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Godat T, Kohout K, Parkins K, Yang Q, McGregor JE, Merigan WH, Williams DR, Patterson SS. Cone-Opponent Ganglion Cells in the Primate Fovea Tuned to Noncardinal Color Directions. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1738232024. [PMID: 38548340 PMCID: PMC11063829 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1738-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A long-standing question in vision science is how the three cone photoreceptor types-long (L), medium (M), and short (S) wavelength sensitive-combine to generate our perception of color. Hue perception can be described along two opponent axes: red-green and blue-yellow. Psychophysical measurements of color appearance indicate that the cone inputs to the red-green and blue-yellow opponent axes are M vs. L + S and L vs. M + S, respectively. However, the "cardinal directions of color space" revealed by psychophysical measurements of color detection thresholds following adaptation are L vs. M and S vs. L + M. These cardinal directions match the most common cone-opponent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the primate retina. Accordingly, the cone opponency necessary for color appearance is thought to be established in the cortex. While neurons with the appropriate M vs. L + S and L vs. M + S opponency have been reported in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, their existence continues to be debated. Resolving this long-standing debate is necessary because a complete account of the cone opponency in the retinal output is critical for understanding how downstream neural circuits process color. Here, we performed adaptive optics calcium imaging to noninvasively measure foveal RGC light responses in the living Macaca fascicularis eye. We confirm the presence of L vs. M + S and M vs. L + S neurons with noncardinal cone opponency and demonstrate that cone-opponent signals in the retinal output are more diverse than classically thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Godat
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14611
| | - Kendall Kohout
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| | - Keith Parkins
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
| | - Juliette E McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - William H Merigan
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - David R Williams
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14611
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sara S Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14607
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Murphy PJ, McGregor JE, Xu Z, Yang Q, Merigan W, Williams DR. Optogenetic Stimulation of Single Ganglion Cells in the Living Primate Fovea. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.21.550081. [PMID: 37546797 PMCID: PMC10401937 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Though the responses of the rich variety of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reflect the totality of visual processing in the retina and provide the sole conduit for those processed responses to the brain, we have much to learn about how the brain uses these signals to guide behavior. An impediment to developing a comprehensive understanding of the role of retinal circuits in behavior is the paucity of causal studies in the intact primate visual system. Here we demonstrate the ability to optogenetically activate individual RGCs with flashes of light focused on single RGC somas in vivo , without activation of neighboring cells. The ability to selectively activate specific cells is the first step toward causal experiments that directly link retinal circuits to visual experience and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Murphy
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Juliette E. McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Zhengyang Xu
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - William Merigan
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Wang Y, Sun W, Xiao X, Jiang Y, Ouyang J, Wang J, Yi Z, Li S, Jia X, Wang P, Hejtmancik JF, Zhang Q. Unique Haplotypes in OPN1LW as a Common Cause of High Myopia With or Without Protanopia: A Potential Window Into Myopic Mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:29. [PMID: 37097228 PMCID: PMC10148663 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.4.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Specific haplotypes (LVAVA, LIVVA, and LIAVA) formed by five polymorphisms (p.L153M, p.V171I, p.A174V, p.I178V, and p.S180A in exon 3 of OPN1LW) that cause partial or complete exon skipping have been reported as unique genetic causes of high myopia with or without colorblindness. This study aimed to identify the contribution of OPN1LW to early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and the molecular basis underlying eoHM with or without colorblindness. Methods Comparative analysis of exome sequencing data was conducted for 1226 families with eoHM and 9304 families with other eye conditions. OPN1LW variants detected by targeted or whole exome sequencing were confirmed by long-range amplification and Sanger sequencing, together with segregation analysis. The clinical data were thoroughly analyzed. Results Unique haplotypes and truncation variants in OPN1LW were detected exclusively in 68 of 1226 families with eoHM but in none of the 9304 families with other visual diseases (P = 1.63 × 10-63). Four classes of variants were identified: haplotypes causing partial splicing defects in OPN1LW (LVAVA or LIVVA in 31 families), LVAVA in OPN1LW-OPN1MW hybrid gene (in 3 families), LIAVA in OPN1LW (in 29 families), and truncations in OPN1LW (in 5 families). The first class causes partial loss