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Ma W, Guo Y, Hua T, Li L, Lv T, Wang J. Lateral lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer: Is there a difference between PTC and PTMC? Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37734. [PMID: 38669400 PMCID: PMC11049712 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) are generally characterized as less invasive forms of thyroid cancer with favorable prognosis. However, once lateral cervical lymph node metastasis takes place, the prognosis may be significantly impacted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether there is a difference in the pattern of lateral lymph node metastasis between PTC and PTMC. A retrospective analysis was performed for PTC and PTMC patients that underwent central area dissection and unilateral lateral neck lymph node dissection (II-V area) between January 2020 and December 2021. Compared with PTMC group, the PTC group exhibited higher incidence of capsule invasion, extrathyroid invasion and lymphatic vessel invasion. Both the number and rate of central lymph nodes metastasis were elevated in the PTC group. While the number of lateral cervical lymph node metastasis was higher, the metastasis rate did not demonstrate significant difference. No significant differences were identified in the lymph node metastasis patterns between the 2 groups. The determination of the extent of lateral neck lymph node dissection solely based on the tumor size may be unreliable, as PTC and PTMC showed no difference in the number and pattern of lateral neck metastasis. Additional clinical data are warranted to reinforce this conclusion. For patients categorized as unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral cervical lymph node metastasis (including level I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis who require unilateral lateral neck dissection, the size of the primary tumor may not need to be a central consideration when assessing and deciding the extent of lateral neck dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ma
- Graduate School of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Bijie Hospital, Bijie, China
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yehao Guo
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tebo Hua
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lv
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Graduate School of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Bijie Hospital, Bijie, China
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Tan HL, Duan SL, Li N, Ai L, Chang S. Predicting central cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma using deep learning. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16952. [PMID: 38563008 PMCID: PMC10984175 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to design a deep learning (DL) model to preoperatively predict the occurrence of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods This research collected preoperative ultrasound (US) images and clinical factors of 611 PTMC patients. The clinical factors were analyzed using multivariate regression. Then, a DL model based on US images and clinical factors was developed to preoperatively predict CLNM. The model's efficacy was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, along with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the F1 score. Results The multivariate analysis indicated an independent correlation factors including age ≥55 (OR = 0.309, p < 0.001), tumor diameter (OR = 2.551, p = 0.010), macrocalcifications (OR = 1.832, p = 0.002), and capsular invasion (OR = 1.977, p = 0.005). The suggested DL model utilized US images achieved an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65, slightly outperforming the model that employed traditional clinical factors (AUC = 0.64). Nevertheless, the model that incorporated both of them did not enhance prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.63). Conclusions The suggested approach offers a reference for the treatment and supervision of PTMC. Among three models used in this study, the deep model relied generally more on image modalities than the data modality of clinic records when making the predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Long Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sai-Li Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Ai
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Thyroid Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Thyroid and Related Diseases Treatment Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ma N, Tian HY, Yu ZY, Zhu X, Zhao DW. Integrating US-guided FNAB, BRAF V600E mutation, and clinicopathologic characteristics to predict cervical central lymph-node metastasis in preoperative patients with cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:5565-5574. [PMID: 37540271 PMCID: PMC10620286 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of cervical central lymph-node metastasis (CLNM) is high in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). There is considerable controversy surrounding the benefits of prophylactic central lymph-node dissection (pCLND) in patients with clinically negative central compartment lymph nodes (cN0). Therefore, it is crucial to accurately predict the likelihood of cervical CLNM before surgery to make informed surgical decisions. METHODS Date from 214 PTC patients (cN0) who underwent partial or total thyroidectomy and pCLND at the Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital were collected and retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups in accordance with cervical CLNM or not. Their information, including clinical characteristics, ultrasound (US) features, pathological results of fine-needle aspirations biopsy (FNAB), and other characteristics of the groups, was analyzed and compared using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 214 patients were eligible in this study. Among them, 43.5% (93/214) of PTC patients had cervical CLNM, and 56.5% (121/214) did not. The two groups were compared using a univariate analyses, and there were no significant differences between the two groups in aspect ratio, boundary, morphology, component, and BRAFV600E (P > 0.05), and there were significant differences between gender, age, maximum tumor size, tumor location, capsule contact, microcalcifications, color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) (P < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to further clarify the correlation of these indices. However, only age (OR = 2.455, P = 0.009), maximum tumor size (OR = 2.586, P = 0.010), capsule contact (OR = 3.208, P = 0.001), and CDFI (OR = 2.225, P = 0.022) were independent predictors of cervical CLNM. Combining these four factors, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the joint diagnosis is 0.8160 (95% 0.7596-0.8725). Univariate analysis indicated that capsule contact (P = 0.001) was a possible predictive factor of BRAFV600E mutation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, four independent predictors of cervical CLNM, including age < 45 years, tumor size > 1.0 cm, capsule contact, and rich blood flow, were screened out. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of these risk factors should be conducted when designing individualized treatment regimens for PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Clinical Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Hai-Ying Tian
- Clinical Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Yu
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Dai-Wei Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, No. 206, South Section of Xintian. Avenue, Guiyang, 550004, China.
