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Griffin A, Bowles T, Solis L, Railey T, Beauti S, Robinson R, Spencer SK, Shaffery JP, Wallace K. Maternal immune suppression during pregnancy does not prevent abnormal behavior in offspring. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:27. [PMID: 38532505 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offspring of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral disorders compared to offspring from non-affected pregnancies. Using rodent models of Preeclampsia (PreE; new onset of hypertension after 20 weeks gestation) and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), we studied the behavioral outcome of their offspring in adolescence. METHODS A subset of dams received Orencia, a T-cell activation inhibitor, as T cells have been associated with the induction of hypertension and inflammation during pregnancy. We hypothesized that offspring from hypertensive dams would experience adverse behavioral outcomes in social, cognitive, locomotor, and anxiety tests, and offspring from dams treated with Orencia would demonstrate less adverse behaviors. RESULTS Male offspring of PreE + Orencia dams (p < 0.05) and female offspring from HELLP + Orencia dams (p < 0.05) spent more time playing compared to normal pregnant offspring. All offspring from hypertensive and Orencia-treated dams performed worse on the Barnes Maze test compared to normal pregnant. We also measured adult (postnatal day > 60) myelin basic protein (MBP) and NeuN expression in both the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, there was no difference in expression of either MBP or NeuN in all groups regardless of sex. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggest that offspring of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have behavioral changes, specifically cognitive differences. This study has shown that there is a sex dependent difference in offspring neurobehavioral development, influenced in part by the type of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, and alterations in the maternal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Griffin
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Teylor Bowles
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Lucia Solis
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Teryn Railey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Samer Beauti
- Master's in Biomedical Science program, School of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Reanna Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Shauna-Kay Spencer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - James P Shaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kedra Wallace
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Chaves C, Dursun SM, Tusconi M, Hallak JEC. Neuroinflammation and schizophrenia - is there a link? Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1356975. [PMID: 38389990 PMCID: PMC10881867 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1356975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Chaves
- NeuroMood Lab, School of Medicine and Kingston Health Sciences Center (KHSC), Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Massimo Tusconi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jaime E C Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Xu P, Yu Y, Wu P. Role of microglia in brain development after viral infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1340308. [PMID: 38298216 PMCID: PMC10825034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1340308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells in the brain that originate from the yolk sac and enter the developing brain before birth. They play critical roles in brain development by supporting neural precursor proliferation, synaptic pruning, and circuit formation. However, microglia are also vulnerable to environmental factors, such as infection and stress that may alter their phenotype and function. Viral infection activates microglia to produce inflammatory cytokines and anti-viral responses that protect the brain from damage. However, excessive or prolonged microglial activation impairs brain development and leads to long-term consequences such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Moreover, certain viruses may attack microglia and deploy them as "Trojan horses" to infiltrate the brain. In this brief review, we describe the function of microglia during brain development and examine their roles after infection through microglia-neural crosstalk. We also identify limitations for current studies and highlight future investigated questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Sarieva K, Kagermeier T, Khakipoor S, Atay E, Yentür Z, Becker K, Mayer S. Human brain organoid model of maternal immune activation identifies radial glia cells as selectively vulnerable. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5077-5089. [PMID: 36878967 PMCID: PMC9986664 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during critical windows of gestation is correlated with long-term neurodevelopmental deficits in the offspring, including increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in humans. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) derived from the gestational parent is one of the major molecular mediators by which MIA alters the developing brain. In this study, we establish a human three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of MIA by treating induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dorsal forebrain organoids with a constitutively active form of IL-6, Hyper-IL-6. We validate our model by showing that dorsal forebrain organoids express the molecular machinery necessary for responding to Hyper-IL-6 and activate STAT signaling upon Hyper-IL-6 treatment. RNA sequencing analysis reveals the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) genes in response to Hyper-IL-6 exposure, which have been implicated with ASD. We find a small increase in the proportion of radial glia cells after Hyper-IL-6 treatment through immunohistochemistry and single-cell RNA-sequencing. We further show that radial glia cells are the cell type with the highest number of differentially expressed genes, and Hyper-IL-6 treatment leads to the downregulation of genes related to protein translation in line with a mouse model of MIA. Additionally, we identify differentially expressed genes not found in mouse models of MIA, which might drive species-specific responses to MIA. Finally, we show abnormal cortical layering as a long-term consequence of Hyper-IL-6 treatment. In summary, we establish a human 3D model of MIA, which can be used to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the increased risk for developing disorders such as ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Sarieva
