan Municipal Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianren Liu
- Department of Neurology and Jiuyuan Municipal Stroke Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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