of red photopigments, whereas the latter three result in complete loss of red photopigments. This is different from the replacement of red with green owing to unequal re-arrangement causing red-green colorblindness alone. Of the 68 families, 42 affected male patients (31 families) with the first class of variants (LVAVA or LIVVA in OPN1LW) had eoHM alone, whereas 37 male patients with the latter 3 classes had eoHM with protanopia. Adaptive optics retinal imaging demonstrated reduced cone regularity and density in men with eoHM caused by OPN1LW variants compared to those patients with eoHM and without OPN1LW variants. Conclusion Based on the 68 families with unique variants in OPN1LW, our study provides firm evidence that the two different phenotypes (eoHM with or without colorblindness) are caused by two different classes of variants (partial splicing-effect haplotypes or complete splicing-effect haplotypes/truncation variants, respectively). The contribution of OPN1LW to eoHM (isolated and syndromic) was characterized by OPN1LW variants found in 5.5% (68/1226) of the eoHM families, making it the second most common cause of monogenic eoHM alone (2.4%) and a frequent cause of syndromic monogenic eoHM with colorblindness. Such haplotypes, in which each individual variant alone is considered a benign polymorphism, are potential candidates for other hereditary diseases with causes of missing genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Molecular Genetics Section, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Shahin S, Lu B, Zhou Y, Xu H, Chetsawang J, Baloh RH, Wang S. MFN1 augmentation prevents retinal degeneration in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A mouse model. iScience 2023; 26:106270. [PMID: 36936780 PMCID: PMC10014277 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A), the most common inherited peripheral axonal neuropathy, is associated with more than 100 dominant mutations, including R94Q as the most abundant mutation in the Mitofusin2 (MFN2) gene. CMT2A is characterized by progressive motor and sensory loss, color-vision defects, and progressive loss of visual acuity. We used a well-established transgenic mouse model of CMT2A with R94Q mutation on MFN2 gene (MFN2 R94Q ) to investigate the functional and morphological changes in retina. We documented extensive vision loss due to photoreceptor degeneration, retinal ganglion cell and their axonal loss, retinal secondary neuronal and synaptic alternation, and Müller cell gliosis in the retina of MFN2 R94Q mice. Imbalanced MFN1/MFN2 ratio and dysregulated mitochondrial fusion/fission result in retinal degeneration via P62/LC3B-mediated mitophagy/autophagy in MFN2 R94Q mice. Finally, transgenic MFN1 augmentation (MFN2 R94Q :MFN1) rescued vision and retinal morphology to wild-type level via restoring homeostasis in mitochondrial MFN1/MFN2 ratio, fusion/fission cycle, and PINK1-dependent, Parkin-independent mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Shahin
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yueqin Zhou
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jason Chetsawang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Robert H. Baloh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Corresponding author
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EMERY KARAJ, ISHERWOOD ZOEYJ, WEBSTER MICHAELA. Gaining the system: limits to compensating color deficiencies through post-receptoral gain changes. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2023; 40:A16-A25. [PMID: 37132998 PMCID: PMC10157001 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.480035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Color percepts of anomalous trichromats are often more similar to normal trichromats than predicted from their receptor spectral sensitivities, suggesting that post-receptoral mechanisms can compensate for chromatic losses. The basis for these adjustments and the extent to which they could discount the deficiency are poorly understood. We modeled the patterns of compensation that might result from increasing the gains in post-receptoral neurons to offset their weakened inputs. Individual neurons and the population responses jointly encode luminance and chromatic signals. As a result, they cannot independently adjust for a change in the chromatic inputs, predicting only partial recovery of the chromatic responses and increased responses to achromatic contrast. These analyses constrain the potential sites and mechanisms of compensation for a color loss and characterize the utility and limits of neural gain changes for calibrating color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- KARA J. EMERY
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV 89557
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York NY 10011
| | - ZOEY J. ISHERWOOD
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV 89557
| | - MICHAEL A. WEBSTER
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno NV 89557
