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Sun ZX, Wang Y, Li YJ, Yu SH, Wu W, Huang DS, Guan P. Socioeconomic, meteorological factors and spatiotemporal distribution of human brucellosis in China between 2004 and 2019-A study based on spatial panel model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011765. [PMID: 37956207 PMCID: PMC10681303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brucellosis continues to be a great threat to human health in China. The present study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of human brucellosis in China from 2004 to 2019, to analyze the socioeconomic factors, meteorological factors and seasonal effect affecting human brucellosis incidence in different geographical regions with the help of spatial panel model, and to provide a scientific basis for local health authorities to improve the prevention of human brucellosis. METHODS The monthly reported number and incidence of human brucellosis in China from January 2004 to December 2019 were obtained from the Data Center for China Public Health Science. Monthly average air temperature and monthly average relative humidity of 31 provincial-level administrative units (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities directly under the central government) in China from October 2003 to December 2019 were obtained from the National Meteorological Science Data Centre. The inventory of cattle, the inventory of sheep, beef yield, mutton yield, wool yield, milk yield and gross pastoral product of 31 provincial-level administrative units in China from 2004 to 2019 were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The temporal and geographical distribution of human brucellosis was displayed with Microsoft Excel and ArcMap software. The spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis was used to describe the association among different areas. Spatial panel model was constructed to explore the combined effects on the incidence of human brucellosis in China. RESULTS A total of 569,016 cases of human brucellosis were reported in the 31 provincial-level administrative units in China from January 2004 to December 2019. Human brucellosis cases were concentrated between March and July, with a peak in May, showing a clear seasonal increase. The incidence of human brucellosis in China from 2004 to 2019 showed significant spatial correlations, and hotspot analysis indicated that the high incidence of human brucellosis was mainly in the northern China, particularly in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Heilongjiang. The results from spatial panel model suggested that the inventory of cattle, the inventory of sheep, beef yield, mutton yield, wool yield, milk yield, gross pastoral product, average air temperature (the same month, 2-month lagged and 3-month lagged), average relative humidity (the same month) and season variability were significantly associated with human brucellosis incidence in China. CONCLUSIONS The epidemic area of human brucellosis in China has been expanding and the spatial clustering has been observed. Inner Mongolia and adjacent provinces or autonomous regions are the high-risk areas of human brucellosis. The inventory of cattle and sheep, beef yield, mutton yield, wool yield, milk yield, gross pastoral product, average air temperature, average relative humidity and season variability played a significant role in the progression of human brucellosis. The present study strengthens the understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic, meteorological factors and the spatial heterogeneity of human brucellosis in China, through which 'One Health'-based strategies and countermeasures can be provided for the government to tackle the brucellosis menace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Intelligent Computing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Chen S, Chen Y, Jiao Z, Wang C, Zhao D, Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhao S, Yang B, Zhao Q, Fu S, He X, Chen Q, Man C, Liu G, Wei X, Du L, Wang F. Clearance of bacteria from lymph nodes in sheep immunized with Brucella suis S2 vaccine is associated with M1 macrophage activation. Vet Res 2023; 54:20. [PMID: 36918910 PMCID: PMC10013293 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine brucellosis is a global zoonotic disease of sheep caused by Brucella melitensis, which inflicts a significant burden on human and animal health. Brucella suis strain S2 (B. suis S2) is a smooth live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of ovine brucellosis in China. However, no previous studies have assessed the immunogenicity of B. suis S2 vaccine after oral immunization in sheep. Here, we attempted to evaluate the ovine immune response over the course of B. suis S2 immunization and to identify in vivo predictors for vaccine development. Body temperature, serum Brucella antibodies, serum cytokines (IL-12p70 and interferon [IFN]-γ), and bacterial load in the mandibular lymph nodes (LN), superficial cervical LN, superficial inguinal LN, and spleen were investigated to determine the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. The abnormal body temperature of sheep occurred within 8 days post-infection (dpi). Brucella suis S2 persisted for a short time (< 21 dpi) in the mandibular LN. The highest level of IL-12p70 was observed at 9 dpi, whereas serum IFN-γ levels peaked at 12 dpi. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were performed to determine gene expression profiles in the mandibular LN of sheep. Antigen processing and presentation pathway was the dominant pathway related to the dataset. Our studies suggest that the immune response in ovine LN resembled type 1 immunity with the secretion of IL-12p70 and IFN-γ after B.suis S2 immunization and the vaccine may eliminate Brucella via stimulation of M1 macrophages through the course of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zizhuo Jiao
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dantong Zhao
- Jinyu Baoling Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongbin Liu
- Inner Mongolia University, College Road No. 235, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shihua Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qinan Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shaoyin Fu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qiaoling Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Churiga Man
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Guoying Liu
- Jinyu Baoling Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- Jinyu Baoling Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li Du
