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Lanciano T, Alfeo F, Curci A, Marin C, D'Uggento AM, Decarolis D, Öner S, Anthony K, Barzykowski K, Bascón M, Benavides A, Cabildo A, de la Mata-Benítez ML, Ergen İ, Filip K, Gofman A, Janssen SMJ, Kai-Bin Z, Markostamou I, Matías-García JA, Nourkova V, Oleksiak S, Santamaría A, Szpunar K, Taylor A, Watson LA, Zheng J. The flashbulb-like nature of memory for the first COVID-19 case and the impact of the emergency. A cross-national survey. Memory 2024; 32:264-282. [PMID: 38315731 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2310554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories (FBMs) refer to vivid and long-lasting autobiographical memories for the circumstances in which people learned of a shocking and consequential public event. A cross-national study across eleven countries aimed to investigate FBM formation following the first COVID-19 case news in each country and test the effect of pandemic-related variables on FBM. Participants had detailed memories of the date and others present when they heard the news, and had partially detailed memories of the place, activity, and news source. China had the highest FBM specificity. All countries considered the COVID-19 emergency as highly significant at both the individual and global level. The Classification and Regression Tree Analysis revealed that FBM specificity might be influenced by participants' age, subjective severity (assessment of COVID-19 impact in each country and relative to others), residing in an area with stringent COVID-19 protection measures, and expecting the pandemic effects. Hierarchical regression models demonstrated that age and subjective severity negatively predicted FBM specificity, whereas sex, pandemic impact expectedness, and rehearsal showed positive associations in the total sample. Subjective severity negatively affected FBM specificity in Turkey, whereas pandemic impact expectedness positively influenced FBM specificity in China and negatively in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lanciano
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Alfeo
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonietta Curci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Marin
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Sezin Öner
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kristine Anthony
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Krystian Barzykowski
- Applied Memory Research Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miguel Bascón
- Laboratory of Human Activity, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alec Benavides
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne Cabildo
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - İrem Ergen
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katarzyna Filip
- Applied Memory Research Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alena Gofman
- Department of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Steve M J Janssen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Zhao Kai-Bin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Psychological Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ioanna Markostamou
- Division of Psychology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Jose Antonio Matías-García
- Laboratory of Human Activity, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Veronika Nourkova
- Department of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sebastian Oleksiak
- Applied Memory Research Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrés Santamaría
- Laboratory of Human Activity, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Karl Szpunar
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Taylor
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Lynn Ann Watson
- Center for Autobiographical Memory Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jin Zheng
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Psychological Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Öner S, Watson LA, Adıgüzel Z, Ergen İ, Bilgin E, Curci A, Cole S, de la Mata ML, Janssen SMJ, Lanciano T, Markostamou I, Nourkova V, Santamaría A, Taylor A, Barzykowski K, Bascón M, Bermeitinger C, Cubero-Pérez R, Dessenberger S, Garry M, Gülgöz S, Hackländer R, Heux L, Jin Z, Lojo M, Matías-García JA, Roediger HL 3rd, Szpunar K, Tekin E, Uner O. Collective remembering and future forecasting during the COVID-19 pandemic: How the impact of COVID-19 affected the themes and phenomenology of global and national memories across 15 countries. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:729-51. [PMID: 35817990 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created a unique set of circumstances in which to investigate collective memory and future simulations of events reported during the onset of a potentially historic event. Between early April and late June 2020, we asked over 4,000 individuals from 15 countries across four continents to report on remarkable (a) national and (b) global events that (i) had happened since the first cases of COVID-19 were reported, and (ii) they expected to happen in the future. Whereas themes of infections, lockdown, and politics dominated global and national past events in most countries, themes of economy, a second wave, and lockdown dominated future events. The themes and phenomenological characteristics of the events differed based on contextual group factors. First, across all conditions, the event themes differed to a small yet significant degree depending on the severity of the pandemic and stringency of governmental response at the national level. Second, participants reported national events as less negative and more vivid than global events, and group differences in emotional valence were largest for future events. This research demonstrates that even during the early stages of the pandemic, themes relating to its onset and course were shared across many countries, thus providing preliminary evidence for the emergence of collective memories of this event as it was occurring. Current findings provide a profile of past and future collective events from the early stages of the ongoing pandemic, and factors accounting for the consistencies and differences in event representations across 15 countries are discussed.