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Rezeanu D, Neitz M, Neitz J. From cones to color vision: a neurobiological model that explains the unique hues. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2023; 40:A1-A8. [PMID: 37132996 PMCID: PMC11016238 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.477227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The irreducible unique hues-red, green, blue, and yellow-remain one of the great mysteries of vision science. Attempts to create a physiologically parsimonious model that can predict the spectral locations of the unique hues all rely on at least one post hoc adjustment to produce appropriate loci for unique green and unique red, and struggle to explain the non-linearity of the Blue/Yellow system. We propose a neurobiological color vision model that overcomes these challenges by using physiological cone ratios, cone-opponent normalization to equal-energy white, and a simple adaptation mechanism to produce color-opponent mechanisms that accurately predict the spectral locations and variability of the unique hues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Rezeanu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Godat T, Cottaris NP, Patterson S, Kohout K, Parkins K, Yang Q, Strazzeri JM, McGregor JE, Brainard DH, Merigan WH, Williams DR. In vivo chromatic and spatial tuning of foveolar retinal ganglion cells in Macaca fascicularis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278261. [PMID: 36445926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate fovea is specialized for high acuity chromatic vision, with the highest density of cone photoreceptors and a disproportionately large representation in visual cortex. The unique visual properties conferred by the fovea are conveyed to the brain by retinal ganglion cells, the somas of which lie at the margin of the foveal pit. Microelectrode recordings of these centermost retinal ganglion cells have been challenging due to the fragility of the fovea in the excised retina. Here we overcome this challenge by combining high resolution fluorescence adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy with calcium imaging to optically record functional responses of foveal retinal ganglion cells in the living eye. We use this approach to study the chromatic responses and spatial transfer functions of retinal ganglion cells using spatially uniform fields modulated in different directions in color space and monochromatic drifting gratings. We recorded from over 350 cells across three Macaca fascicularis primates over a time period of weeks to months. We find that the majority of the L vs. M cone opponent cells serving the most central foveolar cones have spatial transfer functions that peak at high spatial frequencies (20-40 c/deg), reflecting strong surround inhibition that sacrifices sensitivity at low spatial frequencies but preserves the transmission of fine detail in the retinal image. In addition, we fit to the drifting grating data a detailed model of how ganglion cell responses draw on the cone mosaic to derive receptive field properties of L vs. M cone opponent cells at the very center of the foveola. The fits are consistent with the hypothesis that foveal midget ganglion cells are specialized to preserve information at the resolution of the cone mosaic. By characterizing the functional properties of retinal ganglion cells in vivo through adaptive optics, we characterize the response characteristics of these cells in situ.
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Weirich C, Lin Y, Khanh TQ. Evidence for human-centric in-vehicle lighting: Part 2-Modeling illumination based on color-opponents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:969125. [PMID: 36238081 PMCID: PMC9552885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.969125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Illumination preference models are usually defined in a static scenery, rating common-colored objects by a single scale or semantic differentials. Recently, it was reported that two to three illumination characteristics are necessary to define a high correlation in a bright office-like environment. However, white-light illumination preferences for vehicle-occupants in a dynamic semi- to full automated modern driving context are missing. Here we conducted a global free access online survey using VR engines to create 360° sRGB static in-vehicle sceneries. A total of 164 participants from China and Europe answered three levels in our self-hosted questionnaire by using mobile access devices. First, the absolute perceptional difference should be defined by a variation of CCT for 3,000, 4,500, and 6,000 K or combinations, and light distribution, either in a spot- or spatial way. Second, psychological light attributes should be associated with the same illumination and scenery settings. Finally, we created four driving environments with varying external levels of interest and time of the day. We identified three key results: (1) Four illumination groups could be classified by applying nMDS. (2) Combinations of mixed CCTs and spatial light distributions outperformed compared single light settings (p < 0.05), suggesting that also during daylight conditions artificial light supplements are necessary. (3) By an image transformation in the IPT and CAM16 color appearance space, comparing external and in-vehicle scenery, individual illumination working areas for each driving scenery could be identified, especially in the dimension of chroma-, partially following the Hunt-Effect, and lightness contrast, which synchronizes the internal and external brightness level. We classified our results as a starting point, which we intend to prove in a follow-up-controlled laboratory study with real object arrangements. Also, by applying novel methods to display high fidelity 360° rendered images on mobile access devices, our approach can be used in the future interdisciplinary research since high computational mobile devices with advanced equipped sensory systems are the new standard of our daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weirich
- Department of Illuminating Engineering and Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yandan Lin
