Molecular movements of receptors on cell surface

A simple model for early morphogenesis

Despite the large amount of knowledge which continues to accumulate about early developmental events, very little is known about the processes which control them. Part of the problem may lie in that workers applying different approaches and techniques have different points of view and appear to be reluctant to read each others' literature. My aim in this paper is not to give a generative, formal model for early development, but rather to suggest several connecting strands between the physiological, biochemical, cell biological and experimental embryological approaches which may stimulate new research in fields between those already exploited.

Biochemical pharmacology of paradoxical sleep

The role of noradrenergic cells in the regulation of paradoxical sleep is still controversial, and experimental data have given rise to contradictory interpretations. Early investigations focused primarily on chemical neurotransmissions. However, the process of information transmission between cells involves many other factors, and the cell surface is an important site for transduction of messages into modifications of the activity of postsynaptic cells. alpha-adrenoceptors are believed to play an important role in the control of wakefulness and paradoxical sleep. Experimental evidence suggests that physiological modulation of receptor sensitivity, possibly by specific neuro-modulators, may be a key mechanism in synaptic transmission. In the investigation of the mechanisms involved in paradoxical sleep regulation, lesions of the locus coeruleus have given equivocal results. Collateral inhibition, probably mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors, appears to be a powerful mechanism. The exact temporal relationship between noradrenergic cell activation and paradoxical sleep production is not established, but 5-HT appears to be involved. Differences between paradoxical sleep and waking may be related to a physiological modulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity.