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Klein RM, Good SR, Christie JJ. Changes in the Networks of Attention across the Lifespan: A Graphical Meta-Analysis. J Intell 2024; 12:19. [PMID: 38392175 PMCID: PMC10889552 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Three Posnerian networks of attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control) have been distinguished on the bases of behavioural, neuropsychological, and neuroscientific evidence. Here, we examined the trajectories of these networks throughout the human lifespan using the various Attention Network Tests (ANTs), which were specifically developed to measure the efficacy of these networks. The ANT Database was used to identify relevant research, resulting in the inclusion of 36 publications. We conducted a graphical meta-analysis using network scores from each study, based on reaction time plotted as a function of age group. Evaluation of attentional networks from childhood to early adulthood suggests that the alerting network develops relatively quickly, and reaches near-adult level by the age of 12. The developmental pattern of the orienting network seems to depend on the information value of the spatial cues. Executive control network scores show a consistent decrease (improvement) with age in childhood. During adulthood (ages 19-75), changes in alerting depend on the modality of the warning signal, while a moderate increase in orienting scores was seen with increasing age. Whereas executive control scores, as measured in reaction time, increase (deterioration) from young adulthood into later adulthood an opposite trend is seen when scores are based on error rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Klein
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Samantha R Good
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - John J Christie
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Akbari-Lalimi H, Naseri S, Momennezhad M, Zare H, Talaei A, Shafiei SA. The effect and efficiency of attentional networks and the brain electrophysiology. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:79-97. [PMID: 37962638 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The attention networks test (ANT) is frequently utilized to evaluate executive, alerting, and orienting attentional components. Additionally, it serves as an activation task in neuroimaging studies. This study aimed to examine the relationship between attention networks and brain electrophysiology. The study enrolled 40 right-handed male students (age = 20.8 ± 1.3 years) who underwent the revised attention network test, while their electroencephalogram signals were recorded. The study aimed to explore the effects of attention networks and their efficiencies on brain electrophysiology. The results indicated that the P3 amplitude was modulated by the conflict effect in the central (p-value = 0.014) and parietal (p-value = 0.002) regions. The orienting component significantly influenced P1 and N1 latencies in the parietal and parieto-occipital regions (p-values < 0.006), as well as P1 and N1 amplitude in the parieto-occipital region (p-values = 0.017 and 0.011). The alerting component significantly affected P1 latency and amplitude in the parietal and parieto-occipital regions, respectively (p-value = 0.02). Furthermore, N1 amplitude and the time interval between P1 and N1 were significantly correlated with the efficiency of alerting and orienting networks. In terms of connectivity, the coherence of theta and alpha bands significantly decreased in the incongruent condition compared to the congruent condition. Additionally, the effects of attention networks on event-related spectral perturbation were observed. The study revealed the influence of attention networks on various aspects of brain electrophysiology. Specifically, the alerting score correlated with the amplitude of the N1 component in the double-cue and no-cue conditions in the parieto-occipital region, while the orienting score in the same region correlated with the N1 amplitude in the valid cue condition and the difference in N1 amplitude between the valid cue and double-cue conditions. Overall, empirical evidence suggests that attention networks not only impact the amplitudes of electrophysiological activities but also influence their time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Akbari-Lalimi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Naseri
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Momennezhad
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Zare
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Talaei
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Shafiei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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Huang J, Wu H, Sun X, Qi S. The impact of threat of shock-induced anxiety on alerting, orienting, and executive function in women: an ERP study. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1513-1533. [PMID: 37853300 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study used a combination of the Threat-of-Shock paradigm and the Attention Network Test (ANT) to investigate how induced anxiety affects alerting, orienting, and executive control and whether individual differences in threat sensitivity moderate these effects. Forty-two female subjects completed the ANT task in alternation under shock-threat and no-shock ("safe") conditions while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The results showed that anxiety induced by the threat of shock had a significant impact on alerting and executive control functions at the neural level. Specifically, alerting-related N1 and stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) differences between double cue and no cue conditions were greater in the threat versus safe state, suggesting that the induced anxiety promoted the early perception of cues and preparation for the target. Moreover, executive control-related P3 and sustained potential (SP) differences between incongruent and congruent trials were greater in the threat versus safe state, indicating that the induced anxiety might improve the attentional allocation efficiency and stimulate subjects to recruit more cognitive resources to resolve conflicts. However, orienting-related ERPs were not affected by the threat of shock, but the threat of shock promoted the processing efficiency of spatial-cue at the behavioral level. Analysis of individual differences revealed that trait anxiety moderated the attentional allocation efficiency when performing executive control related tasks in the threat versus safe state. Our findings demonstrate the adaptive significance of the threat of shock-induced anxiety in that being in an anxious state can enhance individuals' alerting, orienting, and executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xinyan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Senqing Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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Verona E, McDonald JB, Bozzay ML. Threat effects on cognitive systems: Testing links to aggression proneness. Emotion 2023; 23:1633-1647. [PMID: 36355676 PMCID: PMC10169539 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The biobehavioral study of aggression has implications for expanding our understanding of transdiagnostic processes that increase risk for disinhibited behaviors. Toward this end, our study tested tenets from the process model of aggression (Verona & Bresin, 2015). First, we expected that the predictability of threat would differentially alter cognitive networks, including attentional alerting and executive control. Second, we examined the moderating effects of self- and informant reports of aggression on threat-related changes in cognitive functioning. Using event-related potential (ERP) measures of cognitive-attentional processes, 143 community individuals participated in a well-validated and translational threat manipulation (NPU) task (Schmitz & Grillon, 2012) while completing the Attention Network Test (Fan et al., 2002). Analyses revealed that relatively unpredictable threat quickened alerting-related reaction time, whereas predictable threat interfered with processing of flanker task stimuli. The results, however, failed to show reliable relationships between aggression proneness and threat-related cognitive alterations. The findings fit with a broader literature on cognitive and behavioral outputs of threat activation and provide fruitful avenues for better understanding threat-related aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edelyn Verona
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida
- Center for Justice Research & Policy, University of South Florida
| | | | - Melanie L. Bozzay
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Providence VA Medical Center
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Wang S, Fu Z, Sun Y, Zhang M, Chen A, Cao C, Song J. Altered hemispheric asymmetry of attentional networks in patients with pituitary adenoma: an event-related potential study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1198409. [PMID: 37250398 PMCID: PMC10211341 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1198409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has been reported of attentional dysfunction in pituitary adenoma patients. However, the effect of pituitary adenomas on lateralized attention network efficiency remained to be clear. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the impairment of lateralized attention networks in patients with pituitary adenoma. Methods Eighteen pituitary adenoma patients (PA group) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Both behavioral results and event-related potentials (ERPs) were acquired while subjects performed the Lateralized Attention Network Test (LANT). Results Behavioral performances indicated the PA group had a slower reaction time and a similar error rate relative to the HCs group. Meanwhile, significantly increased executive control network efficiency suggested the dysfunction of inhibition control in PA patients. Regarding ERP results, there were no group differences in the alerting and orienting networks. The target-related P3 was significantly reduced in the PA group, suggesting an impairment of executive control function and attentional resources allocation. Moreover, the mean amplitude of P3 was significantly lateralized to the right hemisphere, and interacted with the visual field, exhibiting that the right hemisphere dominated the bilateral visual field, whereas the left hemisphere dominated the left visual field. In the specific high-conflict condition, the pattern of hemispheric asymmetry in the PA group was altered due to a mixed effect resulting from the compensatory recruitment of attentional resources in the left central parietal area and the destructive effects of hyperprolactinemia. Conclusion These findings suggested that, in the lateralized condition, the decreased P3 in the right central parietal area and the diminished hemispheric asymmetry under high conflict load, may serve as the potential biomarkers of attentional dysfunction in patients with pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuochen Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenghao Fu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyi Sun
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aobo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Song
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xanomeline restores endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in mouse prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:671-682. [PMID: 36635596 PMCID: PMC9938126 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic synapses in prefrontal cortex are vital for attention, but this modulatory system undergoes substantial pre- and post-synaptic alterations during adulthood. To examine the integrated impact of these changes, we optophysiologically probe cholinergic synapses ex vivo, revealing a clear decline in neurotransmission in middle adulthood. Pharmacological dissection of synaptic components reveals a selective reduction in postsynaptic nicotinic receptor currents. Other components of cholinergic synapses appear stable, by contrast, including acetylcholine autoinhibition, metabolism, and excitation of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors. Pursuing strategies to strengthen cholinergic neurotransmission, we find that positive allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptors with NS9283 is effective in young adults but wanes with age. To boost nicotinic receptor availability, we harness the second messenger pathways of the preserved excitatory muscarinic receptors with xanomeline. This muscarinic agonist and cognitive-enhancer restores nicotinic signaling in older mice significantly, in a muscarinic- and PKC-dependent manner. The rescued nicotinic component regains youthful sensitivity to allosteric enhancement: treatment with xanomeline and NS9283 restores cholinergic synapses in older mice to the strength, speed, and receptor mechanism of young adults. Our results reveal a new and efficient strategy to rescue age-related nicotinic signaling deficits, demonstrating a novel pathway for xanomeline to restore cognitively-essential endogenous cholinergic neurotransmission.
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Dovorany N, Brannick S, Johnson N, Ratiu I, LaCroix AN. Happy and sad music acutely modulate different types of attention in older adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1029773. [PMID: 36777231 PMCID: PMC9909555 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the three subtypes of attention outlined by the attentional subsystems model, alerting (vigilance or arousal needed for task completion) and executive control (the ability to inhibit distracting information while completing a goal) are susceptible to age-related decline, while orienting remains relatively stable. Yet, few studies have investigated strategies that may acutely maintain or promote attention in typically aging older adults. Music listening may be one potential strategy for attentional maintenance as past research shows that listening to happy music characterized by a fast tempo and major mode increases cognitive task performance, likely by increasing cognitive arousal. The present study sought to investigate whether listening to happy music (fast tempo, major mode) impacts alerting, orienting, and executive control attention in 57 middle and older-aged adults (M = 61.09 years, SD = 7.16). Participants completed the Attention Network Test (ANT) before and after listening to music rated as happy or sad (slow tempo, minor mode), or no music (i.e., silence) for 10 min. Our results demonstrate that happy music increased alerting attention, particularly when relevant and irrelevant information conflicted within a trial. Contrary to what was predicted, sad music modulated executive control performance. Overall, our findings indicate that music written in the major mode with a fast tempo (happy) and minor mode with a slow tempo (sad) modulate different aspects of attention in the short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dovorany
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Schea Brannick
- College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Nathan Johnson
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Ileana Ratiu
- College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Arianna N. LaCroix
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States,*Correspondence: Arianna N. LaCroix,
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Kustubayeva A, Zholdassova M, Borbassova G, Matthews G. Temporal changes in ERP amplitudes during sustained performance of the Attention Network Test. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 182:142-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Attention neuroenhancement through tDCS or neurofeedback: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17613. [PMID: 36266396 PMCID: PMC9584934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) are promising techniques for neuroenhancement of attentional performance. As far as we know no study compared both techniques on attentional performance in healthy participants. We compared tDCS and neurofeedback in a randomized, single-blind, controlled experiment assessing both behavioral (accuracy and time reaction) and electrophysiological (N1, P1, and P3 components) data of participants responding to the Attention Network Task (ANT). Eighty volunteers volunteered for this study. We adopted standard protocols for both techniques, i.e., a Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) protocol for neurofeedback and the right DLPFC anodal stimulation for tDCS, applied over nine sessions (two weeks). We did not find significant differences between treatment groups on ANT, neither at the behavioral nor at the electrophysiological levels. However, we found that participants from both neuromodulation groups, irrespective of if active or sham, reported attentional improvements in response to the treatment on a subjective scale. Our study adds another null result to the neuromodulation literature, showing that neurofeedback and tDCS effects are more complex than previously suggested and associated with placebo effect. More studies in neuroenhancement literature are necessary to fully comprehend neuromodulation mechanisms.
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Pultsina K, Alekhin A, Petrova E, Vorobieva N. Efficiency of the attention networks and severity of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:88-96. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212202188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Casagrande M, Agostini F, Favieri F, Forte G, Giovannoli J, Guarino A, Marotta A, Doricchi F, Martella D. Age-Related Changes in Hemispherical Specialization for Attentional Networks. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1115. [PMID: 34573137 PMCID: PMC8467709 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cognitive functions face a decline in the healthy elderly. Within the cognitive domains, both attentional processes and executive functions are impaired with aging. Attention includes three attentional networks, i.e., alerting, orienting, and executive control, showing a hemispheric lateralized pattern in adults. This lateralized pattern could play a role in modulating the efficiency of attentional networks. For these reasons, it could be relevant to analyze the age-related change of the hemispheric specialization of attentional networks. This study aims to clarify this aspect with a lateralized version of the Attentional Network Test for Interaction (ANTI)-Fruit. One hundred seventy-one participants took part in this study. They were divided in three age groups: youth (N = 57; range: 20-30); adults (N = 57; range 31-64), and elderly/older people (N = 57; range: 65-87). The results confirmed the previous outcomes on the efficiency and interactions among attentional networks. Moreover, an age-related generalized slowness was evidenced. These findings also support the hypothesis of a hemispheric asymmetry reduction in elderly/older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Agostini
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Jasmine Giovannoli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Angela Guarino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Andrea Marotta
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, 53005 Granada, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.A.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (J.G.); (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Diana Martella
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
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Kojouharova P, Gaál ZA, Nagy B, Czigler I. Age Effects on Distraction in a Visual Task Requiring Fast Reactions: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:596047. [PMID: 33324195 PMCID: PMC7726357 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.596047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of distractors in older and younger participants in choice and simple reaction time tasks with concurrent registration of event-related potentials. In the task the participants had to prevent a disk from falling into a bin after a color or luminosity change (target stimuli). Infrequently, task-irrelevant stimuli (schematic faces or threatening objects) were superimposed on the target stimuli (distractors), or the bin disappeared which required no response (Nogo trials). Reaction time was delayed to the distractors, but this effect was similar in the two age groups. As a robust age-related difference, in the older group a large anterior positivity and posterior negativity emerged to the distractors within the 100-200 ms post-stimulus range, and these components were larger for schematic faces than for threatening objects. sLORETA localized the age-specific effect to the ventral stream of the visual system and to anterior structures considered as parts of the executive system. The Nogo stimuli elicited a late positivity (Nogo P3) with longer latency in the older group. We interpreted the age-related differences as decreased but compensated resistance to task-irrelevant change of the target stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Kojouharova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nagy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology (Cognitive Science), Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ebaid D, Crewther SG. The Contribution of Oculomotor Functions to Rates of Visual Information Processing in Younger and Older Adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10129. [PMID: 32576849 PMCID: PMC7311387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor functions are established surrogate measures of visual attention shifting and rate of information processing, however, the temporal characteristics of saccades and fixations have seldom been compared in healthy educated samples of younger and older adults. Thus, the current study aimed to compare duration of eye movement components in younger (18-25 years) and older (50-81 years) adults during text reading and during object/alphanumeric Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) tasks. The current study also aimed to examine the contribution of oculomotor functions to threshold time needed for accurate performance on visually-driven cognitive tasks (Inspection Time [IT] and Change Detection [CD]). Results showed that younger adults fixated on individual stimuli for significantly longer than the older participants, while older adults demonstrated significantly longer saccade durations than the younger group. Results also demonstrated that older adults required longer threshold durations (i.e., performed slower) on the visually-driven cognitive tasks, however, the age-group time difference on the CD task was eradicated when the effects of saccade duration were covaried. Thus, these results suggest that age-related cognitive decline is also related to increased duration of saccades and hence, highlights the need to dissociate the age-related motor constraints on the temporal aspects of oculomotor function from visuo-cognitive speed of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Santhana Gopalan PR, Loberg O, Lohvansuu K, McCandliss B, Hämäläinen J, Leppänen P. Attentional Processes in Children With Attentional Problems or Reading Difficulties as Revealed Using Brain Event-Related Potentials and Their Source Localization. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:160. [PMID: 32536857 PMCID: PMC7227392 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual attention-related processes include three functional sub-processes: alerting, orienting, and inhibition. We examined these sub-processes using reaction times, event-related potentials (ERPs), and their neuronal source activations during the Attention Network Test (ANT) in control children, attentional problems (AP) children, and reading difficulties (RD) children. During the ANT, electroencephalography was measured using 128 electrodes on three groups of Finnish sixth-graders aged 12–13 years (control = 77; AP = 15; RD = 23). Participants were asked to detect the direction of a middle target fish within a group of five fish. The target stimulus was either preceded by a cue (center, double, or spatial), or without a cue, to manipulate the alerting and orienting sub-processes of attention. The direction of the target fish was either congruent or incongruent in relation to the flanker fish, thereby manipulating the inhibition sub-processes of attention. Reaction time performance showed no differences between groups in alerting, orienting, and inhibition effects. The group differences in ERPs were only found at the source level. Neuronal source analysis in the AP children revealed a larger alerting effect (double-cued vs. non-cued target stimuli) than control and RD children in the left occipital lobe. Control children showed a smaller orienting effect (spatially cued vs. center-cued target stimuli) in the left occipital lobe than AP and RD children. No group differences were found for the neuronal sources related to the inhibition effect. The neuronal activity differences related to sub-processes of attention in the AP and RD groups suggest different underlying mechanisms for attentional and reading problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Loberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lohvansuu
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bruce McCandliss