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Kagermeier
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Khakipoor
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ezgi Atay
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zeynep Yentür
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Becker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Mayer
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Guan X, Leng W, Hu Q, Xiu M, Zhang X. Association between cognitive function and IL-18 levels in schizophrenia: Dependent on IL18 - 607 A/C polymorphism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 158:106386. [PMID: 37741261 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that immune system dysregulation is associated with debilitating neurodevelopment in schizophrenia (SZ). Cognitive impairment is a persistent feature that occurs during the onset of SZ and persists throughout the course of the disease. Early studies have found that elevated interleukin (IL)- 18 interacts with IL18 polymorphism and is correlated with psychotic symptoms in SZ. This study aimed to investigate whether elevated IL-18 levels interacted with the -607 A/C polymorphism to determine cognitive decline in patients with chronic SZ. We recruited 693 inpatients and 422 healthy controls to measure IL-18 levels and genotype the - 607 A/C polymorphism. Further, cognitive function was measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). We found that IL-18 serum levels were higher in patients than those in healthy controls, and were not associated with IL18 - 607 A/C in combined subjects or either patients or healthy controls, respectively. Moreover, - 607 A/C was correlated with the visuospatial/constructional index only in the patients. In addition, our research found that IL-18 levels were positively correlated to immediate memory only in patients with the C/C genotype, but not in patients with C/A or A/A genotype. This study suggests that the relationship of IL-18 with cognitive function depends on the IL18 - 607 A/C polymorphism of SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Guan
- Peking University, Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qiongyue Hu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University, Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sarieva K, Hildebrand F, Kagermeier T, Yentür Z, Becker K, Mayer S. Pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells can be used to model effects of IL-6 on human neurodevelopment. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050306. [PMID: 37921007 PMCID: PMC10629675 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) increases the risks for neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring through inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6). We therefore aimed to establish a human two-dimensional (2D) in vitro neural model to investigate the effects of IL-6 exposure on neurodevelopment. IL-6 signal transduction requires two receptors: interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL6ST) and interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R). Prenatally, neural cells lack IL6R, and hence cannot elicit cis IL-6 signaling, but IL6R can be provided by microglia in trans. We demonstrate here that an immortalized human neural progenitor cell (NPC) line, ReNCell CX, expresses IL6ST and elicits both cis and trans IL-6 signaling, limiting its use as a model of MIA. In contrast, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NPCs only activate the IL-6 cascade in trans. Activation of the trans IL-6 cascade did not result in increased proliferation of iPSC-derived NPCs or ReNCell CX, as has been demonstrated in animal models. iPSC-derived NPCs upregulated NR2F1 expression in response to IL-6 signaling in line with analogous experiments in organoids. Thus, iPSC-derived NPCs can be used to model gene expression changes in response to MIA in 2D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Sarieva
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Hildebrand
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Kagermeier
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zeynep Yentür
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School, Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Becker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Mayer
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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de Oliveira EG, de Lima DA, da Silva Júnior JC, de Souza Barbosa MV, de Andrade Silva SC, de Santana JH, Dos Santos Junior OH, Lira EC, Lagranha CJ, Duarte FS, Gomes DA. (R)-ketamine attenuates neurodevelopmental disease-related phenotypes in a mouse model of maternal immune activation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1501-1512. [PMID: 37249625 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental etiologies, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Studies have shown that the animal model of maternal immune activation (MIA) reproduces a wide range of phenotypes relevant to the study of neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging evidence shows that (R)-ketamine attenuates behavioral, cellular, and molecular changes observed in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate whether (R)-ketamine administration during adolescence attenuates some of the phenotypes related to neurodevelopmental disorders in an animal model of MIA. For MIA, pregnant Swiss mice received intraperitoneally (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/kg/day) or saline on gestational days 15 and 16. The two MIA-based groups of male offspring received (R)-ketamine (20 mg/kg/day; i.p.) or saline from postnatal day (PND) 36 to 50. At PND 62, the animals were examined for anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in the open-field test (OFT), as well as in the social interaction test (SIT). At PND 63, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was collected for analysis of oxidative balance and gene expression of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β1. We show that (R)-ketamine abolishes anxiety-related behavior and social interaction deficits induced by MIA. Additionally, (R)-ketamine attenuated the increase in lipid peroxidation and the cytokines in the PFC of the offspring exposed to MIA. The present work suggests that (R)-ketamine administration may have a long-lasting attenuation in deficits in emotional behavior induced by MIA, and that these effects may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifrances Galdino de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Diógenes Afonso de Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - José Carlos da Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Mayara Victória de Souza Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia de Andrade Silva
