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Speksnijder EM, Bisschop PH, Siegelaar SE, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A. Circadian desynchrony and glucose metabolism. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12956. [PMID: 38695262 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The circadian timing system controls glucose metabolism in a time-of-day dependent manner. In mammals, the circadian timing system consists of the main central clock in the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues. The oscillations produced by these different clocks with a period of approximately 24-h are generated by the transcriptional-translational feedback loops of a set of core clock genes. Glucose homeostasis is one of the daily rhythms controlled by this circadian timing system. The central pacemaker in the SCN controls glucose homeostasis through its neural projections to hypothalamic hubs that are in control of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Using hormones such as adrenal glucocorticoids and melatonin and the autonomic nervous system, the SCN modulates critical processes such as glucose production and insulin sensitivity. Peripheral clocks in tissues, such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue serve to enhance and sustain these SCN signals. In the optimal situation all these clocks are synchronized and aligned with behavior and the environmental light/dark cycle. A negative impact on glucose metabolism becomes apparent when the internal timing system becomes disturbed, also known as circadian desynchrony or circadian misalignment. Circadian desynchrony may occur at several levels, as the mistiming of light exposure or sleep will especially affect the central clock, whereas mistiming of food intake or physical activity will especially involve the peripheral clocks. In this review, we will summarize the literature investigating the impact of circadian desynchrony on glucose metabolism and how it may result in the development of insulin resistance. In addition, we will discuss potential strategies aimed at reinstating circadian synchrony to improve insulin sensitivity and contribute to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Speksnijder
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Canário N, Crisóstomo J, Duarte JV, Moreno C, Quental H, Gomes L, Oliveira F, Castelo-Branco M. Irreversible atrophy in memory brain regions over 7 years is predicted by glycemic control in type 2 diabetes without mild cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1367563. [PMID: 38590757 PMCID: PMC10999637 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1367563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory-related impairments in type 2 diabetes may be mediated by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Previous cross-sectional studies have controversially suggested a relationship between metabolic control and a decrease in hippocampal volumes, but only longitudinal studies can test this hypothesis directly. We performed a longitudinal morphometric study to provide a direct test of a possible role of higher levels of glycated hemoglobin with long term brain structural integrity in key regions of the memory system - hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. Grey matter volume was measured at two different times - baseline and after ~7 years. We found an association between higher initial levels of HbA1C and grey matter volume loss in all three core memory regions, even in the absence of mild cognitive impairment. Importantly, these neural effects persisted in spite of the fact that patients had significantly improved their glycemic control. This suggests that early high levels of HbA1c might be irreversibly associated with subsequent long-term atrophy in the medial temporal cortex and that early intensive management is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Canário
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Crisóstomo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Quental
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Feng L, Gao L. The role of neurovascular coupling dysfunction in cognitive decline of diabetes patients. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375908. [PMID: 38576869 PMCID: PMC10991808 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is an important mechanism to ensure adequate blood supply to active neurons in the brain. NVC damage can lead to chronic impairment of neuronal function. Diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar and is considered an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. In this review, we provide fMRI evidence of NVC damage in diabetic patients with cognitive decline. Combined with the exploration of the major mechanisms and signaling pathways of NVC, we discuss the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on the cellular structure of NVC signaling, including key receptors, ion channels, and intercellular connections. Studying these diabetes-related changes in cell structure will help us understand the underlying causes behind diabetes-induced NVC damage and early cognitive decline, ultimately helping to identify the most effective drug targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Guimarães P, Serranho P, Duarte JV, Crisóstomo J, Moreno C, Gomes L, Bernardes R, Castelo-Branco M. The hemodynamic response function as a type 2 diabetes biomarker: a data-driven approach. Front Neuroinform 2024; 17:1321178. [PMID: 38250018 PMCID: PMC10796780 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1321178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a need to better understand the neurophysiological changes associated with early brain dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before vascular or structural lesions. Our aim was to use a novel unbiased data-driven approach to detect and characterize hemodynamic response function (HRF) alterations in T2DM patients, focusing on their potential as biomarkers. Methods We meshed task-based event-related (visual speed discrimination) functional magnetic resonance imaging with DL to show, from an unbiased perspective, that T2DM patients' blood-oxygen-level dependent response is altered. Relevance analysis determined which brain regions were more important for discrimination. We combined explainability with deconvolution generalized linear model to provide a more accurate picture of the nature of the neural changes. Results The proposed approach to discriminate T2DM patients achieved up to 95% accuracy. Higher performance was achieved at higher stimulus (speed) contrast, showing a direct relationship with stimulus properties, and in the hemispherically dominant left visual hemifield, demonstrating biological interpretability. Differences are explained by physiological asymmetries in cortical spatial processing (right hemisphere dominance) and larger neural signal-to-noise ratios related to stimulus contrast. Relevance analysis revealed the most important regions for discrimination, such as extrastriate visual cortex, parietal cortex, and insula. These are disease/task related, providing additional evidence for pathophysiological significance. Our data-driven design allowed us to compute the unbiased HRF without assumptions. Conclusion We can accurately differentiate T2DM patients using a data-driven classification of the HRF. HRF differences hold promise as biomarkers and could contribute to a deeper understanding of neurophysiological changes associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guimarães
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Serranho
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João V. Duarte
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Crisóstomo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gomes
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Bernardes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Yamamoto N, Sakazaki M, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Kawashima R. The effects of palatinose on attention and cerebral blood flow in healthy adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148553. [PMID: 37633356 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary energy source for the brain is glucose, and a continuous supply is required for the brain to work longer. This study aimed to verify the effects of palatinose on attention and cerebral blood flow in healthy adults. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study included 64 healthy Japanese adults. Participants performed the Digit Vigilance Task (DVT) 60 min pre-ingestion (14:00) and 0 (15:00), 60 (16:00), 120 (17:00), and 180 (18:00) min after ingestion of 10 g of either palatinose or glucose. Cerebral blood flow was measured using a wearable 2CH functional near-infrared spectrometer (fNIRS) during each DVT. The participants underwent the Uchida-Kraepelin (UK) test between each DVT to control for fatigue. RESULTS DVT reaction times with palatinose intake were significantly shorter than those with glucose intake at 16:00, 17:00, and 18:00 (p = 0.0015, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The change in cerebral blood flow as a function of total hemoglobin level was significantly higher in the palatinose group than in the glucose group (p = 0.018). Regarding the post-UK mood questionnaire, "physically fatigued" and "annoyed" were significantly lower in the palatinose intake group compared to the glucose intake group at 17:00 (p = 0.0445 and p = 0.0318, respectively). Furthermore, "physically fatigued" was significantly lower, and "seriously" was higher in the palatinose intake compared to the glucose intake group at 18:00 (p = 0.00652 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 10 g of palatinose has favorable effects on attention and cerebral blood flow. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000046182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Yamamoto
- Mitsui DM Sugar Co., Ltd., 2-28-7, Kamiochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 161-0034, Japan.
| | - Miki Sakazaki
- Mitsui DM Sugar Co., Ltd., 2-28-7, Kamiochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 161-0034, Japan
| | - Yukie Nagai
- Mitsui DM Sugar Co., Ltd., 2-28-7, Kamiochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 161-0034, Japan
| | | | - Ryuta Kawashima
- NeU Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0048, Japan; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
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