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jarmo Hämäläinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paavo Leppänen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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15
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Arora S, Lawrence MA, Klein RM. The Attention Network Test Database: ADHD and Cross-Cultural Applications. Front Psychol 2020; 11:388. [PMID: 32292363 PMCID: PMC7119191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is a central component of cognitive and behavioral processes and plays a key role in basic and higher-level functioning. Posner's model of attention describes three components or networks of attention: the alerting, which involves high intensity states of arousal; the orienting, which involves the selective direction of attention; and the executive control, which involves cognitive functions such as conflict resolution and working memory. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a computerized testing measure that was developed to measure these three networks of attention. This project describes the ANT, its widely used variants, and the recently developed ANT Database, a repository of data extracted from all studies that have used the ANT as of 2019. To illustrate the potential uses of the database, two meta-analyses conducted using the ANT Database are described. One explores task performance in children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The other one explores regional differences between studies conducted in China, Europe, and the United States. We are currently in the process of integrating the database into a publicly available web interface. When that work is complete, researchers, clinicians, and the general public will be able to use the database to explore topics of interest related to attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Arora
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Raymond M. Klein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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16
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Mańkowska A, Heilman KM, Williamson JB, Michałowski J, Harciarek M. Age-related changes in the allocation of spatially directed focal attention. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:748-764. [PMID: 31610738 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1675581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leftward deviation on a horizontal line bisection test (pseudoneglect) might be induced by right hemispheric dominance for mediating spatial or global attention, or a hemispheric asymmetry in the ability to spatially disengage attention. With aging, this leftward bias is reduced, likely due to the aging-related deterioration of right hemisphere mediated functions (right hemi-aging) or hemispheric asymmetry reduction in old adults (HAROLD). METHODS Forty-seven healthy adults divided into younger and older groups performed a modified Posner spatial-attentional task. RESULTS Overall, younger individuals responded faster to left than right-sided imperative stimuli. In contrast, older participants did not reveal a right-left asymmetry to imperative stimuli. The younger group also revealed a strong inverse relationship between the reaction time to right valid cues and the leftward attentional bias while performing the line bisection task (pseudoneglect). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for both the right hemisphere spatial-attentional dominance hypothesis of pseudoneglect and the right hemi-aging hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mańkowska
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Department of the Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kenneth M Heilman
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville , Gainesville, FL, USA.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John B Williamson
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jarosław Michałowski
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Harciarek
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Department of the Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk , Gdansk, Poland
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17
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Ebaid D, Crewther SG. Visual Information Processing in Young and Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:116. [PMID: 31156422 PMCID: PMC6532437 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline in information processing with age is well-documented in the scientific literature. However, some discrepancy remains in relation to which cognitive domains are most susceptible to the aging process and which may remain intact. Furthermore, information processing has not been investigated nor considered as a function of affect, familiarity and complexity of tasks in a single experimental study. Thus, the current study investigated rate of visual information processing in 67 young university students (M age = 19.64 years) and 33 educated healthy older adults (M age = 70.33 years), while accounting for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms using the DASS. Rates of visual processing were measured as minimum time of stimulus exposure duration required for correct object recognition on a simple visual task [Inspection Time (IT)], and on a more complex visual cognitive task known as Change Detection (CD)] as well as words per minute on a text reading task (FastaReada). The results demonstrated significantly slower performance by older adults on the IT and CD, but comparable rates of text reading on a semantically more complex, but ecologically valid and familiar visual task that requires organized sequential shifts in attention via eye movements, continuous visual processing, access to working memory and semantic comprehension. The results also demonstrated that affective influences did not play a role in the older adults task performance, and that changes in cognitive domains may begin with older adults being slower to attend to and identify newly appearing familiar objects, as well as slower to encode and embed new information in memory during tasks that require a less practiced/familiar task strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, VIC, Australia
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18
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A Review on the Trajectory of Attentional Mechanisms in Aging and the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum through the Attention Network Test. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:37-51. [PMID: 30923472 PMCID: PMC6430165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple domains of cognition are known to decline in both normal aging and in the trajectory towards Alzheimer's disease (AD). While declines in episodic memory are most well-known in both normal aging and AD, some of these memory differences might stem from early deteriorations in attention that have consequences for later memory. Further complicating the matter is that attention is a multifaceted construct that might be differentially affected in normal aging and AD. According to cognitive neuroscience models of attention, three types of attention networks exist: alerting, orienting, and executive. Efficiency of these three networks can be captured using the Attention Network Test (ANT). We reviewed the literature investigating differences in attention networks using the ANT as a function of normal aging and the AD trajectory, which included people at risk for AD, preclinical stages of AD, mild cognitive impairment, and those diagnosed with AD. We found that normal aging and the AD trajectory evidenced different patterns of attentional declines. Whereas normal aging was most consistently associated with impairments in alerting, early phases of the AD trajectory were most consistently associated with impairments in executive attention, and later phases of the AD trajectory were mixed. The mixed results with AD are largely attributed to small sample sizes and confounding effects of general slowing. These findings highlight key gaps in the literature linking different phases of AD while also highlighting the usefulness of the ANT to distinguish normal aging from the AD trajectory, especially in the earliest phases of the disease process.
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19
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Santhana Gopalan PR, Loberg O, Hämäläinen JA, Leppänen PHT. Attentional processes in typically developing children as revealed using brain event-related potentials and their source localization in Attention Network Test. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2940. [PMID: 30814533 PMCID: PMC6393460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-related processes include three functional sub-components: alerting, orienting, and inhibition. We investigated these components using EEG-based, brain event-related potentials and their neuronal source activations during the Attention Network Test in typically developing school-aged children. Participants were asked to detect the swimming direction of the centre fish in a group of five fish. The target stimulus was either preceded by a cue (centre, double, or spatial) or no cue. An EEG using 128 electrodes was recorded for 83 children aged 12-13 years. RTs showed significant effects across all three sub-components of attention. Alerting and orienting (responses to double vs non-cued target stimulus and spatially vs centre-cued target stimulus, respectively) resulted in larger N1 amplitude, whereas inhibition (responses to incongruent vs congruent target stimulus) resulted in larger P3 amplitude. Neuronal source activation for the alerting effect was localized in the right anterior temporal and bilateral occipital lobes, for the orienting effect bilaterally in the occipital lobe, and for the inhibition effect in the medial prefrontal cortex and left anterior temporal lobe. Neuronal sources of ERPs revealed that sub-processes related to the attention network are different in children as compared to earlier adult fMRI studies, which was not evident from scalp ERPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Loberg
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Psychology, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | | | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Psychology, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
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20
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Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with numerous deficits in cognitive function, which have been attributed to changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This chapter summarizes some of the most prominent cognitive changes associated with age-related alterations in the anatomy and physiology of the PFC. Specifically, aging of the PFC results in deficient aspects of cognitive control, including sustained attention, selective attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and multitasking abilities. Yet, not all cognitive functions associated with the PFC exhibit age-related declines, such as arithmetic, comprehension, emotion perception, and emotional control. Moreover, not all older adults exhibit declines in cognition. Multiple life-course and lifestyle factors, as well as genetics, play a role in the trajectory of cognitive performance across the life span. Thus many adults retain cognitive function well into advanced age. Moreover, the brain remains plastic throughout life and there is increasing evidence that most age-related declines in cognition can be remediated by various methods such as physical exercise, cognitive training, or noninvasive brain stimulation. Overall, because cognitive aging is associated with numerous life-course and lifestyle factors, successful aging likely begins in early life, while maintaining cognition or remediating declines is a life-long process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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21
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Gonçalves ÓF, Rêgo G, Conde T, Leite J, Carvalho S, Lapenta OM, Boggio PS. Mind Wandering and Task-Focused Attention: ERP Correlates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7608. [PMID: 29765144 PMCID: PMC5953943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26028-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies looking at how Mind Wandering (MW) impacts performance in distinct Focused Attention (FA) systems, using the Attention Network Task (ANT), showed that the presence of pure MW thoughts did not impact the overall performance of ANT (alert, orienting and conflict) performance. However, it still remains unclear if the lack of interference of MW in the ANT, reported at the behavioral level, has a neurophysiological correspondence. We hypothesize that a distinct cortical processing may be required to meet attentional demands during MW. The objective of the present study was to test if, given similar levels of ANT performance, individuals predominantly focusing on MW or FA show distinct cortical processing. Thirty-three healthy participants underwent an EEG high-density acquisition while they were performing the ANT. MW was assessed following the ANT using an adapted version of the Resting State Questionnaire (ReSQ). The following ERP’s were analyzed: pN1, pP1, P1, N1, pN, and P3. At the behavioral level, participants were slower and less accurate when responding to incongruent than to congruent targets (conflict effect), benefiting from the presentation of the double (alerting effect) and spatial (orienting effect) cues. Consistent with the behavioral data, ERP’s waves were discriminative of distinct attentional effects. However, these results remained true irrespective of the MW condition, suggesting that MW imposed no additional cortical demand in alert, orienting, and conflict attention tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar F Gonçalves
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory- CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. .,Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Rêgo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Conde
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Leite