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Cheriet N, Topçu M, Hirst W, Bastin C, Folville A. A day that America will remember: flashbulb memory, collective memory, and future thinking for the capitol riots. Memory 2023; 31:715-731. [PMID: 36943843 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2190570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study explores the topics of flashbulb memory, collective identity, future thinking, and shared representations for a public event. We assessed the memories of the Capitol Riots, which happened in Washington DC, on 6 January 2021. Seventy Belgian and seventy-nine American citizens participated in an online study, in which they freely recalled the unfolding of Capitol Riots and answered questions regarding their memory. Inter-subjects similarity of recalled details was analysed using a schematic narrative template (i.e., the event, the causes and the consequences). Results revealed that representations of the event, and its causes were more similar among Belgians compared to Americans, whereas Americans' representations of the consequences showed more similarity than Belgians'. Also, as expected, Americans reported more flashbulb memories (FBMs) than Belgians. The analysis underlined the importance of rehearsal through media and communication in FBM formation. This research revealed a novel relation between FBM and future representations. Regardless of national identity, participants who formed an FBM were more likely to think that the event would be remembered in the future, that the government should memorialise the event, and that a similar attack on the Capitol could happen in the future compared to participants who did not form FBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawël Cheriet
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Meymune Topçu
- New School for Social Research, University of New School, New-York, NY, USA
| | - William Hirst
- New School for Social Research, University of New School, New-York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- F.R.S.-Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Adrien Folville
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- F.R.S.-Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Ma X, Wan J. Exploring the role of digital media dependency on the relationship between personal involvement and flashbulb memory during the pandemic: Empirical evidence from Mainland China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:985287. [PMID: 36438306 PMCID: PMC9692094 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flashbulb memory (FBM) is viewed as a special type of autobiographical memory due to its richness of individuals’ self-related details when hearing the news and the long duration. It also helps shape people’s impression of public events to some extent. Given that personal involvement is one of the important antecedent variables of FBM, this study proposed to investigate it from spatiotemporal involvement (spatiotemporal distance) and empathic involvement (empathy level) to explore the impact of personal involvement on the formation of FBM during the Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, digital media dependency was considered in the influence of involvement on the FBM since it is a crucial information source for individuals and a path to spread information about their lives and work during the pandemic. In this study, a total of 546 valid questionnaires (from May 1, 2022, to May 7, 2022) and 349 valid questionnaires (from May 10, 2022, to May 17, 2022) were collected through a two-stage online survey in Shanghai, China towards the epidemic wave at the end of March 2022. The mediating mode of digital media dependency was also examined on personal involvement in FBM performance, which consists of FBM specificity, confidence, and consistency. Results showed that empathic involvement had a significant negative influence on FBM specificity, namely the higher the empathy level was, the worse the FBM specificity would be, in which digital media dependency played a suppressing effect. Individuals’ spatiotemporal involvement was proved to have a significant positive influence on FBM specificity and consistency. It was one of the first to investigate the FBM formation process around “small peak” events in the context of the ongoing pandemic. Innovatively, empathy was adopted as the index of memory arousal for empathic involvement, and digital media dependency was considered an important mediator variable in the memory study. The research results have practical significance for promoting the process of epidemic recovery integrated with digital media and can provide a social reference for the shaping process of disaster memory from the perspective of digital information and emotional transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawël Cheriet
- GIGA‐CRC In Vivo Imaging University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Adrien Folville
- GIGA‐CRC In Vivo Imaging University of Liège Liège Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit University of Liège Liège Belgium
- F.R.S.‐Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique Brussels Belgium
