1
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Shenoy V, Gunda R, Noble C, Haraguchi A, Stevenson S, Daniel J. Fullertubes inhibit mycobacterial viability and prevent biofilm formation by disrupting the cell wall. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3963. [PMID: 38424684 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium abscessus cause diseases that are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to emerging antibiotic resistance. The development of new antimicrobial molecules is vital for combating these pathogens. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of carbon-containing nanoparticles with promising antimicrobial effects. Fullertubes (C90 ) are novel carbon allotropes with a structure unique among CNMs. The effects of fullertubes on any living cell have not been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that pristine fullertube dispersions show antimicrobial effects on Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. abscessus. Using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and molecular probes, we investigated the effects of these CNMs on mycobacterial cell viability, cellular integrity, and biofilm formation. C90 fullertubes at 1 µM inhibited mycobacterial viability by 97%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the cell wall structure of M. smegmatis and M. abscessus was severely damaged within 24 h of exposure to fullertubes. Additionally, exposure to fullertubes nearly abrogated the acid-fast staining property of M. smegmatis. Using SYTO-9 and propidium iodide, we show that exposure to the novel fullertubes compromises the integrity of the mycobacterial cell. We also show that the permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall was increased after exposure to fullertubes from our assays utilizing the molecular probe dichlorofluorescein and ethidium bromide transport. C90 fullertubes at 0.37 µM and C60 fullerenes at 0.56 µM inhibited pellicle biofilm formation by 70% and 90%, respectively. This is the first report on the antimycobacterial activities of fullertubes and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Shenoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Rashmika Gunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Cora Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Annalisa Haraguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Jaiyanth Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
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2
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Zhang K, Limwongyut J, Moreland AS, Wei SCJ, Jim Jia Min T, Sun Y, Shin SJ, Kim SY, Jhun BW, Pethe K, Bazan GC. An anti-mycobacterial conjugated oligoelectrolyte effective against Mycobacterium abscessus. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi7558. [PMID: 38381846 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria have increased more than 50% in the past two decades and more than doubled in the elderly population. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), one of the most prevalent of these rapidly growing species, is intrinsically resistant to numerous antibiotics. Current standard-of-care treatments are not satisfactory, with high failure rate and notable adverse effects. We report here a potent anti-Mab compound from the flexible molecular framework afforded by conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs). A screen of structurally diverse, noncytotoxic COEs identified a lead compound, COE-PNH2, which was bactericidal against replicating, nonreplicating persisters and intracellular Mab.COE-PNH2 had low propensity for resistance development, with a frequency of resistance below 1.25 × 10-9 and showed no detectable resistance upon serial passaging. Mechanism of action studies were in line with COE-PNH2 affecting the physical and functional integrity of the bacterial envelope and disrupting the mycomembrane and associated essential bioenergetic pathways. Moreover, COE-PNH2 was well-tolerated and efficacious in a mouse model of Mab lung infection. This study highlights desirable in vitro and in vivo potency and safety index of this COE structure, which represents a promising anti-mycobacterial to tackle an unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jakkarin Limwongyut
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Alex S Moreland
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Samuel Chan Jun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tania Jim Jia Min
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Sun
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Byung Woo Jhun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), 60 Nanyang Drive, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), 60 Nanyang Drive, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Ibrahim MK, Haria A, Mehta NV, Degani MS. Antimicrobial potential of quaternary phosphonium salt compounds: a review. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:2113-2141. [PMID: 37929337 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that mitochondrial dysregulation is a biomarker of many cancers, cationic quaternary phosphonium salt (QPS) conjugation is a widely utilized strategy for anticancer drug design. QPS-conjugated compounds exhibit greater cell permeation and accumulation in negatively charged mitochondria, and thus, show enhanced activity. Phylogenetic similarities between mitochondria and bacteria have provided a rationale for exploring the antibacterial properties of mitochondria-targeted compounds. Additionally, due to the importance of mitochondria in the survival of pathogenic microbes, including fungi and parasites, this strategy can be extended to these organisms as well. This review examines recent literature on the antimicrobial activities of various QPS-conjugated compounds and provides future directions for exploring the medicinal chemistry of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin K Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akash Haria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Namrashee V Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mariam S Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Verma A, Kumar V, Naik B, Masood Khan J, Singh P, Erik Joakim Saris P, Gupta S. Screening and molecular dynamics simulation of compounds inhibiting MurB enzyme of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An in-silico approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103730. [PMID: 37483837 PMCID: PMC10362793 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is becoming more and more resistant to drugs and it is a common problem, making current antimicrobials ineffective and highlighting the need for new TB drugs. One of the promising targets for treating MTB is MurB enzymes. This study aimed to identify potential inhibitors of MurB enzymes in M. tuberculosis, as drug resistance among MTB is a significant problem. Attempts are being made to conduct a virtual screening of 30,417 compounds, and thirty-two compounds were chosen for further analysis based on their binding conformations. The selected compounds were assessed for their drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and physiochemical characteristics, and seven compounds with binding energy lower than flavin (FAD) were identified. Further, molecular dynamics simulation analysis of these seven compounds found that four of them, namely DB12983, DB15688, ZINC084726167, and ZINC254071113 formed stable complexes with the MurB binding site, exhibiting promising inhibitory activity. These compounds have not been mentioned in any other study, indicating their novelty. The study suggests that these four compounds could be promising candidates for treating MTB, but their effectiveness needs to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Overall, the findings of this study provide new insight into potential drug targets and candidates for combating drug-resistant MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Verma
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 248140
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 248140
| | - Bindu Naik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement town, 248002 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 248140
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5
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Wang X, Feng L, Li M, Dong W, Luo X, Shang D. Membrane-active and DNA binding related double-action antimycobacterial mechanism of antimicrobial peptide W3R6 and its synthetic analogs. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023:130415. [PMID: 37336295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug- or extremely drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains has made very few drugs available for current tuberculosis treatment. Antimicrobial peptides can be employed as a promising alternative strategy for TB treatment. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of peptide sequences based on the structure-activity relationships of natural sequences of antimicrobial peptides. The peptide W3R6 and its analogs were screened and found to have potent antimycobacterial activity against M. smegmatis, and no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. The evidence from the mechanism of action study indicated that W3R6 and its analogs can interact with the mycobacterial membrane in a lytic manner and form pores on the outer membrane of M. smegmatis. Significant colocalization of D-W3R6 with mycobacterial DNA was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and DNA retardation assays, which suggested that the antimycobacterial mechanism of action of the peptide was associated with the unprotected genomic DNA of M. smegmatis. In general, W3R6 and its analogs act on not only the mycobacterial membrane but also the genomic DNA in the cytoplasm, which makes it difficult for mycobacteria to generate resistance due to the peptides having two targets. In addition, the peptides can effectively eliminate M. smegmatis cells from infected macrophages. Our findings indicated that the antimicrobial peptide W3R6 could be a novel lead compound to overcome the threat from drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains in the development of potent AMPs for TB therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Liubin Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mengmiao Li
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Weibing Dong
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Xueyue Luo
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Dejing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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6
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Altharawi A, Alossaimi MA, Alanazi MM, Alqahatani SM, Tahir Ul Qamar M. An integrated computational approach towards novel drugs discovery against polyketide synthase 13 thioesterase domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7014. [PMID: 37117557 PMCID: PMC10147368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquired drug resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) to antibiotics urges the need for developing novel anti-M. tuberculosis drugs that possess novel mechanism of action. Since traditional drug discovery is a labor-intensive and costly process, computer aided drug design is highly appreciated tool as it speeds up and lower the cost of drug development process. Herein, Asinex antibacterial compounds were virtually screened against thioesterase domain of Polyketide synthase 13, a unique enzyme that forms α-alkyl β-ketoesters as a direct precursor of mycolic acids which are essential components of the lipid-rich cell wall of M. tuberculosis. The study identified three drug-like compounds as the most promising leads; BBB_26582140, BBD_30878599 and BBC_29956160 with binding energy value of - 11.25 kcal/mol, - 9.87 kcal/mol and - 9.33 kcal/mol, respectively. The control molecule binding energy score is -9.25 kcal/mol. Also, the docked complexes were dynamically stable with maximum root mean square deviation (RMSD) value of 3 Å. Similarly, the MM-GB\PBSA method revealed highly stable complexes with mean energy values < - 75 kcal/mol for all three systems. The net binding energy scores are validated by WaterSwap and entropy energy analysis. Furthermore, The in silico druglike and pharmacokinetic investigation revealed that the compounds could be suitable candidates for additional experimentations. In summary, the study findings are significant, and the compounds may be used in experimental validation pipeline to develop potential drugs against drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Altharawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safar M Alqahatani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tahir Ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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7
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Mishra A, Das A, Banerjee T. Designing New Magic Bullets to Penetrate the Mycobacterial Shield: An Arduous Quest for Promising Therapeutic Candidates. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:213-227. [PMID: 37015080 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium spp. intimidated mankind since time immemorial. The triumph over this organism was anticipated with the introduction of potent antimicrobials in the mid-20th century. However, the emergence of drug resistance in mycobacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in particular, caused great concern for the treatment. With the enemy growing stronger, there is an immediate need to equip the therapeutic arsenal with novel and potent chemotherapeutic agents. The task seems intricating as our understanding of the dynamic nature of the mycobacteria requires intense experimentation and research. Targeting the mycobacterial cell envelope appears promising, but its versatility allows it to escape the lethal effect of the molecules acting on it. The unique ability of hiding (inactivity during latency) also assists the bacterium to survive in a drug-rich environment. The drug delivery systems also require upgradation to allow better bioavailability and tolerance in patients. Although the resistance to the novel drugs is inevitable, our commitment to the research in this area will ensure the discovery of effective weapons against this formidable opponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwita Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Cancer Centre and Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, India
| | - Arghya Das
- Department of Microbiology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India
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8
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Miranda-Velez M, Sarker GS, Ramisetty P, Geden S, Bartolomeu Halicki PC, Annamalai T, Tse-Dinh YC, Rohde KH, Moon JH. Proton Motive Force-Disrupting Antimycobacterial Guanylurea Polymer. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4668-4677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miranda-Velez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Golam Sabbir Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Priya Ramisetty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Sandra Geden
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Priscila Cristina Bartolomeu Halicki
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Annamalai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Kyle H. Rohde
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Joong Ho Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Gupta S, Arora A, Saini V, Mehta D, Khan MZ, Mishra DK, Yavvari PS, Singh A, Gupta SK, Srivastava A, Kumar Y, Verma V, Nandicoori VK, Bajaj A. Hydrophobicity of Cholic Acid-Derived Amphiphiles Dictates the Antimicrobial Specificity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4996-5007. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Gupta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Deepak K. Mishra