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory- CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Universidade Portucalense, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory- CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Olívia Morgan Lapenta
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour & Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Broster LS, Li J, Wagner B, Smith CD, Jicha GA, Schmitt FA, Munro N, Haney RH, Jiang Y. Spared behavioral repetition effects in Alzheimer's disease linked to an altered neural mechanism at posterior cortex. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:761-776. [PMID: 29463181 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1430230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) classically show disproportionate impairment in measures of working memory, but repetition learning effects are relatively preserved. As AD affects brain regions implicated in both working memory and repetition effects, the neural basis of this discrepancy is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the posterior repetition effect could account for this discrepancy due to the milder effects of AD at visual cortex. METHOD Participants with early AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls performed a working memory task with superimposed repetition effects while electroencephalography was collected to identify possible neural mechanisms of preserved repetition effects. RESULTS Participants with AD showed preserved behavioral repetition effects and a change in the posterior repetition effect. CONCLUSION Visual cortex may play a role in maintained repetition effects in persons with early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Broster
- a Department of Behavioral Science , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Juan Li
- a Department of Behavioral Science , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,c Key Laboratory of Mental Health , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- a Department of Behavioral Science , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Charles D Smith
- d Department of Neurology , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,e Sanders-Brown Center on Aging , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,f Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- d Department of Neurology , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,e Sanders-Brown Center on Aging , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA.,d Department of Neurology , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,e Sanders-Brown Center on Aging , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Nancy Munro
- g Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Ryan H Haney
- a Department of Behavioral Science , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Yang Jiang
- a Department of Behavioral Science , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,e Sanders-Brown Center on Aging , University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA.,f Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington , KY , USA
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23
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Competition among the attentional networks due to resource reduction in Tibetan indigenous residents: evidence from event-related potentials. Sci Rep 2018; 8:610. [PMID: 29330442 PMCID: PMC5766594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used the attention network test (ANT) to evaluate the alerting, orienting, and executive network efficiencies of attention related to indigenous residents who were born and raised until early adulthood in different high-altitude areas (2900-m, 3700-m, and 4200-m) at the same location (3700-m) where these residents had been living for approximately 2 years in Tibet. We further applied the event-related potential (ERP) method to identify the underlying neurophysiological basis. Based on the ANT, we found that, in the 4200-m residents, executive function was increased but the orienting function was decreased, and the executive and orienting network scores were oppositely correlated. The behavioral findings were supported by the ERP data, showing that the P3 amplitude changes indicated that the executive function was over-active under conflict conditions and that the N1 amplitude change indicated a decreased orienting function in the 4200-m residents. In addition, the changed P3 amplitudes were significantly correlated with intelligence performance across the residents only in the 4200-m group. The present study provided evidence for competition among the attentional networks due to high-altitude exposure in indigenous residents, and showed the existence of a threshold of the influence of high altitudes on attentional function in the brain.
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24
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Bast N, Poustka L, Freitag CM. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system as pacemaker of attention - a developmental mechanism of derailed attentional function in autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:115-125. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; University Hospital; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Deutschordenstraße 50 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Central Institute of Mental Health; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Central Institute of Mental Health; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Göttingen; Medical University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; University Hospital; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Deutschordenstraße 50 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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25
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Abramov DM, Pontes M, Pontes AT, Mourao-Junior CA, Vieira J, Quero Cunha C, Tamborino T, Galhanone PR, deAzevedo LC, Lazarev VV. Visuospatial information processing load and the ratio between parietal cue and target P3 amplitudes in the Attentional Network Test. Neurosci Lett 2017; 647:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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