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA‐CRC In Vivo Imaging University of Liège Liège Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit University of Liège Liège Belgium
- F.R.S.‐Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique Brussels Belgium
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Cordonnier A, Luminet O. Consistency and social identification: a test-retest study of flashbulb memories collected on the day of the 2016 Brussels bombings. Memory 2021; 29:305-318. [PMID: 33620002 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1891253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories are consistent and vivid representations of the way people learnt of an important, surprising and consequential event. We had two main aims for this study. Our first aim was to evaluate the consistency of flashbulb memories as accurately as possible (by collecting data on the day and using an interview method at retest) and contrast these findings with other operationalisations such as vividness or confidence but also with event memory. Our second aim was to capitalise on the particular case-study that is Belgium to examine social identification. Within a few hours after the terrorist attacks in Brussels in March 2016, a small sample of students completed a questionnaire on the way they learnt about the event and their knowledge of it. Retest data was obtained fifteen months later, through an in-depth interview. Our results show a relatively high consistency over time as well as high vividness and confidence for their memory of the reception context. We also measured participants' identification at three levels: local (Brussels) - national (Belgium) - supranational (Europe). In the particular context of the Brussels bombings, social identification with Brussels and Europe correlated with measures of flashbulb memory while social identification with Belgium did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cordonnier
- Psychological Scicence Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Scicence Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
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Schmidt SR, Qiao L. A comparison of Chinese and American memories for public events. Appl Cognit Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Schmidt
- Psychology DepartmentMiddle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro Tennessee U.S.A
| | - Lijuan Qiao
- School of Humanities and ManagementZhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou China
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Abstract
What do we remember following an emotionally charged event? The assessment of memory characteristics for an emotional event represents one of the most challenging issues in the domain of autobiographical memory. Literature of flashbulb memories (FBMs) provides a crucial contribution on this issue: Following an emotional and unexpected public event, people remember not only central details of the episode, but also irrelevant, peripheral and idiosyncratic details of the reception context in which they learned of the news. The present study was set up to assess the factorial structure (samples 1 and 2) and convergent validity (sample 2) of an FBM checklist, an instrument designed to measure Flashbulb-like features of memories for emotional private events. Factorial analyses account for an oblique two-factor solution - FBM Specificity and Confidence - while correlational analyses support the convergent validity of this instrument. Practical implications are discussed, especially for the credibility assessment of witnesses of emotional events in forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lanciano
- a Department of Education, Psychology, Communication , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy
| | - Antonietta Curci
- a Department of Education, Psychology, Communication , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy
| | - Grazia Matera
- a Department of Education, Psychology, Communication , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sartori
- b Department of General Psychology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
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Spanhel K, Wagner K, Geiger MJ, Ofer I, Schulze-Bonhage A, Metternich B. Flashbulb memories: Is the amygdala central? An investigation of patients with amygdalar damage. Neuropsychologia 2018; 111:163-171. [PMID: 29317322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories (FM) are a subgroup of autobiographical memories referring to the circumstances in which a person first heard of a surprising, emotionally arousing event. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have been reported to be impaired in FM recall. As emotional arousal is central to FM, various authors have suggested a crucial role of the amygdala. However, to date, no studies have directly addressed this hypothesis. In this study, 33 TLE patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were tested on an FM task twice with a minimum interval of two months. FM recall quality was measured as consistency of the answers. Patients were grouped according to the presence as well as the lateralisation of amygdalar damage, using information of brain imaging and intracranial electroencephalography-recordings. Analyses revealed that, relative to HC, patients with amygdalar damage had significantly diminished FM recall quality, whereas patients with intact amygdalae did not. Particularly patients with amygdalar damage in the non-language-dominant hemisphere performed significantly worse than HC. Findings suggest a negative influence of amygdalar damage, possibly especially in the non-dominant hemisphere, on FM retrieval quality. Given the shocking character of events evoking FM, a rapid emotion detection system involving the right (i.e. non-dominant) amygdala could be influential to FM formation. Thus, the present findings support previous, not yet examined, hypotheses concerning a crucial role of the amygdala in FM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Wagner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Geiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Ofer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgitta Metternich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
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Ford JH, Gaesser B, DiBiase H, Berro T, Young L, Kensinger E. Heroic Memory: Remembering the Details of Others' Heroism in the Aftermath of a Traumatic Public Event Can Foster Our Own Prosocial Response. Appl Cognit Psychol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan Gaesser
- Department of Psychology; University at Albany, State University of New York; Albany USA
| | - Haley DiBiase
- Department of Psychology; Boston College; Chestnut Hill USA
| | - Tala Berro
- Department of Psychology; Boston College; Chestnut Hill USA
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology; Boston College; Chestnut Hill USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- Department of Psychology; University of Lille; Lille France
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Vallet R, Manzanero AL, Aróztegui J, García Zurdo R. Age-related differences in the phenomenal characteristics of long-term memories of March 11, 2004 terrorist attack. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apj.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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El Haj M, Gandolphe MC, Wawrziczny E, Antoine P. Flashbulb memories of Paris attacks: Recall of these events and subjective reliving of these memories in a case with Alzheimer disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5448. [PMID: 27861395 PMCID: PMC5120952 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Flashbulb memories are detailed and vivid memories of attributes of the reception context of surprising and emotionally arousing public events. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS This paper offers a fine-grained view of flashbulb memories in a patient with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent a directed interview about the 13 November 2015 attacks in Paris. OUTCOMES Unlike her memory about the date and month of the attacks, the patient provided accurate information about the year, time and places they occurred. The patient also provided accurate information about how she first became aware of the attacks, where she was, with whom, what she was doing, and what time it was when she learned about them. As for the affective characteristics of these memories, she tended to have high ratings of vividness and rehearsal. Negative emotional states and great surprise and novelty were also reported. LESSONS By assessing the impact of flashbulb memories in this patient with AD, this paper offers a unique view into how such memories may trigger a considerable recall of context as well much subjective reliving.
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Abstract
In the present study, we examined the relation between memory for a consequential and emotional event and memory for the circumstances in which people learned about that event, known as flashbulb memory. We hypothesized that these two types of memory have different determinants and that event memory is not necessarily a direct causal determinant of flashbulb memory. Italian citizens (N = 352) described their memories of Italy’s victory in the 2006 Football World Cup Championship after a delay of 18 months. Structural equation modeling showed that flashbulb memory and event memory could be clearly differentiated and were determined by two separate pathways. In the first pathway, importance predicted emotional intensity, which, in turn, predicted the frequency of overt and covert rehearsal. Rehearsal was the only direct determinant of vivid and detailed flashbulb memories. In the second pathway, importance predicted rehearsal by media exposure, which enhanced the accuracy and certainty of event memory. Event memory was also enhanced by prior knowledge. These results have important implications for the debate concerning whether the formation of flashbulb memory and event memory involve different processes and for understanding how flashbulb memory can be simultaneously so vivid and so error-prone.