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Jonata Henrique de Santana
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Osmar Henrique Dos Santos Junior
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carvalho Lira
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Filipe Silveira Duarte
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Dayane Aparecida Gomes
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital infections are a major cause of childhood multidomain neurodevelopmental disabilities. They contribute to a range of structural brain abnormalities that can cause severe neurodevelopmental impairment, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neurosensory impairments. New congenital infections and global viral pandemics have emerged, with some affecting the developing brain and causing neurodevelopmental concerns. This review aims to provide current understanding of fetal infections and their impact on neurodevelopment. RECENT FINDINGS There are a growing list of congenital infections causing neurodevelopmental issues, including cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, syphilis, rubella, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and toxoplasmosis. Fetal exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 may also pose risk to the developing brain and impact neurodevelopmental outcomes, although studies have conflicting results. As Zika virus was a recently identified congenital infection, there are several new reports on child neurodevelopment in the Caribbean and Central and South America. For many congenital infections, children with in-utero exposure, even if asymptomatic at birth, may have neurodevelopmental concerns manifest over time. SUMMARY Congenital infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with neurodevelopmental impairments. Detailed pregnancy history, exposure risk, and testing should guide diagnosis and multidisciplinary evaluation. Children with congenital infections should have long-term follow-up to assess for neurodevelopmental delays and other neurosensory impairments. Children with confirmed delays or high-risk should be referred for rehabilitation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fortin
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Sarah B. Mulkey
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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De Sales-Millán A, Aguirre-Garrido JF, González-Cervantes RM, Velázquez-Aragón JA. Microbiome-Gut-Mucosal-Immune-Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Proposal of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ASD Aetiology. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:548. [PMID: 37503995 PMCID: PMC10376175 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and stereotyped interests. Due of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASD, researchers have investigated the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to its aetiology. The relationship between the microbiome, gut, and brain (microbiome-gut-brain axis) has been acknowledged as a key factor in modulating brain function and social behaviour, but its connection to the aetiology of ASD is not well understood. Recently, there has been increasing attention on the relationship between the immune system, gastrointestinal disorders and neurological issues in ASD, particularly in relation to the loss of specific species or a decrease in microbial diversity. It focuses on how gut microbiota dysbiosis can affect gut permeability, immune function and microbiota metabolites in ASD. However, a very complete study suggests that dysbiosis is a consequence of the disease and that it has practically no effect on autistic manifestations. This is a review of the relationship between the immune system, microbial diversity and the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the development of autistic symptoms severity and a proposal of a novel role of gut microbiome in ASD, where dysbiosis is a consequence of ASD-related behaviour and where dysbiosis in turn accentuates the autistic manifestations of the patients via the microbiome-gut-brain axis in a feedback circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amapola De Sales-Millán
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Lerma 52006, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Félix Aguirre-Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Lerma 52006, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rina María González-Cervantes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Lerma 52006, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
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Kotsiri I, Resta P, Spyrantis A, Panotopoulos C, Chaniotis D, Beloukas A, Magiorkinis E. Viral Infections and Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1345. [PMID: 37376644 DOI: 10.3390/v15061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with multiple genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Viral infections have been suggested to be one of the environmental factors associated with the development of this disorder. We comprehensively review all relevant published literature focusing on the relationship between schizophrenia and various viral infections, such as influenza virus, herpes virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), retrovirus, coronavirus, and Borna virus. These viruses may interfere with the normal maturation of the brain directly or through immune-induced mediators, such as cytokines, leading to the onset of schizophrenia. Changes in the expression of critical genes and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have been linked to virally-induced infections and relevant immune activities in schizophrenia. Future research is necessary to understand this relationship better and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kotsiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asklipeion General Hospital, Voulas, 16673 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Resta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Spyrantis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asklipeion General Hospital, Voulas, 16673 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Chaniotis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Delorme TC, Ozell-Landry W, Cermakian N, Srivastava LK. Behavioral and cellular responses to circadian disruption and prenatal immune activation in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7791. [PMID: 37179433 PMCID: PMC10182998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, experience disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythms. Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to prenatal infection increases the risk of developing NDDs. We studied how environmental circadian disruption contributes to NDDs using maternal immune activation (MIA) in mice, which models prenatal infection. Pregnant dams were injected with viral mimetic poly IC (or saline) at E9.5. Adult poly IC- and saline-exposed offspring were subjected to 4 weeks of each of the following: standard lighting (LD1), constant light (LL) and standard lighting again (LD2). Behavioral tests were conducted in the last 12 days of each condition. Poly IC exposure led to significant behavioral differences, including reduced sociability (males only) and deficits in prepulse inhibition. Interestingly, poly IC exposure led to reduced sociability specifically when males were tested after LL exposure. Mice were exposed again to either LD or LL for 4 weeks and microglia were characterized. Notably, poly IC exposure led to increased microglial morphology index and density in dentate gyrus, an effect attenuated by LL exposure. Our findings highlight interactions between circadian disruption and prenatal infection, which has implications in informing the development of circadian-based therapies for individuals with NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Delorme
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - William Ozell-Landry
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.
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12
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Doratt BM, Sureshchandra S, True H, Rincon M, Marshall N, Messaoudi I. Mild/Asymptomatic Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Immune Paralysis in Fetal Circulation and Immune Dysregulation in Fetal-Placental Tissues. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.10.540233. [PMID: 37214938 PMCID: PMC10197637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the impact of maternal mild/asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection on the developing neonatal immune system. In this study, we analyzed umbilical cord blood and placental chorionic villi from newborns of unvaccinated mothers with mild/asymptomatic SARSCoV-2 infection during pregnancy using flow cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics, and functional assays. Despite the lack of vertical transmission, levels of inflammatory mediators were altered in cord blood. Maternal infection was also associated with increased memory T, B cells, and non-classical monocytes as well as increased activation. However, ex vivo responses to stimulation were attenuated. Finally, within the placental villi, we report an expansion of fetal Hofbauer cells and infiltrating maternal macrophages and rewiring towards a heightened inflammatory state. In contrast to cord blood monocytes, placental myeloid cells were primed for heightened antiviral responses. Taken together, this study highlights dysregulated fetal immune cell responses in response to mild maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Heather True
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
| | - Monica Rincon
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR 97239
| | - Nicole Marshall
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR 97239
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
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13
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Landolfo E, Cutuli D, Decandia D, Balsamo F, Petrosini L, Gelfo F. Environmental Enrichment Protects against Neurotoxic Effects of Lipopolysaccharide: A Comprehensive Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065404. [PMID: 36982478 PMCID: PMC10049264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathophysiological condition associated with damage to the nervous system. Maternal immune activation and early immune activation have adverse effects on the development of the nervous system and cognitive functions. Neuroinflammation during adulthood leads to neurodegenerative diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used in preclinical research to mimic neurotoxic effects leading to systemic inflammation. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been reported to cause a wide range of beneficial changes in the brain. Based on the above, the purpose of the present review is to describe the effects of exposure to EE paradigms in counteracting LPS-induced neuroinflammation throughout the lifespan. Up to October 2022, a methodical search of studies in the literature, using the PubMed and Scopus databases, was performed, focusing on exposure to LPS, as an inflammatory mediator, and to EE paradigms in preclinical murine models. On the basis of the inclusion criteria, 22 articles were considered and analyzed in the present review. EE exerts sex- and age-dependent neuroprotective and therapeutic effects in animals exposed to the neurotoxic action of LPS. EE’s beneficial effects are present throughout the various ages of life. A healthy lifestyle and stimulating environments are essential to counteract the damages induced by neurotoxic exposure to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Landolfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Decandia
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Balsamo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hunter P. Autism therapy at crossroads: Autism research requires stronger and more reliable evidence base for efficiently applying therapeutic interventions: Autism research requires stronger and more reliable evidence base for efficiently applying therapeutic interventions. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56915. [PMID: 36799071 PMCID: PMC9986808 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies that have questioned the scientific evidence for established autism treatments have attracted both criticisms but also inspired new research to apply treatment more efficiently.