- Department of Illuminating Engineering and Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Hu M, Yu J, Chen Y, Wang S, Dong B, Wang H, He Y, Ma Y, Zhuge F, Zhai T. A non-linear two-dimensional float gate transistor as a lateral inhibitory synapse for retinal early visual processing. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:2335-2344. [PMID: 35820170 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic transistors that accommodate concurrent signal transmission and learning in a neural network are attracting enormous interest for neuromorphic sensory processing. To remove redundant sensory information while keeping important features, artificial synaptic transistors with non-linear conductance are desired to apply filter processing to sensory inputs. Here, we report the realization of non-linear synapses using a two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure (MoS2/h-BN/graphene) based float gate memory device, in which the semiconductor channel is tailored via a surface acceptor (ZnPc) for subthreshold operation. In addition to usual synaptic plasticity, the memory device exhibits highly non-linear conductance (rectification ratio >106), allowing bidirectional yet only negative/inhibitory current to pass through. We demonstrate that in a lateral coupling network, such a float gate memory device resembles the key lateral inhibition function of horizontal cells for the formation of an ON-center/OFF-surround receptive field. When combined with synaptic plasticity, the lateral inhibition weights are further tunable to enable adjustable edge enhancement for early visual processing. Our results here hopefully open a new scheme toward early sensory perception via lateral inhibitory synaptic transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Yangyang Chen
- School of optoelectronic and information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of optoelectronic and information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Boyi Dong
- School of optoelectronic and information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Yuhui He
- School of optoelectronic and information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Fuwei Zhuge
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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Abstract
The eye sends information about the visual world to the brain on over 20 parallel signal pathways, each specialized to signal features such as spectral reflection (color), edges, and motion of objects in the environment. Each pathway is formed by the axons of a separate type of retinal output neuron (retinal ganglion cell). In this review, we summarize what is known about the excitatory retinal inputs, brain targets, and gene expression patterns of ganglion cells in humans and nonhuman primates. We describe how most ganglion cell types receive their input from only one or two of the 11 types of cone bipolar cell and project selectively to only one or two target regions in the brain. We also highlight how genetic methods are providing tools to characterize ganglion cells and establish cross-species homologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grünert
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia; , .,Sydney Node, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia; , .,Sydney Node, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
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12
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Patterson SS, Neitz M, Neitz J. S-cone circuits in the primate retina for non-image-forming vision. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:66-70. [PMID: 33994300 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) respond directly to light by virtue of containing melanopsin which peaks at about 483 nm. However, in primates, ipRGCs also receive color opponent inputs from short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone circuits that are well-suited to encode circadian changes in the color of the sky that accompany the rising and setting sun. Here, we review the retinal circuits that endow primate ipRGCs with the cone-opponency capable of encoding the color of the sky and contributing to the wide-ranging effects of short-wavelength light on ipRGC-mediated non-image-forming visual function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Nieves JL, Ojeda J, Gómez-Robledo L, Romero J. Psychophysical Determination of the Relevant Colours That Describe the Colour Palette of Paintings. J Imaging 2021; 7:jimaging7040072. [PMID: 34460522 PMCID: PMC8321366 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In an early study, the so-called “relevant colour” in a painting was heuristically introduced as a term to describe the number of colours that would stand out for an observer when just glancing at a painting. The purpose of this study is to analyse how observers determine the relevant colours by describing observers’ subjective impressions of the most representative colours in paintings and to provide a psychophysical backing for a related computational model we proposed in a previous work. This subjective impression is elicited by an efficient and optimal processing of the most representative colour instances in painting images. Our results suggest an average number of 21 subjective colours. This number is in close agreement with the computational number of relevant colours previously obtained and allows a reliable segmentation of colour images using a small number of colours without introducing any colour categorization. In addition, our results are in good agreement with the directions of colour preferences derived from an independent component analysis. We show that independent component analysis of the painting images yields directions of colour preference aligned with the relevant colours of these images. Following on from this analysis, the results suggest that hue colour components are efficiently distributed throughout a discrete number of directions and could be relevant instances to a priori describe the most representative colours that make up the colour palette of paintings.
