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Xiang J, Chang Q, McLinden JH, Bhattarai N, Welch JL, Kaufman TM, Stapleton JT. Characterization of "Off-Target" Immune Modulation Induced by Live Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:786-794. [PMID: 36994927 PMCID: PMC10938199 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live attenuated vaccines alter immune functions and are associated with beneficial outcomes. We previously demonstrated that live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine (LA-YF-Vax) dampens T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling in vitro via an RNA-based mechanism. We examined study participants before and after LA-YF-Vax to assess TCR-mediated functions in vivo. METHODS Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before and after LA-YF-Vax (with or without additional vaccines) or quadrivalent influenza vaccine. TCR-mediated activation was determined by interleukin 2 release or phosphorylation of the lymphocyte-specific Src kinase. TCR-regulating phosphatase (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type E [PTPRE]) expression was also measured. RESULTS Compared with prevaccination findings, LA-YF-Vax recipient PBMCs demonstrated transient reduction in interleukin 2 release after TCR stimulation and PTPRE levels, unlike in control participants who received quadrivalent influenza vaccine. YFV was detected in 8 of 14 participants after LA-YF-Vax. After incubation of healthy donor PBMCs in serum-derived extracellular vesicles prepared from LA-YF-Vax recipients, TCR signaling and PTPRE levels were reduced after vaccination, even in participants without detectable YFV RNA. CONCLUSIONS LA-YF-Vax reduces TCR functions and PTPRE levels after vaccination. Extracellular vesicles from serum recapitulated this effect in healthy cells. This likely contributes to the reduced immunogenicity for heterologous vaccines after LA-YF-Vax administration. Identification of specific immune mechanisms related to vaccines should contribute to understanding of the "off-target," beneficial effects of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiang
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Q Chang
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - J H McLinden
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - N Bhattarai
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - J L Welch
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - T M Kaufman
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Carmona RDCC, Cilli A, da Costa AC, Reis FC, Leal É, dos Santos FCP, Machado BC, Lopes CS, Afonso AMS, Timenetsky MDCST. Pegivirus Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Central Nervous System Infections of Unknown Etiology in Brazil by Viral Metagenomics. Microorganisms 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 38257846 PMCID: PMC10818654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) methodology serves as an excellent supplement in cases where diagnosis is challenging to establish through conventional laboratory tests, and its usage is increasingly prevalent. Examining the causes of infectious diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for understanding their spread, managing outbreaks, and effective patient care. In a study conducted in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 500 patients with CNS diseases of indeterminate etiology, collected between 2017 and 2021, were analyzed. Employing a mNGS approach, we obtained the complete coding sequence of Pegivirus hominis (HPgV) genotype 2 in a sample from a patient with encephalitis (named IAL-425/BRA/SP/2019); no other pathogen was detected. Subsequently, to determine the extent of this virus's presence, both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or real-time PCR assays were utilized on the entire collection. The presence of the virus was identified in 4.0% of the samples analyzed. This research constitutes the first report of HPgV detection in CSF samples in South America. Analysis of the IAL-425 genome (9107 nt) revealed a 90% nucleotide identity with HPgV strains from various countries. Evolutionary analyses suggest that HPgV is both endemic and extensively distributed. The direct involvement of HPgV in CNS infections in these patients remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Cilli
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (F.C.R.); (B.C.M.)
| | | | - Fabricio Caldeira Reis
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (F.C.R.); (B.C.M.)
| | - Élcio Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Bráulio Caetano Machado
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; (A.C.); (F.C.R.); (B.C.M.)
| | - Cristina Santiago Lopes
- Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; (F.C.P.d.S.); (C.S.L.); (A.M.S.A.)
| | - Ana Maria Sardinha Afonso
- Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; (F.C.P.d.S.); (C.S.L.); (A.M.S.A.)