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15
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Simone M, De Giacomo A, Palumbi R, Palazzo C, Lucisano G, Pompamea F, Micella S, Pascali M, Gabellone A, Marzulli L, Giordano P, Gargano CD, Margari L, Frigeri A, Ruggieri M. Serum Neurofilament Light Chain and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033057. [PMID: 36769380 PMCID: PMC9917818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by a multifactorial etiology based on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidence supports the neurobiological hypothesis based on neuroinflammation theory. To date, there are no sufficiently validated diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for ASD. Therefore, we decided to investigate the potential diagnostic role for ASD of two biomarkers well known for other neurological inflammatory conditions: the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the neurofilament (Nfl). Nfl and GFAP serum levels were analyzed using SiMoA technology in a group of ASD patients and in a healthy control group (CTRS), age- and gender-matched. Then we investigated the distribution, frequency, and correlation between serum Nfl and GFAP levels and clinical data among the ASD group. The comparison of Nfl and GFAP serum levels between ASD children and the control group showed a mean value of these two markers significantly higher in the ASD group (sNfL mean value ASD pt 6.86 pg/mL median value ASD pt 5.7 pg/mL; mean value CTRS 3.55 pg/mL; median value CTRS 3.1 pg; GFAP mean value ASD pt 205.7 pg/mL median value ASD pt 155.4 pg/mL; mean value CTRS 77.12 pg/mL; median value CTRS 63.94 pg/mL). Interestingly, we also found a statistically significant positive correlation between GFAP levels and hyperactivity symptoms (p-value <0.001). Further investigations using larger groups are necessary to confirm our data and to verify in more depth the potential correlation between these biomarkers and ASD clinical features, such as the severity of the core symptoms, the presence of associated symptoms, and/or the evaluation of a therapeutic intervention. However, these data not only might shed a light on the neurobiology of ASD, supporting the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration hypothesis, but they also might support the use of these biomarkers in the early diagnosis of ASD, to longitudinally monitor the disease activity, and even more as future prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Simone
- Regenerative and Precision Medicine Department and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea De Giacomo
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Palumbi
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Palazzo
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucisano
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Pompamea
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Micella
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mara Pascali
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gabellone
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Marzulli
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Domenica Gargano
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Regenerative and Precision Medicine Department and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Ruggieri
- Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience Department (DiBraiN), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
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16
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Kılıç N, Tasci G, Yılmaz S, Öner P, Korkmaz S. Monocyte/HDL Cholesterol Ratios as a New Inflammatory Marker in Patients with Schizophrenia. J Pers Med 2023; 13:276. [PMID: 36836510 PMCID: PMC9958934 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Monocyte/HDL cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a novel inflammatory marker that is used as a prognostic factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been studied in many diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammatory factors in schizophrenia patients by examining MHR levels and to compare schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in terms of cardiovascular disease risk. METHOD A total of 135 participants between the ages of 18-65, 85 diagnosed with schizophrenia, and 50 healthy individuals in the control group were included in this cross-sectional study. Venous blood samples were taken from the participants and CBC parameters and lipid profiles were analyzed. The sociodemographic and clinical data form and positive and negative symptoms scale (PANSS) were administered to all participants. RESULTS Although monocyte levels were significantly higher in the patient group, HDL-C levels were lower at significant levels. MHR was found to be higher in the patient group compared to the control group at significant levels. When compared to the control group, total cholesterol, triglyceride, WBC, neutrophil, basophil, and platelet levels were higher in the patient group at significant levels, and RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels were significantly lower. CONCLUSION The elevated MHR in patients with schizophrenia may contribute to our understanding that inflammation plays important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, knowing the levels of MHR and considering the recommendations, such as diet and exercise, in the treatment approaches made us think that it might be beneficial in protecting schizophrenia patients against cardiovascular diseases and early death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nülüfer Kılıç
- Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Elazığ 23100, Türkiye
| | - Gulay Tasci
- Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Elazığ 23100, Türkiye
| | - Seda Yılmaz
- Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Elazığ 23100, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Öner
- Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Elazığ 23100, Türkiye
| | - Sevda Korkmaz
- Fırat University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Elazığ 23100, Türkiye
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17