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Stone CB, Luminet O, Takahashi M. Remembering Public, Political Events: A Cross-Cultural and -Sectional Examination of Australian and Japanese Public Memories. Appl Cognit Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Stone
- Department of Psychology; John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York; New York City USA
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS); Brussels Belgium
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Curci A, Lanciano T, Maddalena C, Mastandrea S, Sartori G. Flashbulb memories of the Pope's resignation: Explicit and implicit measures across differing religious groups. Memory 2014; 23:529-44. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.908923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lanciano T, Curci A, Soleti E. “I Knew It Would Happen ... And I Remember It!”: The Flashbulb Memory for the Death of Pope John Paul II. EJOP 2013. [DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v9i2.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kulkofsky S, Wang Q, Conway MA, Hou Y, Aydin C, Mueller-Johnson K, Williams H. Cultural variation in the correlates of flashbulb memories: An investigation in five countries. Memory 2011; 19:233-40. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.551132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schaefer EG, Halldorson MK, Dizon-Reynante C. TV or not TV? Does the immediacy of viewing images of a momentous news event affect the quality and stability of flashbulb memories? Memory 2011; 19:251-66. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2011.558512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schaefer A, Pottage CL, Rickart AJ. Electrophysiological correlates of remembering emotional pictures. Neuroimage 2011; 54:714-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lanciano T, Curci A, Semin GR. The emotional and reconstructive determinants of emotional memories: an experimental approach to flashbulb memory investigation. Memory 2010; 18:473-85. [PMID: 20419556 DOI: 10.1080/09658211003762076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flashbulb memories (FBMs) are vivid and detailed memories of the reception context of a public emotional event. Brown and Kulik (1977) introduced the label FBM to suggest the idea that individuals are able to preserve knowledge of an event in an indiscriminate way, in analogy with a photograph that preserves all details of a scene. Research work on FBMs has primarily been conducted using a naturalistic approach in order to explore the role of the emotional and reconstructive factors on FBM formation and maintenance. Nevertheless, these studies lack a sufficient control on the factors that might intervene in the process of FBM formation. The contribution of the present studies is addressed to experimentally investigating the role of emotional and reconstructive factors on emotionally charged memories, specifically on FBMs. Paralleling FBM findings, the two studies revealed that simply being in an emotional state allows people to remember all available information, such as irrelevant and unrelated details. Furthermore, the resulting memories are affected by reconstructive processes so that they are not as accurate as their richness of details would suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lanciano
- University of Bari, Department of Psychology, Piazza Umberto I 1, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Autobiographical memory encompasses our recollections of specific, personal events. In this article, we review the interactions between emotion and autobiographical memory, focusing on two broad ways in which these interactions occur. First, the emotional content of an experience can influence the way in which the event is remembered. Second, emotions and emotional goals experienced at the time of autobiographical retrieval can influence the information recalled. We discuss the behavioral manifestations of each of these types of interactions and describe the neural mechanisms that may support those interactions. We discuss how findings from the clinical literature (e.g., regarding depression) and the social psychology literature (e.g., on emotion regulation) might inform future investigations of the interplay between the emotions experienced at the time of retrieval and the memories recalled, and we present ideas for future research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha C Holland
- Boston College, Department of Psychology, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Luminet O, Curci A. The 9/11 attacks inside and outside the US: Testing four models of flashbulb memory formation across groups and the specific effects of social identity. Memory 2009; 17:742-59. [DOI: 10.1080/09658210903081827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hirst W, Phelps EA, Buckner RL, Budson AE, Cuc A, Gabrieli JDE, Johnson MK, Lustig C, Lyle KB, Mather M, Meksin R, Mitchell KJ, Ochsner KN, Schacter DL, Simons JS, Vaidya CJ. Long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention. J Exp Psychol Gen 2009; 138:161-76. [PMID: 19397377 DOI: 10.1037/a0015527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
More than 3,000 individuals from 7 U.S. cities reported on their memories of learning of the terrorist attacks of September 11, as well as details about the attack, 1 week, 11 months, and/or 35 months after the assault. Some studies of flashbulb memories examining long-term retention show slowing in the rate of forgetting after a year, whereas others demonstrate accelerated forgetting. This article indicates that (a) the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory (memory for details about the event itself) slows after a year, (b) the strong emotional reactions elicited by flashbulb events are remembered poorly, worse than nonemotional features such as where and from whom one learned of the attack, and (c) the content of flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year. The results are discussed in terms of community memory practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hirst
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, New York, NY 10011, USA.