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhu Srinivas Yavvari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay K. Nandicoori
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
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10
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Abstract
Over the past 2000 years, tuberculosis (TB) has claimed more lives than any other infectious disease. In 2020 alone, TB was responsible for 1.5 million deaths worldwide, comparable to the 1.8 million deaths caused by COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that new TB drugs must be developed to end this pandemic. After decades of neglect in this field, a renaissance era of TB drug discovery has arrived, in which many novel candidates have entered clinical trials. However, while hundreds of molecules are reported annually as promising anti-TB agents, very few successfully progress to clinical development. In this Perspective, we critically review those anti-TB compounds published in the last 6 years that demonstrate good in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, we highlight the main challenges and strategies for developing new TB drugs and the current global pipeline of drug candidates in clinical studies to foment fresh research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil
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11
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Adhyapak P, Dong W, Dasgupta S, Dutta A, Duan M, Kapoor S. Lipid Clustering in Mycobacterial Cell Envelope Layers Governs Spatially Resolved Solvation Dynamics. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200146. [PMID: 35419975 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell envelope acts as a multilayered barrier to drugs. However, the role of lipid composition in the properties of different mycobacterial membranes, otherwise dictating their interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. In this study, we found that hydration states, solvation relaxation kinetics, rotational lipid mobility, and lateral lipid diffusion differed between inner and outer mycobacterial membranes. Molecular modeling showed that lipid clustering patterns governed membrane dynamics in the different layers of the cell envelope. By regulating membrane properties, lipid composition and structure modulated water abundance and interactions with lipid head groups. These findings can help deepen our understanding of the physical chemistry underlying membrane structure and function, as well as the interaction of mycobacterial membranes with drugs and host membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Adhyapak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Wanqian Dong
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Souradip Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mojie Duan
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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12
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Mi J, Gong W, Wu X, Al Attar AM. Advances in Key Drug Target Identification and New Drug Development for Tuberculosis. BioMed Research International 2022; 2022:1-23. [PMID: 35252448 PMCID: PMC8896939 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5099312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious disease worldwide. The increasing emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has markedly hampered TB control. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-TB drugs to treat drug-resistant TB and shorten the standard therapy. The discovery of targets of drug action will lay a theoretical foundation for new drug development. With the development of molecular biology and the success of Mtb genome sequencing, great progress has been made in the discovery of new targets and their relevant inhibitors. In this review, we summarized 45 important drug targets and 15 new drugs that are currently being tested in clinical stages and several prospective molecules that are still at the level of preclinical studies. A comprehensive understanding of the drug targets of Mtb can provide extensive insights into the development of safer and more efficient drugs and may contribute new ideas for TB control and treatment.
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13
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Abstract
Infectious diseases remain significant health concerns worldwide, and resistance is particularly common in patients with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of anti-infectives with novel modes of action may help overcome resistance. In this regard, membrane-active agents, which modulate membrane components essential for the survival of pathogens, present attractive antimicrobial agents. Key advantages of membrane-active compounds include their ability to target slow-growing or dormant bacteria and their favorable pharmacokinetics. Here, we comprehensively review recent advances in the development of membrane-active chemotypes that target mycobacterial membranes and discuss clinically relevant membrane-active antibacterial agents that have shown promise in counteracting bacterial infections. We discuss the relationship between the membrane properties and the synthetic requirements within the chemical scaffold, as well as the limitations of current membrane-active chemotypes. This review will lay the chemical groundwork for the development of membrane-active antituberculosis agents and will foster the discovery of more effective antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswabrata Modak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Siddhali Girkar
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403110, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403110, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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14
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Guterres KB, Rossi GG, de Campos MMA, Moreira KS, Burgo TAL, Iglesias BA. Nanomolar effective and first report of tetra-cationic silver(II) porphyrins against non-tuberculous mycobacteria in antimicrobial photodynamic approaches. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Johnson J, Ellis MJ, Piquette ZA, MacNair C, Carfrae L, Bhando T, Ritchie NE, Saliba P, Brown ED, Magolan J. Antibacterial Activity of Metergoline Analogues: Revisiting the Ergot Alkaloid Scaffold for Antibiotic Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:284-291. [PMID: 35178184 PMCID: PMC8842143 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metergoline is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid identified recently as an inhibitor of the Gram-negative intracellular pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm). With the previously unknown antibacterial activity of metergoline, we explored structure-activity relationships (SARs) with a series of carbamate, urea, sulfonamide, amine, and amide analogues. Cinnamide and arylacrylamide derivatives show improved potency relative to metergoline against Gram-positive bacteria, and pyridine derivative 38 is also effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a murine skin infection model. Arylacrylamide analogues of metergoline show modest activity against wild-type (WT) Gram-negative bacteria but are more active against strains of efflux-deficient S. Tm and hyperpermeable Escherichia coli. The potencies against WT strains of E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Burkholderia cenocepacia are also improved considerably (up to >128-fold) with the outer-membrane permeabilizer SPR741, suggesting that the ergot scaffold represents a new lead for the development of new antibiotics.