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Sierakowska A, Roszak M, Lipińska M, Bieniasiewicz A, Łabuz-Roszak B. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AND SCHIZOPHRENIA - SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO DISORDERS WITH A CASE REPORT OF A PATIENT WITH DUAL DIAGNOSIS. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2023; 51:172-177. [PMID: 37254766 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202302111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the genetic, molecular and neuroanatomical similarities between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia using the case report of a 34-year-old female patient with a previous diagnosis of schizophrenia as an example. As a result of repeat hospitalization, expanded history, psychological testing and verification of persistent symptoms of psychopathology, a cooccurring diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Sierakowska
- STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF NEUROLOGY AT THE DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, OPOLE UNIVERSITY, OPOLE, POLAND
| | - Mateusz Roszak
- STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF NEUROLOGY AT THE DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, OPOLE UNIVERSITY, OPOLE, POLAND
| | - Milena Lipińska
- DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY, ST. JADWIGA REGIONAL SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, OPOLE, POLAND
| | - Anna Bieniasiewicz
- DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF OPOLE, OPOLE, POLAND; DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, ST. JADWIGA REGIONAL SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, OPOLE, POLAND
| | - Beata Łabuz-Roszak
- DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF OPOLE, OPOLE, POLAND; DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, ST. JADWIGA REGIONAL SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, OPOLE, POLAND
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18
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Hall MB, Willis DE, Rodriguez EL, Schwarz JM. Maternal immune activation as an epidemiological risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: Considerations of timing, severity, individual differences, and sex in human and rodent studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1135559. [PMID: 37123361 PMCID: PMC10133487 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that one's risk of being diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)-such as autism, ADHD, or schizophrenia-increases significantly if their mother had a viral or bacterial infection during the first or second trimester of pregnancy. Despite this well-known data, little is known about how developing neural systems are perturbed by events such as early-life immune activation. One theory is that the maternal immune response disrupts neural processes important for typical fetal and postnatal development, which can subsequently result in specific and overlapping behavioral phenotypes in offspring, characteristic of NDDs. As such, rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have been useful in elucidating neural mechanisms that may become dysregulated by MIA. This review will start with an up-to-date and in-depth, critical summary of epidemiological data in humans, examining the association between different types of MIA and NDD outcomes in offspring. Thereafter, we will summarize common rodent models of MIA and discuss their relevance to the human epidemiological data. Finally, we will highlight other factors that may interact with or impact MIA and its associated risk for NDDs, and emphasize the importance for researchers to consider these when designing future human and rodent studies. These points to consider include: the sex of the offspring, the developmental timing of the immune challenge, and other factors that may contribute to individual variability in neural and behavioral responses to MIA, such as genetics, parental age, the gut microbiome, prenatal stress, and placental buffering.
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19
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Cipriani C, Tartaglione AM, Giudice M, D’Avorio E, Petrone V, Toschi N, Chiarotti F, Miele MT, Calamandrei G, Garaci E, Matteucci C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Ricceri L, Balestrieri E. Differential Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses and Inflammatory Mediators in Female and Male Offspring in a Mouse Model of Maternal Immune Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213930. [PMID: 36430402 PMCID: PMC9695919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infections during pregnancy and the consequent maternal immune activation (MIA) are the major risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Epidemiological evidence is corroborated by the preclinical models in which MIA leads to ASD-like behavioral abnormalities and altered neuroinflammatory profiles, with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial markers. In addition to neuroinflammatory response, an abnormal expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) has been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders and have been found to correlate with disease severity. Our aim was to evaluate the transcriptional profile of several ERV families, ERV-related genes, and inflammatory mediators (by RT real-time PCR) in mouse offspring of both sexes, prenatally exposed to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA molecule targeting TLR-3 that mimics viral maternal infection during pregnancy. We found that prenatal exposure to Poly I:C deregulated the expression of some ERVs and ERV-related genes both in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, while no changes were detected in the blood. Interestingly, sex-related differences in the expression levels of some ERVs, ERV-related genes, and inflammatory mediators that were higher in females than in males emerged only in PFC. Our findings support the tissue specificity of ERV and ERV-related transcriptional profiles in MIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tartaglione
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Giudice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica D’Avorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vita Petrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Tony Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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20