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Köksal MO, Pirkl M, Sarsar K, Ilktaç M, Horemheb-Rubio G, Yaman M, Meşe S, Eraksoy H, Akgül B, Ağaçfidan A. Interplay between HIV and Human Pegivirus (HPgV) Load in Co-Infected Patients: Insights from Prevalence and Genotype Analysis. Viruses 2023; 16:5. [PMID: 38275941 PMCID: PMC10820514 DOI: 10.3390/v16010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV) is transmitted through sexual or parenteral exposure and is common among patients receiving blood products. HPgV is associated with lower levels of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA and better survival among HIV-infected patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HPgV and determine its subtypes in HIV-infected individuals living in Istanbul, which has the highest rate of HIV infection in Türkiye. Total RNA extraction from plasma, cDNA synthesis, and nested PCR were performed for HPgV on plasma samples taken from 351 HIV-1-infected patients. The HPgV viral load was quantified on HPgV-positive samples. HPgV genotyping was performed by sequencing the corresponding amplicons. In the present study, the overall prevalence of HPgV RNA in HIV-infected patients was 27.3%. HPgV subtypes 1, 2a, and 2b were found, with subtype 2a being the most frequent (91.6%). Statistical analysis of HIV-1 viral load on HPgV viral load showed an opposing correlation between HIV-1 and HPgV loads. In conclusion, these data show that HPgV infection is common among HIV-positive individuals in Istanbul, Türkiye. Further comprehensive studies are needed to clarify both the cellular and molecular pathways of these two infections and to provide more information on the effect of HPgV on the course of the disease in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Osman Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye; (K.S.); (M.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Martin Pirkl
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.P.); (G.H.-R.); (B.A.)
| | - Kutay Sarsar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye; (K.S.); (M.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Mehmet Ilktaç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99450, Cyprus;
| | - Gibran Horemheb-Rubio
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.P.); (G.H.-R.); (B.A.)
| | - Murat Yaman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye; (K.S.); (M.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Sevim Meşe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye; (K.S.); (M.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Haluk Eraksoy
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye;
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.P.); (G.H.-R.); (B.A.)
| | - Ali Ağaçfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye; (K.S.); (M.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
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Forqué L, Albert E, Piñana JL, Pérez A, Hernani R, Solano C, Navarro D, Giménez E. Monitoring of plasma Torque teno virus, total Anelloviridae and Human Pegivirus 1 viral load for the prediction of infectious events and acute graft versus host disease in the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29107. [PMID: 37721473 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Anelloviridae and Human Pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) blood burden have been postulated to behave as surrogate markers for immunosuppression in transplant recipients. Here, we assessed the potential utility plasma Torque teno virus (TTV), total Anelloviridae (TAV), and HPgV-1 load monitoring for the identification of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients (allo-HSCT) at increased risk of infectious events or acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD). In this single-center, observational study, plasma TTV DNA, TAV DNA, and HPgV-1 RNA loads were monitored in 75 nonconsecutive allo-HSCT recipients (median age, 54 years). Monitoring was conducted before at baseline or by days +30, +60, +90, +120, and +180 after transplantation. Pneumonia due to different viruses or Pneumocystis jirovecii, BK polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV-HC), and Cytomegalovirus DNAemia were the infectious events considered in the current study. Kinetics of plasma TTV, TAV DNA, and HPgV-1 RNA load was comparable, with though and peak levels measured by days +30 and day +90 (+120 for HPgV-1). Forty patients (53%) developed one or more infectious events during the first 180 days after allo-HSCT, whereas 29 patients (39%) had aGvHD (grade II-IV in 18). Neither, TTV, TAV, nor HPgV-1 loads were predictive of overall infection or CMV DNAemia. A TTV DNA load cut-off ≥4.40 log10 (pretransplant) and ≥4.58 log10 (baseline) copies/mL predicted the occurrence of BKPyV-HC (sensitivity ≥89%, negative predictive value, ≥96%). TTV DNA loads ≥3.38 log10 by day +30 anticipated the occurrence of aGvHD (sensitivity, 90%; negative predictive value, 97%). Pretransplant HPgV-1 loads were significantly lower (p = 0.03) in patients who had aGvHD than in those who did not. Monitoring of TTV DNA or HPgV-1 RNA plasma levels either before or early after transplantation may be ancillary to identify allo-HSCT recipients at increased risk of BKPyV-HC or aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Forqué
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Piñana
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ariadna Pérez
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernani
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hematology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Niama RF, Mayengue PI, Nsoukoula BCM, Koukouikila-Kossounda F, Badzi CN, Mandiangou AF, Louzolo I, Fila-Fila GPU, Dossou-Yovo LR, Angounda MB. Genetic variability of human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1) among Congolese co-infected with hepatitis C virus in Brazzaville, Congo. IJID Reg 2023; 7:191-192. [PMID: 37123381 PMCID: PMC10131043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the rate of human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and the genotype distribution of HPgV-1 among patients with chronic hepatitis C and blood donors in Brazzaville. Two groups of patients in Brazzaville were recruited: blood donors (n = 35) and individuals with chronic hepatitis C (n = 73). The overall positivity rate of HPgV-1 was 4.63%: 2.86% in blood donors and 5.48% in chronic hepatitis C patients. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all samples were genotype 1. However, studies with a larger sample size are needed to estimate the true burden of HPgV-1 infection in the country and to confirm the distribution of genotypes in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roch Fabien Niama
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo
- Corresponding author: Fabien Roch Niama, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP), Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, République du Congo.
