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Nie X, Li Q, Chen X, Onyango S, Xie J, Nie S. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Vital contributors to physiology from bacteria to host. Microbiol Res 2024; 284:127733. [PMID: 38678680 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) represent spherical particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 nm filled with multiple parental bacteria-derived components, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules. The production of bEVs facilitates bacteria interacting with their environment and exerting biological functions. It is increasingly evident that the bEVs play integral roles in both bacterial and host physiology, contributing to environmental adaptations to functioning as health promoters for their hosts. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on the composition, biogenesis, and diversity of bEVs and the mechanisms by which different bEVs elicit effects on bacterial physiology and host health. We posit that an in-depth exploration of the mechanistic aspects of bEVs activity is essential to elucidate their health-promoting effects on the host and may facilitate the translation of bEVs into applications as novel natural biological nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xinyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | | | - Junhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Ganesh PS. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde causes attrition of biofilm formation and quorum sensing-associated virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 163:105976. [PMID: 38640776 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effects of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-H-3-MB) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) using an in vitro cariogenic biofilm model. DESIGN The antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm-forming S. mutans was evaluated by disc diffusion method. In vitro investigations were performed using crystal violet staining assay (biofilm assay), exopolysaccharide (EPS) assay, acid production, growth curve analysis, optical microscopic, and FE-SEM analyses to determine the antibiofilm activity of 4-H-3-MB. RESULTS S. mutans (SDC-05) was resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftriaxone, whereas the other strains of S. mutans (SDC-01, 02, 03 and SDC-04) were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. 4-H-3-MB showed promising antibiofilm activity on S. mutans UA159 (79.81 %, 67.76 % and 56.31 %) and S. mutans SDC-05 (77.00 %, 59.48 % and 48.22 %) at the lowest concentration of 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 mg/ml. 4-H-3-MB did not inhibit bacterial growth even at concentrations 0.2 mg/ml. Similarly, 4-H-3-MB led to significant attrition in exopolysaccharide (EPS) and acid production by S. mutans UA159 and S. mutans (SDC-05) at the concentration of 0.2, 0.1 mg/ml, respectively. Optical microscopy and FE-SEM analysis 4-H-3-MB reduced the biofilm thickness of S. mutans UA159 and S. mutans SDC-05 relative to the untreated specimens. CONCLUSION 4-H-3-MB significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. mutans in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, our findings indicate that the active principle of 4-H-3-MB could be used as a biofilm inhibiting agent against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India.
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Zhou Y, Liu Z, Wen J, Zhou Y, Lin H. The inhibitory effect of berberine chloride hydrate on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation at different pH values. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0217023. [PMID: 37747238 PMCID: PMC10580975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02170-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the major cariogenic bacteria of dental caries owing to its ability to adhere to tooth surfaces and biofilm formation. Berberine chloride hydrate (BH), a quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid, has diverse pharmacological efforts against microorganisms. However, the effect of BH on S. mutans biofilm has not been reported. Considering that berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt alkaloid, which needs to adapt to a large variation in pH values and the acid resistance of S. mutans, we employed three groups including pH 5 (acidic), pH 8 (alkaline), and unprocessed group (neutral) to examine the antibiofilm activities of BH against S. mutans during different pH values. In this study, we found BH effectively suppresses S. mutans biofilm formation as well as its cariogenic virulence including acid production and EPS synthesis significantly, and the inhibitory effort was reduced under acidic condition whereas elevated under alkaline condition. In addition, we preliminarily explored the influence of pH values on the structural stability and biosafety of BHas well as the underlying mechanism of inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation with BH. Our study showed BH could maintain a good structural stability and low toxicity to erythrocytes at different pH values. And BH could downregulate the expression of srtA, spaP, and gbpC, which play critical roles in the adhesion process, promoting bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Furthermore, comX and ldh expression levels were downregulated in BH-treated group, which might explain its inhibitory effect on acid production.IMPORTANCEDental caries is a common chronic detrimental disease, which could cause a series of oral problem including oral pain, difficulties in eating, and so on. Recently, many natural products have been considered as fundamental sources of therapeutic drugs to prevent caries. Berberine as a plant extract showed good antibiofilm abilities against microorganism. Our study focuses on its antibiofilm abilities against S. mutans, which was defined as major cariogenic bacterium and explored the role of pH values and possible underlying mechanisms in the inhibitory effect of BH on S. mutans biofilm formation. This study demonstrated a promising prospect for BH as an adjuvant drug in the prevention and management of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoying Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Baruch Y, Golberg K, Sun Q, Yew-Hoong Gin K, Marks RS, Kushmaro A. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM): A Potential Therapeutic Agent against Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1017. [PMID: 37370336 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, has been proven to act as a signal molecule in bacteria, acting in different aspects of biofilm formation. The oral biofilm is a type of biofilm that has consequences for human health. It is a complex, three-dimensional structure that develops on the surface of teeth via the attachment of primary microbial colonizers. Many oral infections are caused by an imbalance occurring in the microorganisms naturally found in oral biofilms and are considered major public health concerns. In this study, we test the effect of a natural bis-indole, 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), in mitigating the pathogenicity of the oral biofilm inhabiting bacterium Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium that is considered to be a principal etiological agent in dental caries. Our study found that DIM was able to attenuate S. mutans biofilm formation by 92%. Additionally, treatment with DIM lowered extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production and decreased its durability significantly under acidic conditions. Therefore, the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of DIM against S. mutans bacteria in an "oral setting" provides evidence for its usefulness in reducing biofilm formation and potentially for caries attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Baruch
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Karina Golberg
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Robert S Marks
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Ke L, Wang J, Liu Y, Sun Z, Li Y, Xiao X. Identification of the antibacterial action mechanism of curcumin on Streptococcus mutans through transcriptome profiling. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 149:105655. [PMID: 36842372 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the effect and mechanism responsible for how curcumin affects the biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). DESIGN The antibacterial activity of curcumin was evaluated by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The mass of the biofilm was measured by crystal violet staining. Transcriptome sequencing was used to obtain all the transcript information associated with the biological activity of curcumin-treated S. mutans. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine the expression levels of related biofilm formation genes. RESULTS The MIC value for curcumin was 64 μM. Curcumin inhibited the formation of a biofilm by S. mutans and degraded mature biofilms. A gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly relevant to biofilm formation. In addition, 17 significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways (p ≤ 0.01) were identified and were potentially associated with the biochemical metabolic processes of S. mutans. DEGs associated with the biofilm formation of S. mutants, including gtfB, gtfC, rgpG, spaP, spxA1, spxA2, bacA, lrgB, and gshAB. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with transcriptome sequencing that the expression levels of gtfB, gtfC, rgpG, and spaP significantly decreased in the curcumin-treated group, whereas the expression levels of spx1, spx2, bacA, lrgB, and gshAB were up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin showed marked inhibitory effects against the formation of biofilms by S. mutans and degradation of formed biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, China; Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tumors of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Hospital of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, China; Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tumors of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Center for Infectious Disease Prevention, Control and Treatment, Wuhan, China; Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tumors of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wuhan, China.
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Zhao H, Wang X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zou L, Chen Y, Han Q. The effect of argon cold atmospheric plasma on the metabolism and demineralization of oral plaque biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1116021. [PMID: 36968105 PMCID: PMC10034055 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to design and optimize a cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) device that could be applied in an oral environment and to study its effects on plaque biofilm metabolism and regrowth, as well as microbial flora composition and enamel demineralization. Method CAP was obtained through a dielectric barrier discharge device; the optical properties were analyzed using emission spectroscopy. The electrochemical analysis of plasma devices includes voltametric characteristic curves and Lissajous. The Streptococcus mutans (UA159) and saliva biofilms were treated in vitro, and the effects of CAP on biofilm metabolism were investigated using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The duration of antibacterial activity on biofilms was examined, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of biofilms, and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to explore the influence of CAP on the microbial flora composition of saliva biofilms. An in vitro model of biofilm-enamel demineralization was designed, and the effect of CAP on enamel demineralization was evaluated by micro surface hardness and micro-CT analysis. Results CAP had antibacterial proliferative ability toward Streptococcus mutans biofilms and saliva biofilms and was stronger than ultraviolet under the same tested conditions. After 24 h, the antibacterial effect disappeared, which proved the short-term timeliness of its bactericidal ability. CAP can inhibit the acid production of biofilms, and its inhibitory effect on saliva biofilms can be extended to 24 h. CAP had a strong ability to regulate the composition of plaque biofilms, especially for Lactococcus proliferation, a major acid-producing bacterium in microcosm biofilms. The CAP-treated enamels were more acid-tolerant than non-treated controls. Conclusion CAP had an explicit bactericidal effect on caries-related biofilms, which is a short-term antibacterial effect. It can inhibit the acid production of biofilms and has a downregulation effect on Lactococcus in saliva biofilms. CAP can help reduce demineralization of enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Huber Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Han,
