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Ogolla KO, Bwana BK, Mang’era CM, Onyango T, Otiende MY, Ochieng B, Hassanali A, Mugambi JM, Omondi P, Mireji PO. Putative bloodmeal sources in Glossina austeni tsetse fly of Arabuko Sokoke National Reserve in Kenya. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299243. [PMID: 38446817 PMCID: PMC10917249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies, the sole biological vectors of trypanosomiasis, are predominantly controlled using visual traps and targets baited with attractant lures. Formulation of the lures is informed by compositions of odors from vertebrate hosts preferred by specific tsetse species. However, there are no effective lures for Glossina austeni, a major vector of trypanosomiasis along eastern-coastal region of Africa. Formulation of the lure can be informed by knowledge of G. austeni, preferred vertebrate hosts. We thus sought to understand these hosts by assessment of putative bloodmeal sources of this tsetse fly in Arabuko Sokoke National Reserve where this species is naturally present. We sampled tsetse flies using NGU traps, isolated non-teneral G. austeni flies based on their feeding status, and identified vertebrate source of bloodmeals in their midgut contents using vertebrate 16S rRNA-PCR High-Resolution Melting analysis. We analyzed the relative vertebrate species frequencies in the bloodmeals using Fisher's exact tests. Overall, we trapped 122 flies, most of which (66.39%) were non-teneral, among which we successfully identified the vertebrate bloodmeals in 30 samples. Specifically, we detected putative suni antelope (Neotragus moschatus), harnessed bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle (Bos taurus) derived bloodmeals. Putative suni antelope bloodmeals were significantly more frequent (63.22%), than those of the harnessed bushbuck (23.33%), buffalo (10.00%) or cattle (3.33%) (p < 0.05 Fisher's exact tests) among the samples analyzed. Suni antelope thus appears to predominate vertebrate bloodmeal source for G. austeni in the reserve, coincident with findings reported elsewhere, and is therefore a viable candidate for bioprospecting for G. austeni responsive attractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy O. Ogolla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and, Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Billiah K. Bwana
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and, Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Clarence M. Mang’era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Tevin Onyango
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya
| | | | - Benard Ochieng
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and, Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - John M. Mugambi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and, Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Patrick Omondi
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and, Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
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Shimogawa MM, Jonnalagadda K, Hill KL. FAP20 is required for flagellum assembly in Trypanosoma brucei. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.19.576295. [PMID: 38293126 PMCID: PMC10827224 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.19.576295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a human and animal pathogen that depends on flagellar motility for transmission and infection. The trypanosome flagellum is built around a canonical "9+2" axoneme, containing nine doublet microtubules (DMTs) surrounding two singlet microtubules. Each DMT contains a 13-protofilament A-tubule and a 10-protofilament B-tubule, connected to the A-tubule by a conserved, non-tubulin inner junction (IJ) filament made up of alternating PACRG and FAP20 subunits. Here we investigate FAP20 in procyclic form T. brucei. A FAP20-NeonGreen fusion protein localized to the axoneme as expected. Surprisingly, FAP20 knockdown led to a catastrophic failure in flagellum assembly and concomitant lethal cell division defect. This differs from other organisms, where FAP20 is required for normal flagellum motility, but generally dispensable for flagellum assembly and viability. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates failed flagellum assembly in FAP20 mutants is associated with a range of DMT defects and defective assembly of the paraflagellar rod, a lineage-specific flagellum filament that attaches to DMT 4-7 in trypanosomes. Our studies reveal a lineage-specific requirement for FAP20 in trypanosomes, offering insight into adaptations for flagellum stability and motility in these parasites and highlighting pathogen versus host differences that might be considered for therapeutic intervention in trypanosome diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Shimogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Keya Jonnalagadda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kent L. Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Verma R, Punia V, Das G, Kumar S, Nath S, Swamy M. Assessment of genetic diversity of Trypanosoma evansi in the domestic animal populations through ITS-1 gene sequence analysis. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:2. [PMID: 38047956 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infects domestic animals, causing a debilitating and occasionally fatal disease. The disease leads to significant economic losses to farmers and poses a substantial impediment to the growth of livestock production in developing nations, including India. Considering the challenges associated with managing this infection, there is an urgent need to enhance our understanding of the molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi. Therefore, this study was planned to analyze the genetic diversity of T. evansi using available internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene sequences from India and compare them with sequences from around the globe. Blood samples used in this study were collected from naturally infected animals including dogs, cattle, and buffaloes in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Using the ITS-1 gene, we amplified a 540 base pairs (bp) segment using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced it, and identified intra-specific variations. Phylogenetic analysis of 90 sequences, including 27 from India, revealed three distinct clusters with high bootstrap support values. A haplotype network analysis identified 34 haplotypes, with H7 being the most prevalent, indicating a complex evolutionary history involving multiple countries. The genetic analysis of the Indian population revealed distinct characteristics. Despite low nucleotide diversity, there was high haplotype diversity in comparison to other populations. Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D, and Fu and Li's F exhibited non-significant negative values, indicating potential stability. Additionally, the slightly positive values in Fu's Fs, Raggedness (r), and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas (R2) statistics suggested a lack of recent significant selective pressures or population expansions. Furthermore, the presence of genetic differentiation and gene flow among T. evansi populations highlighted ongoing evolutionary processes. These findings collectively depicted a complex genetic landscape, suggesting both stability and ongoing evolutionary dynamics within the Indian population of T. evansi. The findings of this study are important for understanding the evolutionary history and population dynamics of T. evansi, and they may help us develop effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India.
| | - Vikram Punia
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Madhu Swamy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
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Bachmaier S, Gould MK, Polatoglou E, Omelianczyk R, Brennand AE, Aloraini MA, Munday JC, Horn D, Boshart M, de Koning HP. Novel kinetoplastid-specific cAMP binding proteins identified by RNAi screening for cAMP resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1204707. [PMID: 37475965 PMCID: PMC10354285 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1204707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP signalling in trypanosomes differs from most eukaryotes due to absence of known cAMP effectors and cAMP independence of PKA. We have previously identified four genes from a genome-wide RNAi screen for resistance to the cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor NPD-001. The genes were named cAMP Response Protein (CARP) 1 through 4. Here, we report an additional six CARP candidate genes from the original sample, after deep sequencing of the RNA interference target pool retrieved after NPD-001 selection (RIT-seq). The resistance phenotypes were confirmed by individual RNAi knockdown. Highest level of resistance to NPD-001, approximately 17-fold, was seen for knockdown of CARP7 (Tb927.7.4510). CARP1 and CARP11 contain predicted cyclic AMP binding domains and bind cAMP as evidenced by capture and competition on immobilised cAMP. CARP orthologues are strongly enriched in kinetoplastid species, and CARP3 and CARP11 are unique to Trypanosoma. Localization data and/or domain architecture of all CARPs predict association with the T. brucei flagellum. This suggests a crucial role of cAMP in flagellar function, in line with the cell division phenotype caused by high cAMP and the known role of the flagellum for cytokinesis. The CARP collection is a resource for discovery of unusual cAMP pathways and flagellar biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bachmaier
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthew K. Gould
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eleni Polatoglou
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Omelianczyk
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana E. Brennand
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maha A. Aloraini
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boshart
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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