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, No. 1 Dongfeng Avenue, Wudang District, Guiyang, 550024, China.
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Pang J, Yang M, Li J, Zhong X, Shen X, Chen T, Qian L. Interpretable machine learning model based on the systemic inflammation response index and ultrasound features can predict central lymph node metastasis in cN0T1-T2 papillary thyroid carcinoma. Gland Surg 2023; 12:1485-1499. [PMID: 38107491 PMCID: PMC10721554 DOI: 10.21037/gs-23-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background It is arguable whether individuals with T1-T2 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) who have a clinically negative (cN0) diagnosis should undergo prophylactic central lymph node dissection (pCLND) on a routine basis. Many inflammatory indices, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), have been reported in PTC. However, the associations between the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) and the risk of central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) remain unclear. Methods Retrospective research involving 1,394 individuals with cN0T1-T2 PTC was carried out, and the included patients were randomly allocated into training (70%) and testing (30%) subgroups. The preoperative inflammatory indices and ultrasound (US) features were used to train the models. To assess the forecasting factors as well as drawing nomograms, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate logistic regression were utilized. Then eight interpretable models based on machine learning (ML) algorithms were constructed, including decision tree (DT), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and categorical boosting (CatBoost). The performance of the models was evaluated by incorporating the area under the precision-recall curve (auPR) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (auROC), as well as other conventional metrics. The interpretability of the optimum model was illustrated via the shapley additive explanations (SHAP) approach. Results Younger age, larger tumor size, capsular invasion, location (lower and isthmus), unclear margin, microcalcifications, color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) blood flow, and higher SIRI (≥0.77) were independent positive predictors of CLNM, whereas female sex and Hashimoto thyroiditis were independent negative predictors, and nomograms were subsequently constructed. Taking into account both the auROC and auPR, the RF algorithm showed the best performance, and superiority to XGBoost, CatBoost and ANN. In addition, the role of key variables was visualized in the SHAP plot. Conclusions An interpretable ML model based on the SIRI and US features can be used to predict CLNM in individuals with cN0T1-T2 PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Pang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mohan Yang
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Shen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyuan Qian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Popović Krneta M, Šobić Šaranović D, Mijatović Teodorović L, Krajčinović N, Avramović N, Bojović Ž, Bukumirić Z, Marković I, Rajšić S, Djorović BB, Artiko V, Karličić M, Tanić M. Prediction of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Clinically Node-Negative T1 and T2 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Supervised Machine Learning Approach. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113641. [PMID: 37297835 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is generally considered an indolent cancer. However, patients with cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM) have a higher risk of local recurrence. This study evaluated and compared four machine learning (ML)-based classifiers to predict the presence of cervical LNM in clinically node-negative (cN0) T1 and T2 PTC patients. The algorithm was developed using clinicopathological data from 288 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and prophylactic central neck dissection, with sentinel lymph node biopsy performed to identify lateral LNM. The final ML classifier was selected based on the highest specificity and the lowest degree of overfitting while maintaining a sensitivity of 95%. Among the models evaluated, the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classifier was found to be the best fit, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.72, and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, F1 and F2 scores of 98%, 27%, 56%, 93%, 72%, and 85%, respectively. A web application based on a sensitivity-optimized kNN classifier was also created to predict the potential of cervical LNM, allowing users to explore and potentially build upon the model. These findings suggest that ML can improve the prediction of LNM in cN0 T1 and T2 PTC patients, thereby aiding in individual treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Popović Krneta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Šobić Šaranović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Nuclear Medicine with PET, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Mijatović Teodorović
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Krajčinović
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Avramović
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Živko Bojović
- Department of Power, Electronics and Telecommunications, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumirić
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Marković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Surgical Oncology Clinic, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Rajšić
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Biljana Bazić Djorović
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Artiko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Nuclear Medicine with PET, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Karličić
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljana Tanić
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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