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16
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Radhakrishnan A, Brown CM, Guy CS, Cooper C, Pacheco-Gomez R, Stansfeld PJ, Fullam E. Interrogation of the Pathogen Box reveals small molecule ligands against the mycobacterial trehalose transporter LpqY-SugABC. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1225-1233. [PMID: 36320433 PMCID: PMC9579956 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, claims ∼1.5 million lives annually. Effective chemotherapy is essential to control TB, however the emergence of drug-resistant strains of TB have seriously threatened global attempts to control and eradicate this deadly pathogen. Trehalose recycling via the LpqY-SugABC importer is essential for the virulence and survival of Mtb and inhibiting or hijacking this transport system is an attractive approach for the development of novel anti-tubercular and diagnostic agents. Therefore, we interrogated the drug-like compounds in the open-source Medicines for Malaria Pathogen Box and successfully identified seven compounds from the TB, kinetoplastids and reference compound disease sets that recognise LpqY. The molecules have diverse chemical scaffolds, are not specific trehalose analogues, and may be used as novel templates to facilitate the development of therapeutics that kill Mtb with a novel mechanism of action via the mycobacterial trehalose LpqY-SugABC transport system. Interrogation of the Pathogen Box identified diverse chemical scaffolds against the mycobacterial trehalose transporter.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea M. Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Collette S. Guy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Charlotte Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Raul Pacheco-Gomez
- Malvern Panalytical Ltd, Enigma Business Park, Grovewood Road, Malvern, WR14 1XZ, UK
| | - Phillip J. Stansfeld
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Fullam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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17
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Bajad NG, Singh SK, Singh SK, Singh TD, Singh M. Indole: A promising scaffold for the discovery and development of potential anti-tubercular agents. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery 2022; 3:100119. [PMID: 35992375 PMCID: PMC9389259 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-containing small molecules have been reported to have diverse pharmacological activities. The aromatic heterocyclic scaffold, which resembles various protein structures, has received attention from organic and medicinal chemists. Exploration of indole derivatives in drug discovery has rapidly yielded a vast array of biologically active compounds with broad therapeutic potential. Nature is the major source of indole scaffolds, but various classical and advanced synthesis methods for indoles have also been reported. One-pot synthesis is widely considered an efficient approach in synthetic organic chemistry and has been used to synthesize some indole compounds. The rapid emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major challenge to be addressed. Identifying novel targets and drug candidates for tuberculosis is therefore crucial. Researchers have extensively explored indole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular agents or drugs. Indole scaffolds containing the novel non-covalent (decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose2′-epimerase) DprE1 inhibitor 1,4-azaindole is currently in clinical trials to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, DG167 indazole sulfonamide with potent anti-tubercular activity is undergoing early-stage development in preclinical studies. Indole bearing cationic amphiphiles with high chemical diversity have been reported to depolarize and disrupt the mycobacterial membrane. Some indole-based compounds have potential inhibitory activities against distinct anti-tubercular targets, including the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, replication, transcription, and translation, as summarized in the graphical abstract. The success of computer-aided drug design in the fields of cancer and anti-viral drugs has accelerated in silico studies in antibacterial drug development. This review describes the sources of indole scaffolds, the potential for novel indole derivatives to serve as anti-tubercular agents, in silico findings, and proposed actions to facilitate the design of novel compounds with anti-tubercular activity. The Indole derivatives emerged as an efficient bioactive compoundes with wide range of therapeutic potential. Identifying novel drug candidates with indole derivatives can curtail the rapid emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The current review highlights the sources of indole scaffolds, their derivatives, and in silico findings as anti-tubercular agents. Currently, DprE1 inhibitor 1,4-azaindole and DG167 indazole sulfonamide are in clinical trials to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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18
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Kopiasz RJ, Zabost A, Myszka M, Kuźmińska A, Drężek K, Mierzejewska J, Tomaszewski W, Iwańska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Ciach T, Jańczewski D. Main-chain flexibility and hydrophobicity of ionenes strongly impact their antimicrobial activity: an extended study on drug resistance strains and Mycobacterium. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26220-26232. [PMID: 36275090 PMCID: PMC9477016 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and the resurgence of tuberculosis disease are major motivations to search for novel antimicrobial agents. Some promising candidates in this respect are cationic polymers, also known as synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs), which act through the membrane-lytic mechanism. Development of resistance toward SMAMPs is less likely than toward currently employed antibiotics; however, further studies are needed to better understand their structure–activity relationship. The main objective of this work is to understand the cross-influence of hydrophobicity, main-chain flexibility, and the topology of ionenes (polycations containing a cationic moiety within the main-chain) on activity. To fulfill this goal, a library of ionenes was developed and compared with previously investigated molecules. The obtained compounds display promising activity against the model microorganisms and drug-resistance clinical isolates, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The killing efficiency was also investigated, and results confirm a strong effect of hydrophobicity, revealing higher activity for molecules possessing the flexible linker within the polymer main-chain. A high significance of the main chain flexibility and an unexpected effect of hydrophobicity on the biological activity in series of ionenes was observed. The most potent among the tested polycations showed high activity toward clinical bacterial isolates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jerzy Kopiasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Magdalena Myszka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kuźmińska
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, Warsaw 00-645, Poland
| | - Karolina Drężek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomaszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Iwańska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, Warsaw 00-645, Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
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19
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Fridianto KT, Li M, Hards K, Negatu DA, Cook GM, Dick T, Lam Y, Go ML. Functionalized Dioxonaphthoimidazoliums: A Redox Cycling Chemotype with Potent Bactericidal Activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15991-16007. [PMID: 34706190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of redox homeostasis in mycobacteria causes irreversible stress induction and cell death. Here, we report the dioxonaphthoimidazolium scaffold as a novel redox cycling antituberculosis chemotype with potent bactericidal activity against growing and nutrient-starved phenotypically drug-resistant nongrowing bacteria. Maximal potency was dependent on the activation of the redox cycling quinone by the positively charged scaffold and accessibility to the mycobacterial cell membrane as directed by the lipophilicity and conformational characteristics of the N-substituted side chains. Evidence from microbiological, biochemical, and genetic investigations implicates a redox-driven mode of action that is reliant on the reduction of the quinone by type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH2) for the generation of bactericidal levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bactericidal profile of a potent water-soluble analogue 32 revealed good activity against nutrient-starved organisms in the Loebel model of dormancy, low spontaneous resistance mutation frequency, and synergy with isoniazid in the checkerboard assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Dereje A Negatu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health & Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health & Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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20
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Schrank CL, Wilt IK, Monteagudo Ortiz C, Haney BA, Wuest WM. Using membrane perturbing small molecules to target chronic persistent infections. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1312-1324. [PMID: 34458737 PMCID: PMC8372208 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After antibiotic treatment, a subpopulation of bacteria often remains and can lead to recalcitrant infections. This subpopulation, referred to as persisters, evades antibiotic treatment through numerous mechanisms such as decreased uptake of small molecules and slowed growth. Membrane perturbing small molecules have been shown to eradicate persisters as well as render these populations susceptible to antibiotic treatment. Chemotype similarities have emerged suggesting amphiphilic heteroaromatic compounds possess ideal properties to increase membrane fluidity and such molecules warrant further investigation as effective agents or potentiators against persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid K Wilt
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | | | | | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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21
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Lun S, Xiao S, Zhang W, Wang S, Gunosewoyo H, Yu LF, Bishai WR. Therapeutic potential of coumestan Pks13 inhibitors for tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 95:AAC. [PMID: 33558290 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02190-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13) is an important enzyme found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) that condenses two fatty acyl chains to produce α-alkyl β-ketoesters, which in turn serve as the precursors for the synthesis of mycolic acids that are essential building blocks for maintaining the cell wall integrity of M. tuberculosis Coumestan derivatives have recently been identified in our group as a new chemotype that exert their antitubercular effects via targeting of Pks13. These compounds were active on both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis as well as showing low cytotoxicity to healthy cells and a promising selectivity profile. No cross-resistance was found between the coumestan derivatives and first-line TB drugs. Here we report that treatment of M. tuberculosis bacilli with 15 times the MIC of compound 1, an optimized lead coumestan compound, resulted in a colony forming unit (CFU) reduction from 6.0 log10 units to below the limit of detection (1.0 log10 units) per mL culture, demonstrating a bactericidal mechanism of action. Single dose (10 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic studies revealed favorable parameters with a relative bioavailability of 19.4%. In a mouse infection and chemotherapy model, treatment with 1 showed dose-dependent mono-therapeutic activity, whereas treatment with 1 in combination with rifampin showed clear synergistic effects. Together these data suggest that coumestan derivatives are promising agents for further TB drug development.