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Abstract
Though emotion conveys memory benefits, it does not enhance memory equally for all aspects of an experience nor for all types of emotional events. In this review, I outline the behavioral evidence for arousal's focal enhancements of memory and describe the neural processes that may support those focal enhancements. I also present behavioral evidence to suggest that these focal enhancements occur more often for negative experiences than for positive ones. This effect of valence appears to arise because of valence-dependent effects on the neural processes recruited during episodic encoding and retrieval, with negative affect associated with increased engagement of sensory processes and positive affect leading to enhanced recruitment of conceptual processes.
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Abstract
This review demonstrates that an individualist view of emotion and regulation is untenable. First, I question the plausibility of a developmental shift away from social interdependency in emotion regulation. Second, I show that there are multiple reasons for emotional experiences in adults to elicit a process of social sharing of emotion, and I review the supporting evidence. Third, I look at effects that emotion sharing entails at the interpersonal and at the collective levels. Fourth, I examine the contribution of emotional sharing to emotion regulation together with the relevant empirical evidence. Finally, the various functions that the social sharing of emotion fulfills are reviewed and the relevance of the social sharing of emotion for emotion scientists is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Rimé
- Department of Psychology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium,
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Schmidt S, Sotgiu I, Tinti C, Curci A, Businaro N, Galati D. THE EFFECTS OF RELIGIOUS INVOLVEMENT ON SHORT – TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO THE DEATH OF POPE JOHN PAUL II: A STUDY ON AN ITALIAN SAMPLE. soc behav pers 2007. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The short-term psychological reactions to the death of Pope John Paul II were investigated. Between 1 to 6 days after this event, 526 Catholic and atheist Italian adults took part in a questionnaire study. Participants were asked to report the personal circumstances in which they first
learned about the Pope's death, their emotional reactions, and their appraisal of the event's importance and consequentiality. Other questions assessed immediate memory for the original event, surprise-expectedness, exposure to mass media, and religious involvement. Results showed
that the news of the Pope's death, although widely expected, had a strong cognitive and emotional impact. Almost all the participants were able to recall the personal circumstances in which they heard the news. A positive relation was observed between the degree of religious involvement
and appraisal of importance and consequentiality, intensity of emotion, memory for event-related details, and frequency of exposure to mass media. Effects related to the age of the participants were also found.
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Ferré Romeu P. Memories of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001: a study of the consistency and phenomenal characteristics of flashbulb memories. Span J Psychol 2006; 9:52-60. [PMID: 16673623 DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600005977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, I investigated students' memories of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, carried out by Al Qaeda terrorists against the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington. Participants completed on two occasions (2 weeks and 8 months after the events took place) a memory questionnaire that included an assessment of the phenomenal richness of their memories. The results showed that the participants remembered very well the circumstances in which they first heard about the terrorist attacks, that they were very confident about this information, and that these memories were characterized by a high phenomenal richness. Over time, there was a decrease in all of these variables, but people's ratings of phenomenology and confidence were still very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ferré Romeu
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Carretera de Valls, s.n., 43007-Tarragona, Spain.
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Abstract
Flashbulb memories are defined as vivid and long-lasting memories for the reception context of an important public event (Brown & Kulik, 1977). They are supposed to be triggered by both emotional reactions to the original event and rehearsal processes (Brown & Kulik, 1977; Finkenauer, Luminet, Gisle, El-Ahmadi, van der Linden, & Philippot, 1998; Neisser & Harsch, 1992). A test-retest design (21 vs 524 days after the event on average) was employed to assess flashbulb memory and event memory for the September 11th attacks and the impact of their emotional and rehearsal predictors in a sample of 985 respondents coming from six countries (i.e., Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Japan, and the USA). Results showed that national membership had a significant impact on event memory, and the emotional and rehearsal variables, but flashbulb memories for the September 11th attacks were found to be high and consistent across different countries. The implications of these findings for the debate about the nature and maintenance of flashbulb memories are discussed.
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