| | - Pembe Issamou Mayengue
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Félix Koukouikila-Kossounda
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Cynthia Nkoua Badzi
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Aldi Fred Mandiangou
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Igor Louzolo
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Louis Régis Dossou-Yovo
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Monic Brunel Angounda
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo
- Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, 120 avenue du Général Charles de Gaulle, BP 120, Brazzaville, Congo
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Hlavay BA, Zhuo R, Ogando N, Charlton C, Stapleton JT, Klein MB, Power C. Human pegivirus viremia in HCV/HIV co-infected patients: Direct acting antivirals exert anti-pegivirus effects. J Clin Virol 2023; 162:105445. [PMID: 37043902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pegivirus (HPgV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that is closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). HPgV has also been shown to infect patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The mechanisms and disease outcomes of HPgV infections are largely unknown, although it has been implicated in both cancer and neurological diseases. There are no established therapies for HPgV. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of HPgV in a cohort of HCV/HIV co-infected patients undergoing treatment for HCV with direct acting antivirals (DAA) and investigate the effect of DAA therapy on HPgV infection. STUDY DESIGN RNA was extracted from plasma samples collected at time points before, during, and after DAA. HPgV RNA abundance was quantified by droplet digital PCR assays targeting the NS5A and 5'UTR domains and confirmed by RT-qPCR. Clinical, demographic and treatment data were analysed. RESULTS HPgV RNA was detected and quantified in 26 of 100 patients' plasma (26%) before starting DAA. Patients with detectable HPgV were more likely to be male, had higher peak HIV plasma levels, and a history of injection drug use. Patients receiving sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (n = 9) displayed significantly lower HPgV levels at time of DAA completion and had lower post-DAA HPgV rebound levels compared to patients receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (n = 11) although both regimens significantly reduced viremia directly following DAA completion. Sustained suppression of HPgV was also observed among patients (n = 2) receiving pegylated-interferon. CONCLUSIONS HPgV RNA was frequently detected in HCV/HIV co-infected patients and was supressed by DAA and pegylated interferon therapies with sofosbuvir-ledipasvir showing greatest antiviral activity. These findings suggest potential treatment strategies for HPgV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Hlavay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R Zhuo
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - N Ogando
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Charlton
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - M B Klein
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Bakacs T, Sandig V, Kovesdi I. An Orally Administered Nonpathogenic Attenuated Vaccine Virus Can Be Used to Control SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Complementary Plan B to COVID-19 Vaccination. Cureus 2022; 14:e28467. [PMID: 36176842 PMCID: PMC9511982 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has substantially altered the course of the pandemic, saving tens of millions of lives globally. The problem is that despite such spectacular results, vaccination alone will not be able to control the COVID-19 pandemic because of the rapid evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) even in vaccinated human populations. Therefore, the development of a post-infection, broad-based, orally administered antiviral therapy that would complement vaccination efforts is urgently needed. Methodology The so-called viral superinfection therapy (SIT) administers a nonpathogenic attenuated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) vaccine virus drug candidate, the infectious bursal disease virus serotype R903/78 (IBDV-R903/78) that activates the interferon (IFN) genes, which are the natural, antiviral defense system of host cells. Results Here we present two cases of properly vaccinated (with BNT162b2-Pfizer) and booster-dosed COVID-19 patients with vaccine breakthrough infections whose disease duration was shortened to a few days by oral SIT. Conclusions SIT has already been demonstrated to be safe and effective against five different families of viruses, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, SARS-CoV-2, and herpes zoster virus. The R903/78 drug candidate is simple to manufacture and easy to administer in an outpatient setting. The expected cost of SIT will be affordable even in resource-limited countries.
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