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14
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Gauvain G, Akolkar H, Chaffiol A, Arcizet F, Khoei MA, Desrosiers M, Jaillard C, Caplette R, Marre O, Bertin S, Fovet CM, Demilly J, Forster V, Brazhnikova E, Hantraye P, Pouget P, Douar A, Pruneau D, Chavas J, Sahel JA, Dalkara D, Duebel J, Benosman R, Picaud S. Optogenetic therapy: high spatiotemporal resolution and pattern discrimination compatible with vision restoration in non-human primates. Commun Biol 2021; 4:125. [PMID: 33504896 PMCID: PMC7840970 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision restoration is an ideal medical application for optogenetics, because the eye provides direct optical access to the retina for stimulation. Optogenetic therapy could be used for diseases involving photoreceptor degeneration, such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. We describe here the selection, in non-human primates, of a specific optogenetic construct currently tested in a clinical trial. We used the microbial opsin ChrimsonR, and showed that the AAV2.7m8 vector had a higher transfection efficiency than AAV2 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and that ChrimsonR fused to tdTomato (ChR-tdT) was expressed more efficiently than ChrimsonR. Light at 600 nm activated RGCs transfected with AAV2.7m8 ChR-tdT, from an irradiance of 1015 photons.cm−2.s−1. Vector doses of 5 × 1010 and 5 × 1011 vg/eye transfected up to 7000 RGCs/mm2 in the perifovea, with no significant immune reaction. We recorded RGC responses from a stimulus duration of 1 ms upwards. When using the recorded activity to decode stimulus information, we obtained an estimated visual acuity of 20/249, above the level of legal blindness (20/400). These results lay the groundwork for the ongoing clinical trial with the AAV2.7m8 - ChR-tdT vector for vision restoration in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Gauvain et al demonstrate that optogenetic therapy using the AAV2.7m8- ChR-tdT construct can partially restore vision in non-human primates to levels above those considered legally-blind. This study enables the identification of the most suitable construct for ongoing clinical trials attempting vision restoration in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Gauvain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Himanshu Akolkar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antoine Chaffiol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mina A Khoei
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Desrosiers
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Céline Jaillard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Romain Caplette
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Marre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bertin
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Claire-Maelle Fovet
- Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), MIRcen, Institut d'imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Joanna Demilly
- Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), MIRcen, Institut d'imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Valérie Forster
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Elena Brazhnikova
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), MIRcen, Institut d'imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- ICM, UMRS 1127 UPMC - U 1127 INSERM - UMR 7225 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne Douar
- Gensight Biologics, 74 rue du faubourg Saint Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Didier Pruneau
- Gensight Biologics, 74 rue du faubourg Saint Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Joël Chavas
- Gensight Biologics, 74 rue du faubourg Saint Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Jens Duebel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Ryad Benosman
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.
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15
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Abstract
Inherited color vision deficiencies typically result from a loss or alteration of the visual photopigments absorbing light and thus impact the very first step of seeing. There is growing interest in how subsequent steps in the visual pathway might be calibrated to compensate for the altered receptor signals, with the possibility that color coding and color percepts might be less severely impacted than the receptor differences predict. These compensatory adjustments provide important insights into general questions about sensory plasticity and the sensory and cognitive processes underlying how we experience color.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Joyce
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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16
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Berthier M. Geometry of color perception. Part 2: perceived colors from real quantum states and Hering's rebit. J Math Neurosci 2020; 10:14. [PMID: 32902776 PMCID: PMC7481323 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-020-00092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the pioneer work of H.L. Resnikoff, which is described in full detail in the first part of this two-part paper, we give a quantum description of the space [Formula: see text] of perceived colors. We show that [Formula: see text] is the effect space of a rebit, a real quantum qubit, whose state space is isometric to Klein's hyperbolic disk. This chromatic state space of perceived colors can be represented as a Bloch disk of real dimension 2 that coincides with Hering's disk given by the color opponency mechanism. Attributes of perceived colors, hue and saturation, are defined in terms of Von Neumann entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berthier
- Laboratoire MIA, La Rochelle Université, Avenue Albert Einstein, BP 33060, 17031, La Rochelle, France.