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Zhou C, Zhang W, Lin H, Zhang L, Wu F, Wang Y, Yu S, Peng X, Cheng W, Li M, Pan X, Huang Z, Zhang W. Effect of theaflavin-3,3′-digallate on leptin-deficient induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease might be related to lipid metabolism regulated by the Fads1/PPARδ/Fabp4 axis and gut microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925264. [PMID: 36105184 PMCID: PMC9464872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the risk factors for hepatitis, cirrhosis, and even hepatic carcinoma, has been a global public health problem. The polyphenol compound theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3), mainly extracted from black tea, has been reported to produce an effect on hypoglycemic and antilipid deposition in vitro. In our study, we further investigated the function and novel mechanisms of TF3 in protecting NAFLD in vivo. By using leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice with NAFLD symptoms, TF3 treatment prevented body weight and waistline gain, reduced lipid accumulation, and alleviated liver function injury, as well as decreased serum lipid levels and TG levels in livers in ob/ob mice, observing no side effects. Furthermore, the transcriptome sequencing of liver tissue showed that TF3 treatment corrected the expression profiles of livers in ob/ob mice compared with that of the model group. It is interesting to note that TF3 might regulate lipid metabolism via the Fads1/PPARδ/Fabp4 axis. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that TF3 increased the abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, norank_f_Ruminococcaceae, and GCA-900066575 and significantly decreased that of Parvibacter. Taken together, the effect of TF3 on NAFLD might be related to lipid metabolism regulated by the Fads1/PPARδ/Fabp4 axis and gut microbiota. TF3 might be a promising candidate for NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luyun Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Susu Yu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Peng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenrui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement of Guangdong Province, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenrui Huang, ; Wenjuan Zhang,
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenrui Huang, ; Wenjuan Zhang,
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Yussof A, Cammalleri B, Fayemiwo O, Lopez S, Chu T. Antibacterial and Sporicidal Activity Evaluation of Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2153. [PMID: 35216265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TFDG), a polyphenol derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, is known to have many health benefits. In this study, the antibacterial effect of TFDG against nine bacteria and the sporicidal activities on spore-forming Bacillus spp. have been investigated. Microplate assay, colony-forming unit, BacTiter-GloTM, and Live/Dead Assays showed that 250 µg/mL TFDG was able to inhibit bacterial growth up to 99.97%, while 625 µg/mL TFDG was able to inhibit up to 99.92% of the spores from germinating after a one-hour treatment. Binding analysis revealed the favorable binding affinity of two germination-associated proteins, GPR and Lgt (GerF), to TFDG, ranging from -7.6 to -10.3 kcal/mol. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that TFDG treatment lowered the expression of gpr, ranging from 0.20 to 0.39 compared to the control in both Bacillus spp. The results suggest that TFDG not only inhibits the growth of vegetative cells but also prevents the germination of bacterial spores. This report indicates that TFDG is a promising broad-spectrum antibacterial and anti-spore agent against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, acid-fast bacteria, and endospores. The potential anti-germination mechanism has also been elucidated.
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Serrage HJ, Jepson MA, Rostami N, Jakubovics NS, Nobbs AH. Understanding the Matrix: The Role of Extracellular DNA in Oral Biofilms. Front Oral Health 2022; 2:640129. [PMID: 35047995 PMCID: PMC8757797 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.640129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is the key etiological agent in caries formation and the development of the prevalent chronic oral inflammatory disease, periodontitis. The dental plaque biofilm comprises a diverse range of microbial species encased within a rich extracellular matrix, of which extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been identified as an important component. The molecular mechanisms of eDNA release and the structure of eDNA have yet to be fully characterized. Nonetheless, key functions that have been proposed for eDNA include maintaining biofilm structural integrity, initiating adhesion to dental surfaces, acting as a nutrient source, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. Thus, eDNA is a potential therapeutic target for the management of oral disease–associated biofilm. This review aims to summarize advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of eDNA release from oral microorganisms and in the methods of eDNA detection and quantification within oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Serrage
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Jepson
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Rostami