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22
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Makosa M, Sithole S, Mukanganyama S. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of the Extracts of the Pods of Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. (Fabaceae). Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:6616133. [PMID: 33629066 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6616133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used traditionally by people in treating and the management of diseases since time immemorial. Traditional medicines including the herbal medicines are used for primary healthcare in some domains in almost every country. Approximately 80% of the population in developing coutries depend on plants as their source of medicine for combating diseases. New and effective antimicrobial agents that have novel mechanism of actions are required. Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. is a species of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. Different parts of the P. thonningii plants such as the roots, leaves, seeds, and fruits have been used in treating wounds, heart pain, and gingivitis and as cough remedy. This study focused on determining the antimicrobial properties found in the pods of P. thonningii. The sample was prepared by grinding the dried pods into a fine powder. Successive extraction and extraction with 1 : 1 DCM: methanol was used. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the broth microdilution and MTT assay. The microorganism used for the tests was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida krusei and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The most potent extract was then used to determine its effect on microbial cell membrane integrity. The results showed that methanol extract had the highest percentage yield of 5%. The extract with the highest antimicrobial effects was ethanol extract with the 100 μg/mL concentration inhibiting the growth of cells to 26%, 87%, and 90% for P. aeruginosa, M. smegmatis, and C. krusei, respectively. The ethanol extracts caused significant leakage of proteins in these microorganisms. In conclusion, the pods of P. thonningii contain phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties. The pods of the plant can be a source of phytochemicals that can serve as sources of lead compounds with antimicrobial effects. One of the mechanisms of action of these phytochemicals is via membrane-damaging effects on microbes.
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23
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Tintinger GR, Theron AJ, Steel HC, Cholo MC, Nel JG, Feldman C, Anderson R. Submission for Special Issue: The Role of Platelet Activation in the Pathophysiology of HIV, Tuberculosis, and Pneumococcal Disease. Bedaquiline Suppresses ADP-Mediated Activation of Human Platelets In Vitro via Interference With Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621148. [PMID: 33717055 PMCID: PMC7952968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bedaquiline has advanced the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), concerns remain about the cardiotoxic potential of this agent, albeit by unexplored mechanisms. Accordingly, we have investigated augmentation of the reactivity of human platelets in vitro as a potential mechanism of bedaquiline-mediated cardiotoxicity. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or isolated cells prepared from the blood of healthy, adult humans were treated with bedaquiline (0.625–10 µg/ml), followed by activation with adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP), thrombin or the thromboxane A2 receptor agonist (U46619). Expression of platelet CD62P (P-selectin), platelet aggregation, Ca2+ fluxes and phosphorylation of Akt1 were measured using flow cytometry, spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrometry, and by ELISA procedures, respectively. Exposure to bedaquiline caused dose-related inhibition of ADP-activated, but not thrombin- or U46619-activated, expression of CD62P by platelets, achieving statistical significance at a threshold concentration of 5 µg/ml and was paralleled by inhibition of aggregation and Ca2+ mobilization. These ADP-selective inhibitory effects of bedaquiline on platelet activation were mimicked by wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), implicating PI3-K as being a common target of both agents, a contention that was confirmed by the observed inhibitory effects of bedaquiline on the phosphorylation of Akt1 following activation of platelets with ADP. These apparent inhibitory effects of bedaquiline on the activity of PI3-K may result from the secondary cationic amphiphilic properties of this agent. If operative in vivo, these anti-platelet effects of bedaquiline may contribute to ameliorating the risk of TB-associated cardiovascular disease, but this remains to be explored in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Annette J Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Moloko C Cholo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan G Nel
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Beteck RM, Jordaan A, Seldon R, Laming D, Hoppe HC, Warner DF, Khanye SD. Easy-To-Access Quinolone Derivatives Exhibiting Antibacterial and Anti-Parasitic Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041141. [PMID: 33672753 PMCID: PMC7931078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has a unique structural organisation, comprising a high lipid content mixed with polysaccharides. This makes cell wall a formidable barrier impermeable to hydrophilic agents. In addition, during host infection, Mtb resides in macrophages within avascular necrotic granulomas and cavities, which shield the bacterium from the action of most antibiotics. To overcome these protective barriers, a new class of anti-TB agents exhibiting lipophilic character have been recommended by various reports in literature. Herein, a series of lipophilic heterocyclic quinolone compounds was synthesised and evaluated in vitro against pMSp12::GFP strain of Mtb, two protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei brucei) and against ESKAPE pathogens. The resultant compounds exhibited varied anti-Mtb activity with MIC90 values in the range of 0.24–31 µM. Cross-screening against P. falciparum and T.b. brucei, identified several compounds with antiprotozoal activities in the range of 0.4–20 µM. Compounds were generally inactive against ESKAPE pathogens, with only compounds 8c, 8g and 13 exhibiting moderate to poor activity against S. aureus and A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (S.D.K.); Tel.: +27-46-603-8397 (S.D.K.)
| | - Audrey Jordaan
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.J.); (D.F.W.)
| | - Ronnett Seldon
- SAMRC Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Dustin Laming
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (D.L.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Heinrich C. Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (D.L.); (H.C.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (A.J.); (D.F.W.)