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Shook LL, Fourman LT, Edlow AG. Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnancy: Implications for the Health of the Next Generation. J Immunol 2022; 209:1465-1473. [PMID: 36192115 PMCID: PMC9536183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Widespread SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant individuals has led to a generation of fetuses exposed in utero, but the long-term impact of such exposure remains unknown. Although fetal infection is rare, children born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection may be at increased risk for adverse neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic outcomes. Fetal programming effects are likely to be mediated at least in part by maternal immune activation. In this review, we discuss recent evidence regarding the effects of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the maternal, placental, and fetal immune response, as well as the implications for the long-term health of offspring. Extrapolating from what is known about the impact of maternal immune activation in other contexts (e.g., obesity, HIV, influenza), we review the potential for neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic morbidity in offspring. Based on available data suggesting potential increased neurodevelopmental risk, we highlight the importance of establishing large cohorts to monitor offspring born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers for neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L Shook
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Lindsay T Fourman
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
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21
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Abstract
Inflammation during prenatal development can be detrimental to neurodevelopmental processes, increasing the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Prenatal exposure to maternal viral infection during pregnancy is a leading environmental risk factor for manifestation of these disorders. Preclinical animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA), established to investigate this link, have revealed common immune and microbial signaling pathways that link mother and fetus and set the tone for prenatal neurodevelopment. In particular, maternal intestinal T helper 17 cells, educated by endogenous microbes, appear to be key drivers of effector IL-17A signals capable of reaching the fetal brain and causing neuropathologies. Fetal microglial cells are particularly sensitive to maternally derived inflammatory and microbial signals, and they shift their functional phenotype in response to MIA. Resulting cortical malformations and miswired interneuron circuits cause aberrant offspring behaviors that recapitulate core symptoms of human neurodevelopmental disorders. Still, the popular use of "sterile" immunostimulants to initiate MIA has limited translation to the clinic, as these stimulants fail to capture biologically relevant innate and adaptive inflammatory sequelae induced by live pathogen infection. Thus, there is a need for more translatable MIA models, with a focus on relevant pathogens like seasonal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Otero
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Adrienne M. Antonson
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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Sabaie H, Gholipour M, Asadi MR, Abed S, Sharifi-Bonab M, Taheri M, Hussen BM, Brand S, Neishabouri SM, Rezazadeh M. Identification of key long non-coding RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA axes in Brodmann Area 10 brain region of schizophrenia patients. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1010977. [PMID: 36405929 PMCID: PMC9671706 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1010977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental condition with an unknown cause. According to the reports, Brodmann Area 10 (BA10) is linked to the pathology and cortical dysfunction of SCZ, which demonstrates a number of replicated findings related to research on SCZ and the dysfunction in tasks requiring cognitive control in particular. Genetics' role in the pathophysiology of SCZ is still unclear. Therefore, it may be helpful to understand the effects of these changes on the onset and progression of SCZ to find novel mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene transcription. In order to determine the molecular regulatory mechanisms affecting the SCZ, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-associated competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) axes in the BA10 area were determined using a bioinformatics approach in the present work. A microarray dataset (GSE17612) consisted of brain post-mortem tissues of the BA10 area from SCZ patients and matched healthy subjects was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. This dataset included probes for both lncRNAs and mRNAs. Using the R software's limma package, the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were found. The RNA interactions were also discovered using the DIANA-LncBase and miRTarBase databases. In the ceRNA network, positive correlations between DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs were evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, lncRNA-associated ceRNA axes were built by using the co-expression and DElncRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA connections. We identified the DElncRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA axes, which included two key lncRNAs (PEG3-AS1, MIR570HG), seven key miRNAs (hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-181a-5p, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p), and eight key mRNAs (EGR1, ETV1, DUSP6, PLOD2, CD93, SERPINB9, ANGPTL4, TGFB2). Furthermore, DEmRNAs were found to be enriched in the "AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications", "Amoebiasis", "Transcriptional misregulation in cancer", "Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection", and "MAPK signaling pathway". This study offers research targets for examining significant molecular pathways connected to the pathogenesis of SCZ, even though the function of these ceRNA axes still needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Sabaie
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samin Abed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mirmohsen Sharifi-Bonab
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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