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Molinet A, Courtillon C, Bougeard S, Keita A, Grasland B, Eterradossi N, Soubies S. Infectious bursal disease virus: predicting viral pathotype using machine learning models focused on early changes in total blood cell counts. Vet Res 2023; 54:101. [PMID: 37904195 PMCID: PMC10614337 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an avian viral disease caused in chickens by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). IBDV strains (Avibirnavirus genus, Birnaviridae family) exhibit different pathotypes, for which no molecular marker is available yet. The different pathotypes, ranging from sub-clinical to inducing immunosuppression and high mortality, are currently determined through a 10-day-long animal experiment designed to compare mortality and clinical score of the uncharacterized strain with references strains. Limits of this protocol lie within standardization and the extensive use of animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to establish a predictive model of viral pathotype based on a minimum number of early parameters measured during infection, allowing faster pathotyping of IBDV strains with improved ethics. We thus measured, at 2 and 4 days post-infection (dpi), the blood concentrations of various immune and coagulation related cells, the uricemia and the infectious viral load in the bursa of Fabricius of chicken infected under standardized conditions with a panel of viruses encompassing the different pathotypes of IBDV. Machine learning algorithms allowed establishing a predictive model of the pathotype based on early changes of the blood cell formula, whose accuracy reached 84.1%. Its accuracy to predict the attenuated and strictly immunosuppressive pathotypes was above 90%. The key parameters for this model were the blood concentrations of B cells, T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes of infected chickens at 4 dpi. This predictive model could be a second option to traditional IBDV pathotyping that is faster, and more ethical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annonciade Molinet
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Alassane Keita
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sébastien Soubies
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
- INRAE-ENVT, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin Des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse CEDEX 3, France
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Courtillon C, Allée C, Amelot M, Keita A, Bougeard S, Härtle S, Rouby JC, Eterradossi N, Soubies SM. Blood B Cell Depletion Reflects Immunosuppression Induced by Live-Attenuated Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:871549. [PMID: 35558891 PMCID: PMC9087897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.871549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression in poultry production is a recurrent problem worldwide, and one of the major viral immunosuppressive agents is Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). IBDV infections are mostly controlled by using live-attenuated vaccines. Live-attenuated Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccine candidates are classified as “mild,” “intermediate,” “intermediate-plus” or “hot” based on their residual immunosuppressive properties. The immunosuppression protocol described by the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) uses a lethal Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infectious challenge to measure the interference of a given IBDV vaccine candidate on NDV vaccine immune response. A Ph. Eur.-derived protocol was thus implemented to quantify immunosuppression induced by one mild, two intermediate, and four intermediate-plus live-attenuated IBD vaccines as well as a pathogenic viral strain. This protocol confirmed the respective immunosuppressive properties of those vaccines and virus. In the search for a more ethical alternative to Ph. Eur.-based protocols, two strategies were explored. First, ex vivo viral replication of those vaccines and the pathogenic strain in stimulated chicken primary bursal cells was assessed. Replication levels were not strictly correlated to immunosuppression observed in vivo. Second, changes in blood leukocyte counts in chicks were monitored using a Ph. Eur. - type protocol prior to lethal NDV challenge. In case of intermediate-plus vaccines, the drop in B cells counts was more severe. Counting blood B cells may thus represent a highly quantitative, faster, and ethical strategy than NDV challenge to assess the immunosuppression induced in chickens by live-attenuated IBD vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Courtillon
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), VIPAC Unit, Ploufragan, France
- *Correspondence: Céline Courtillon
| | - Chantal Allée
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), VIPAC Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), SELEAC Service, Ploufragan, France
| | - Alassane Keita
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), SELEAC Service, Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), EPISABE Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärwissenschaftliches Department, München, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Rouby
- French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products (ANMV), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Javené, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Management Department, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sebastien Mathieu Soubies
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), VIPAC Unit, Ploufragan, France
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