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D. Khanye
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (D.L.); (H.C.H.)
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (S.D.K.); Tel.: +27-46-603-8397 (S.D.K.)
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25
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Li M, Nyantakyi SA, Go ML, Dick T. Resistance against Membrane-Inserting MmpL3 Inhibitor through Upregulation of MmpL5 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01100-20. [PMID: 32958714 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01100-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroketal indolyl Mannich bases (SIMBs) present a novel class of membrane-inserting antimycobacterials with efficacy in a tuberculosis mouse model. SIMBs exert their antibacterial activity by two mechanisms. The indolyl Mannich base scaffold causes permeabilization of bacteria, and the spiroketal moiety contributes to inhibition of the mycolic acid transporter MmpL3. Here, we show that low-level resistance to SIMBs arises by mutations in the transcriptional repressor MmpR5, resulting in upregulation of the efflux pump MmpL5. Spiroketal indolyl Mannich bases (SIMBs) present a novel class of membrane-inserting antimycobacterials with efficacy in a tuberculosis mouse model. SIMBs exert their antibacterial activity by two mechanisms. The indolyl Mannich base scaffold causes permeabilization of bacteria, and the spiroketal moiety contributes to inhibition of the mycolic acid transporter MmpL3. Here, we show that low-level resistance to SIMBs arises by mutations in the transcriptional repressor MmpR5, resulting in upregulation of the efflux pump MmpL5.
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Tran HT, Solnier J, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Kunert O, Martin L, Bhakta S, Huynh L, Le TM, Bauer R, Bucar F. Antimicrobial and Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity of Carvotacetones from Sphaeranthus africanus Against Mycobacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E390. [PMID: 32650510 PMCID: PMC7400215 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Carvotacetones (1-7) isolated from Sphaeranthus africanus were screened for their antimycobacterial and efflux pump (EP) inhibitory potential against the mycobacterial model strains Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155, Mycobacterium aurum ATCC 23366, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG ATCC 35734. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the carvotacetones were detected through high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi) and microbroth dilution assays. In order to assess the potential of the compounds 1 and 6 to accumulate ethidium bromide (EtBr) in M. smegmatis and M. aurum, a microtiter plate-based fluorometric assay was used to determine efflux activity. Compounds 1 and 6 were analyzed for their modulating effects on the MIC of EtBr and the antibiotic rifampicin (RIF) against M. smegmatis. Carvotacetones 1 and 6 had potent antibacterial effects on M. aurum and M. bovis BCG (MIC ≤ 31.25 mg/L) and could successfully enhance EtBr activity against M. smegmatis. Compound 1 appeared as the most efficient agent for impairing the efflux mechanism in M. smegmatis. Both compounds 1 and 6 were highly effective against M. aurum and M. bovis BCG. In particular, compound 1 was identified as a valuable candidate for inhibiting mycobacterial efflux mechanisms and as a promising adjuvant in the therapy of tuberculosis or other non-tubercular mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Thi Tran
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (H.T.T.); (J.S.); (E.-M.P.-W.); (R.B.)
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University—HCMC, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, HCM City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Julia Solnier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (H.T.T.); (J.S.); (E.-M.P.-W.); (R.B.)
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; (L.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (H.T.T.); (J.S.); (E.-M.P.-W.); (R.B.)
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Liam Martin
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; (L.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; (L.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Loi Huynh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Da Nang University, 41 Le Duan Street, Hai Chau District, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam;
| | - Tri Minh Le
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University—HCMC, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, HCM City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (H.T.T.); (J.S.); (E.-M.P.-W.); (R.B.)
| | - Franz Bucar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (H.T.T.); (J.S.); (E.-M.P.-W.); (R.B.)
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Juhás M, Kučerová L, Horáček O, Janďourek O, Kubíček V, Konečná K, Kučera R, Bárta P, Janoušek J, Paterová P, Kuneš J, Doležal M, Zitko J. N-Pyrazinoyl Substituted Amino Acids as Potential Antimycobacterial Agents-The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Enantiomers. Molecules 2020; 25:E1518. [PMID: 32230728 PMCID: PMC7181131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), each year causing millions of deaths. In this article, we present the synthesis and biological evaluations of new potential antimycobacterial compounds containing a fragment of the first-line antitubercular drug pyrazinamide (PZA), coupled with methyl or ethyl esters of selected amino acids. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on a variety of (myco)bacterial strains, including Mtb H37Ra, M. smegmatis, M. aurum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungal strains, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. Emphasis was placed on the comparison of enantiomer activities. None of the synthesized compounds showed any significant activity against fungal strains, and their antibacterial activities were also low, the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 31.25 µM. However, several compounds presented high activity against Mtb. Overall, higher activity was seen in derivatives containing ʟ-amino acids. Similarly, the activity seems tied to the more lipophilic compounds. The most active derivative contained phenylglycine moiety (PC-ᴅ/ʟ-Pgl-Me, MIC < 1.95 µg/mL). All active compounds possessed low cytotoxicity and good selectivity towards Mtb. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the activities of the ᴅ- and ʟ-amino acid derivatives of pyrazinamide as potential antimycobacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Juhás
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Lucie Kučerová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Vladimír Kubíček
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Klára Konečná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Radim Kučera
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Pavel Bárta
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Jiří Janoušek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Pavla Paterová
- University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Martin Doležal
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Jan Zitko
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.H.); (O.J.); (V.K.); (K.K.); (R.K.); (P.B.); (J.J.); (J.K.); (M.D.)