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17
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Neitz A, Jiang X, Kuchenbecker JA, Domdei N, Harmening W, Yan H, Yeonan-Kim J, Patterson SS, Neitz M, Neitz J, Coates DR, Sabesan R. Effect of cone spectral topography on chromatic detection sensitivity. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2020; 37:A244-A254. [PMID: 32400553 PMCID: PMC7231539 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.382384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and spectral topography of the cone mosaic set the limits for detection and discrimination of chromatic sinewave gratings. Here, we sought to compare the spatial characteristics of mechanisms mediating hue perception against those mediating chromatic detection in individuals with known spectral topography and with optical aberrations removed with adaptive optics. Chromatic detection sensitivity in general exceeded previous measurements and decreased monotonically for increasingly skewed cone spectral compositions. The spatial grain of hue perception was significantly coarser than chromatic detection, consistent with separate neural mechanisms for color vision operating at different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - James A. Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Niklas Domdei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolf Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hongyi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jihyun Yeonan-Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sara S. Patterson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel R. Coates
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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18
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Webster MA. The Verriest Lecture: Adventures in blue and yellow. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2020; 37:V1-V14. [PMID: 32400510 PMCID: PMC7233477 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.383625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conventional models of color vision assume that blue and yellow (along with red and green) are the fundamental building blocks of color appearance, yet how these hues are represented in the brain and whether and why they might be special are questions that remain shrouded in mystery. Many studies have explored the visual encoding of color categories, from the statistics of the environment to neural processing to perceptual experience. Blue and yellow are tied to salient features of the natural color world, and these features have likely shaped several important aspects of color vision. However, it remains less certain that these dimensions are encoded as primary or "unique" in the visual representation of color. There are also striking differences between blue and yellow percepts that may reflect high-level inferences about the world, specifically about the colors of light and surfaces. Moreover, while the stimuli labeled as blue or yellow or other basic categories show a remarkable degree of constancy within the observer, they all vary independently of one another across observers. This pattern of variation again suggests that blue and yellow and red and green are not a primary or unitary dimension of color appearance, and instead suggests a representation in which different hues reflect qualitatively different categories rather than quantitative differences within an underlying low-dimensional "color space."
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19
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Patterson SS, Kuchenbecker JA, Anderson JR, Bordt AS, Marshak DW, Neitz M, Neitz J. An S-cone circuit for edge detection in the primate retina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11913. [PMID: 31417169 PMCID: PMC6695390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Midget retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the most common RGC type in the primate retina. Their responses have been proposed to mediate both color and spatial vision, yet the specific links between midget RGC responses and visual perception are unclear. Previous research on the dual roles of midget RGCs has focused on those comparing long (L) vs. middle (M) wavelength sensitive cones. However, there is evidence for several other rare midget RGC subtypes receiving S-cone input, but their role in color and spatial vision is uncertain. Here, we confirm the existence of the single S-cone center OFF midget RGC circuit in the central retina of macaque monkey both structurally and functionally. We investigated the receptive field properties of the S-OFF midget circuit with single cell electrophysiology and 3D electron microscopy reconstructions of the upstream circuitry. Like the well-studied L vs. M midget RGCs, the S-OFF midget RGCs have a center-surround receptive field consistent with a role in spatial vision. While spectral opponency in a primate RGC is classically assumed to contribute to hue perception, a role supporting edge detection is more consistent with the S-OFF midget RGC receptive field structure and studies of hue perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - James R Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David W Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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