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Liu H, Guo J, Wang R, Wang Y. Theaflavins as a novel cross-linker quickly stabilize demineralized dentin collagen against degradation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19699. [PMID: 34611204 PMCID: PMC8492614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the ability of theaflavins (TF) from black tea to protect dentin collagen against enzymatic degradation via cross-linking effect under clinically relevant conditions. 10-µm-thick dentin films were microtomed from dentin slabs of human molars. Following demineralization, films or slabs were treated with TF at two concentrations (0.4% and 2%) for 30 s. A well-known collagen cross-linker grape seed proanthocyanidins (PA) was used as control. Collagen cross-linking interactions and stabilization against enzymatic degradation were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, hydroxyproline release, and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey’s and Student’s T test (α = 0.05%). The results showed collagen cross-linking and stabilization efficacy was dependent on TF/PA concentrations. At 2.0%, TF and PA offered nearly full protection to collagen; at 0.4%, TF exhibited a significantly better collagen stabilization effect than PA (P < 0.05), while untreated collagen was completely digested. It’s concluded that TF cross-links dentin collagen within a clinically relevant time (30 s) and offers excellent collagen protection against enzymatic degradation, with efficacy comparable to or better than PA. The study supports the potential use of TF as a novel, promising collagen cross-linker for degradation resistant, long-lasting dentin bonding in composite restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- School of Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Jiangxi Province, and Department of Oral General, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Kong J, Xia K, Su X, Zheng X, Diao C, Yang X, Zuo X, Xu J, Liang X. Mechanistic insights into the inhibitory effect of theaflavins on virulence factors production in Streptococcus mutans. AMB Express 2021; 11:102. [PMID: 34244882 PMCID: PMC8271058 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the primary etiological agent associated with cariogenic process. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-virulence activities of theaflavins (TFs) to Streptococcus mutans UA159 as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that TFs were capable of suppressing the acid production, cell adherence, water-insoluble exopolysaccharides production, and biofilm formation by S. mutans UA159 with a dosage-dependent manner while without influencing the cell growth. By a genome-wide transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq), we found that TFs attenuated the biofilm formation of S. mutans UA159 by inhibiting glucosyltransferases activity and the production of glucan-binding proteins (GbpB and GbpC) instead of directly blocking the expression of genes coding for glucosyltransferases. Further, TFs inhibited the expression of genes implicated in peptidoglycan synthesis, glycolysis, lipid synthesis, two-component system, signaling peptide transport (comA), oxidative stress response, and DNA replication and repair, suggesting that TFs suppressed the virulence factors of S. mutans UA159 by affecting the signal transduction and cell envelope stability, and weakening the ability of cells on oxidative stress resistance. In addition, an upregulated expression of the genes involved in protein biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and transport system upon TFs treatment indicated that cells increase the protein synthesis and nutrients uptake as one self-protective mechanism to cope with stress caused by TFs. The results of this study increase our current understanding of the anti-virulence activity of TFs on S. mutans and provide clues for the use of TFs in the prevention of dental caries.
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Yuan K, Hou L, Jin Q, Niu C, Mao M, Wang R, Huang Z. Comparative transcriptomics analysis of Streptococcus mutans with disruption of LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing and recovery of methyl cycle. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 127:105137. [PMID: 33965851 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system has critical roles in Streptococcus mutans cariogenicity. Whereas the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the LuxS/AI-2 QS system are not thoroughly understood. Given that LuxS has roles in QS and methyl cycle, its mutation can cause QS deficiency and methyl cycle disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of the LuxS/AI-2 QS system on gene expression in Streptococcus mutans when methyl cycle was recovered with exogenous sahH gene. METHODS Our previous study introduced the exogenous sahH gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa into an S. mutans luxS-null strain to restore the disrupted methyl cycle, and this produced the solely the LuxS/AI-2 QS system deficient strain. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomics of this strain to get insights into the molecular mechanisms of the LuxS/AI-2 QS system applying RNA-seq. RESULTS With recovery of methyl cycle, 84 genes didn't change in expression trends in S. mutans luxS-null strain. These genes mainly encode the ABC transporters, sugar transporter EII and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, and are rich in the Phosphotransferase system, Fructose and mannose metabolism, Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, Galactose metabolism, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, RNA degradation, Lysine biosynthesis, and Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The LuxS/AI-2 QS system may mainly affect ABC transporters and carbohydrate transport, transformation and metabolism via EII subunits and enzymes to influence virulence-associated traits without effects of methyl cycle inStreptococcus mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Yuan
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Hou
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Jin
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengying Mao
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China.