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Abstract
Persistence of infection despite extensive chemotherapy with antibiotics displaying low MICs is a hallmark of lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab). Thus, the classical MIC assay is a poor predictor of clinical outcome. Discovery of more efficacious antibiotics requires more predictive in vitro potency assays. As a mycobacterium, Mab is an obligate aerobe and a chemo-organo-heterotroph – it requires oxygen and organic carbon sources for growth. However, bacteria growing in patients can encounter micro-environmental conditions that are different from aerated nutrient-rich broth used to grow planktonic cultures for MIC assays. These in vivo conditions may include oxygen and nutrient limitation which should arrest growth. Furthermore, Mab was shown to grow as biofilms in vivo. Here, we show Mab Bamboo, a clinical isolate we use for Mab drug discovery, can survive oxygen deprivation and nutrient starvation for extended periods of time in non-replicating states and developed an in vitro model where the bacterium grows as biofilm. Using these culture models, we show that non-replicating or biofilm-growing bacteria display tolerance to clinically used anti-Mab antibiotics, consistent with the observed persistence of infection in patients. To demonstrate the utility of the developed “persister” assays for drug discovery, we determined the effect of novel agents targeting membrane functions against these physiological forms of the bacterium and find that these compounds show “anti-persister” activity. In conclusion, we developed in vitro “persister” assays to fill an assay gap in Mab drug discovery compound progression and to enable identification of novel lead compounds showing “anti-persister” activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Kuen Yam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nadine Alvarez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, United States
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Mabhula A, Singh V. Drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: where we stand. Medchemcomm 2019; 10:1342-1360. [PMID: 31534654 PMCID: PMC6748343 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has burdened vulnerable populations in modern day societies for decades. Recently, this global health threat has been heightened by the emergence and propagation of multi drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mtb that are resistant to current treatment regimens. The End-TB strategy, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO), aims to reduce TB-related deaths by 90%. This program encourages universal access to drug susceptibility testing, which is not widely available owing to the lack of laboratory capacity or resources in certain under-resourced areas. Clinical assays are further complicated by the slow growth of Mtb, resulting in the long turn-around time of tests which severely limits their application in guiding a patient's treatment regimen. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current TB treatments, mechanisms of resistance to anti-tubercular drugs and their diagnosis and the current pipeline of drugs targeting drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) with particular attention paid to ways in which drug-resistance is combated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mabhula
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit , Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa .
| | - Vinayak Singh
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit , Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa .
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) , Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , South Africa
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Tanner L, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. An in vitro ADME and in vivo Pharmacokinetic Study of Novel TB-Active Decoquinate Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:120. [PMID: 30833898 PMCID: PMC6387968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is currently the leading cause of mortality due to an infectious disease, despite the existence of multiple effective first-line and second-line drugs. The current anti-TB regimen requires a prolonged treatment period of around 6 months and is only efficacious against drug-sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). With a rise in cases of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistant strains of Mtb, newer treatments comprising compounds with novel mechanisms of action are required. Although decoquinate (DQ) is inactive against Mtb, its derivatives are of interest to anti-TB drug discovery because of their potential to permeate the mycobacterial cell wall, Mtb-infected macrophages, and granulomatous lesions by passive diffusion. The compounds also display mechanisms of action which are unlike those of currently used quinolones, potentially displaying activity against new targets. Three such derivatives bearing an alkyl group at N-1 and an amide group at C-3 (RMB 041, -043, and -073) displayed potent in vitro activities against Mtb H37Rv (90% minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC90 = 1.61, 4.18, and 1.88 μM, respectively) and high selectivity indices (10-25). In this study, we evaluated the drug-like properties (in vitro microsomal stability, microsomal/plasma protein binding, kinetic solubility, lipophilicity, and passive permeability) and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of these compounds after intravenous and oral administration to male C57BL/6 mice. The compounds showed markedly improved kinetic solubilities compared to that of the parental DQ and were metabolically stable in vitro. The maximum concentrations reached after oral administration were 5.4 ± 0.40, 5.6 ± 1.40, and 2.0 ± 0.03 μM; elimination half-lives were 23.4 ± 2.50, 6.2 ± 0.80, and 11.6 ± 1.30 h; and bioavailabilities were 21.4 ± 1.0, 22.1 ± 2.2, and 5.9 ± 1.3 for RMB041, -043, and -073, respectively. These compounds therefore display promising drug-like properties, and their PK/toxicity profiles (including long half-lives both in vitro and in vivo) support their potential as candidates for further investigation in animal models of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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