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Fengyang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Hu D, Tang Y, Wang C, Qi Y, Ente M, Li X, Zhang D, Li K, Chu H. The Role of Intestinal Microbial Metabolites in the Immunity of Equine Animals Infected With Horse Botflies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:832062. [PMID: 35812868 PMCID: PMC9257286 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.832062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in regulating the host metabolism and immunity. However, the underlying mechanism is still not well studied. Thus, we conducted the LC-MS/MS analysis and RNA-seq analysis on Equus przewalskii with and without horse botfly infestation to determine the metabolites produced by intestinal microbiota in feces and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the immune response in blood and attempted to link them together. The results showed that parasite infection could change the composition of microbial metabolites. These identified metabolites could be divided into six categories, including compounds with biological roles, bioactive peptides, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, phytochemical compounds, and lipids. The three pathways involving most metabolites were lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. The significant differences between the host with and without parasites were shown in 31 metabolites with known functions, which were related to physiological activities of the host. For the gene analysis, we found that parasite infection could alarm the host immune response. The gene of “cathepsin W” involved in innate and adaptive immune responses was upregulated. The two genes of the following functions were downregulated: “protein S100-A8” and “protein S100-A9-like isoform X2” involved in chemokine and cytokine production, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and immune and inflammatory responses. GO and KEGG analyses showed that immune-related functions of defense response and Th17 cell differentiation had significant differences between the host with and without parasites, respectively. Last, the relationship between metabolites and genes was determined in this study. The purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism contained the most altered metabolites and DEGs, which mainly influenced the conversion of ATP, ADP, AMP, GTP, GMP, GDP, UTP, UDP, UMP, dTTP, dTDP, dTMP, and RNA. Thus, it could be concluded that parasitic infection can change the intestinal microbial metabolic activity and enhance immune response of the host through the pathway of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. This results will be a valuable contribution to understanding the bidirectional association of the parasite, intestinal microbiota, and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Hu
- Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Tang
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Ürümqi, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Altay Management Station of Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Altay, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Altay Management Station of Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Altay, China
| | - Make Ente
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Ürümqi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Li
| | - Hongjun Chu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Ürümqi, China
- Hongjun Chu
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Chen S, Wang C, Chen Q, Zhao D, Liu Y, Zhao S, Fu S, He X, Yang B, Zhao Q, An Q, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Man C, Liu G, Wei X, Zhang W, Du L, Wang F. Downregulation of Three Novel miRNAs in the Lymph Nodes of Sheep Immunized With the Brucella suis Strain 2 Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:813170. [PMID: 35274021 PMCID: PMC8902169 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.813170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine and caprine brucellosis, both caused by Brucella melitensis, lead to substantial economic losses in the animal industry and health problems in human populations. Brucella suis strain 2 (B.suis S2), as a live attenuated vaccine, is used extensively in China to prevent brucellosis. It has been proven that microRNA (miRNAs) are involved in the immunopathogenesis of brucellosis; however, the miRNA-driven mechanism of immune response to B.suis S2 in vivo remains unknown. To determine which new miRNAs are involved in the host immune response to B.suis S2 and elucidate the function of these miRNAs, we performed a comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression profiles in sheep immunized with B.suis S2 using the high-throughput sequencing approach. The submandibular lymphatic nodes from sheep seropositive for Brucella were collected at 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days post-immunization. MiRNA sequencing analysis revealed that 282 differentially expressed miRNAs (|log2 fold-change |>0.5 and p < 0.05) were significantly enriched in the immune pathways, including the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades. Increasing the threshold to |log2 fold change|>1 and p < 0.01 revealed 48 differentially expressed miRNAs, 31 of which were novel miRNAs. Thirteen of these novel miRNAs, which were differentially expressed for at least two time points, were detected via RT-qPCR assays. The novel_229, novel_609, novel_973 and oar-miR-181a assessed by RT-qPCR were detectable and consistent with the expression patterns obtained by miRNA sequencing. Functional analyses of these miRNAs demonstrated that their target genes participated in the immune response pathways, including the innate and adaptive immunity pathways. The immune-related target genes of novel_229 included ENSOARG00000000649 and TMED1, as well as LCN2, PDPK1 and LPO were novel_609 target genes. The immune-related target genes of novel_973 included C6orf58, SPPL3, BPIFB1, ENSOARG00000021083, MPTX1, CCL28, FGB, IDO1, OLR1 and ENSOARG00000020393. The immune-related target genes of oar-miR-181a included ENSOARG00000002722, ARHGEF2, MFAP4 and DOK2. These results will deepen our understanding of the host miRNA-driven defense mechanism in sheep immunized with B.suis S2 vaccine, and provide the valuable information for optimizing vaccines and developing molecular diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qiaoling Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Dantong Zhao
- Jinyu Baoling Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | | | - Shihua Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Shaoyin Fu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Qinan Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Qi An
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Churiga Man
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Guoying Liu
- Jinyu Baoling Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- Jinyu Baoling Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Li Du
| | - Li Du
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Li Du
| | - Fengyang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Fengyang Wang
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