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Sun Y, Jiang W, Zhang M, Zhang L, Shen Y, Huang S, Li M, Qiu W, Pan Y, Zhou L, Zhang K. The Inhibitory Effects of Ficin on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021:6692328. [PMID: 33860052 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6692328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of ficin on biofilm formation of conditionally cariogenic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Biomass and metabolic activity of biofilm were assessed using crystal violet assay, colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, and MTT assay. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis was displayed by SEM imaging, bacteria/EPS staining, and anthrone method while acid production was revealed by lactic acid assay. Growth curve and live/dead bacterial staining were conducted to monitor bacterial growth state in both planktonic and biofilm form. Total protein and extracellular proteins of S. mutans biofilm were analyzed by protein/bacterial staining and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), severally. qRT-PCR was conducted to detect acid production, acid tolerance, and biofilm formation associated genes. Crystal violet assay, CFU counting, and MTT assay showed that the suppression effect of ficin on S. mutans biofilm formation was concentration dependent. 4 mg/mL ficin had significant inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation including biomass, metabolic activity, EPS synthesis, and lactic acid production (p < 0.05). The growth curves from 0 mg/mL to 4 mg/mL ficin were aligned with each other. There was no significant difference among different ficin groups in terms of live/dead bacterial staining result (p > 0.05). Protein/bacterial staining outcome indicated that ficin inhibit both total protein and biofilm formation during the biofilm development. There were more relatively small molecular weight protein bands in extracellular proteins of 4 mg/mL ficin group when compared with the control. Generally, ficin could inhibit biofilm formation and reduce cariogenic virulence of S. mutans effectively in vitro; thus, it could be a potential anticaries agent.
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Kong J, Zhang G, Xia K, Diao C, Yang X, Zuo X, Li Y, Liang X. Tooth brushing using toothpaste containing theaflavins reduces the oral pathogenic bacteria in healthy adults. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 33747700 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Theaflavins (TFs) are the main bioactive component in black tea. At present, little effort has been done to evaluate the influence of TFs when included in the toothpaste on the diversity of oral microbiota. In this study, eighty samples collected from the saliva and supragingival plaque of 20 healthy adults using toothpaste with the absence or presence of TFs for a period of 4 weeks were used for the oral microbiome analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity analysis showed that tooth brushing using the toothpaste with TFs significantly increased the microbial abundance in the saliva samples, and altered the oral microbiota obtained from the saliva and supragingival plaque. The linear discriminant analysis revealed that the use of toothpaste with TFs significantly reduced the abundance of oral pathogens (e.g., Prevotella, Selenomonas, and Atopobium) while increased the abundance of oral-health associated bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus and Rothia). In addition, using toothpaste with TFs reduced the functional pathways abundance relevance to the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) synthesis while enriched the functions in transporters, ABC transporters, two-component system, and amino acid metabolism. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the application of toothpaste containing TFs as a promising oral care product. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02699-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Kong
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou, 310016 China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Transboundary Applied Technology for Tea Resource, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Kai Xia
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Chunhua Diao
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou, 310016 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Transboundary Applied Technology for Tea Resource, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Xiufang Yang
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou, 310016 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Transboundary Applied Technology for Tea Resource, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Xiaobo Zuo
- Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou, 310016 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Transboundary Applied Technology for Tea Resource, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Yudong Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Xinle Liang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
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Hartman AM, Jumde VR, Elgaher WAM, Te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Hirsch AKH. Potential Dental Biofilm Inhibitors: Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Affords Sugar-Based Molecules that Target Bacterial Glucosyltransferase. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:113-123. [PMID: 32542998 PMCID: PMC7818428 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We applied dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) to find novel ligands of the bacterial virulence factor glucosyltransferase (GTF) 180. GTFs are the major producers of extracellular polysaccharides, which are important factors in the initiation and development of cariogenic dental biofilms. Following a structure‐based strategy, we designed a series of 36 glucose‐ and maltose‐based acylhydrazones as substrate mimics. Synthesis of the required mono‐ and disaccharide‐based aldehydes set the stage for DCC experiments. Analysis of the dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) by UPLC‐MS revealed major amplification of four compounds in the presence of GTF180. Moreover, we found that derivatives of the glucose‐acceptor maltose at the C1‐hydroxy group act as glucose‐donors and are cleaved by GTF180. The synthesized hits display medium to low binding affinity (KD values of 0.4–10.0 mm) according to surface plasmon resonance. In addition, they were investigated for inhibitory activity in GTF‐activity assays. The early‐stage DCC study reveals that careful design of DCLs opens up easy access to a broad class of novel compounds that can be developed further as potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin M Hartman
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Varsha R Jumde
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walid A M Elgaher
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Evelien M Te Poele
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,CarbExplore Research BV, Zernikepark 1, 9747 AN, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,CarbExplore Research BV, Zernikepark 1, 9747 AN, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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