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Amin F, Mukhtar N, Ali M, Shehzad R, Ayub S, Aslam A, Sheikh AA, Sultan B, Mahmood MD, Shahid MF, Yaqub S, Aslam HB, Aziz MW, Yaqub T. Mapping Genetic Markers Associated with Antigenicity and Host Range in H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Infecting Poultry in Pakistan. Avian Dis 2024; 68:43-51. [PMID: 38687107 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to map the genetic diversity in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9N2 subtype. Twenty-five H9N2 IAVs were isolated from broiler chickens from March to July 2019. The HA gene was amplified, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the evolutionary relationship. Important antigenic amino acid residues of HA attributed to immune escape and zoonotic potential were compared among H9N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sublineage B2 under the G1 lineage in Pakistan was found to be diversified, and newly sequenced H9N2 isolates were nested into two clades (A and B). Mutations linked to the antigenic variation and potential immune escape were observed as G72E (1/25, 4%), A180T (3/25, 12%), and A180V (1/25, 4%). A twofold significant reduction (P < 0.01) in log2 hemagglutination inhibition titers was observed with H9N2 IAV naturally harboring amino acid V180 instead of A180 in HA protein. Moreover, in the last 20 years, complete substitution at residues (T127D, D135N, and L150N) and partial substitution at residues (72, 74, 131, 148, 180, 183, 188, 216, 217, and 249, mature H9 HA numbering) associated with changes in antigenicity were observed. The presence of L216 in all H9N2 IAV isolates and T/V180 in four isolates in the receptor-binding site reveals the potential of these viruses to cross the species barrier to infect human or mammals. The current study observed the circulation of antigenically diverse H9N2 IAV variants that possess potential mutations that can escape the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Amin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mukhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Shehzad
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ayub
- Institute of Public Health, Lahore 54610, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmed Sheikh
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Furqan Shahid
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Saima Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
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Elfeil WK, Youssef H, Sedeek A, El-Shemy A, Abd-Allah EM, Elkady MF, El Sayed EK, Bazid AI, Abdallah MS. Protective Efficacy of Inactivated H9N2 Vaccine in Turkey Poults under Both Experimental and Field Conditions. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36560588 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus is one of the major poultry pathogens associated with severe economic losses in the poultry industry (broiler, layers, breeders, and grandparents' flocks), especially in endemic regions including the Middle East, North Africa, and Asian countries. This work is an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of whole inactivated H9N2 vaccine (MEFLUVACTM H9) in turkey poults kept under laboratory and commercial farm conditions. Here, 10,000 white turkey poults (1-day old) free from maternally derived immunity against H9N2 virus were divided into four groups; G1 involved 10 vaccinated birds kept under biosafety level-3 (BLS-3) as a laboratory vaccinated and challenged group, while G2 had 9970 vaccinated turkeys raised on a commercial farm. Ten of those birds were moved to BLS-3 for daily cloacal and tracheal swabbing to check for the absence of any life-threating disease, before conducting analyses. G3 (10 birds) served as a non-vaccinated challenged control under BSL-3 conditions, while G4 (10 birds) was used as a non-vaccinated and non-challenged control under BSL-3 conditions. Sera were collected on days 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-post-vaccinations to monitor the humoral immune response using a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. At these same intervals, cloacal and tracheal swabs were also checked for any viral infection. The challenge was conducted 28 days post-vaccination (PV) using AI-H9N2 in BSL-3 by intranasal inoculation of 6-log10 embryo infective dose50 (EID50). At 3-, 6-, and 10-days post-challenge, oropharyngeal swabs were taken from challenged birds to quantify viral shedding by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results of this study showed that vaccinated groups (G1/2) developed HI titers of 1.38, 4.38, 5.88, and 7.25 log2 in G1 vs. 1.2, 3.8, 4.9 and 6.2 log2 in G2 when measured at 7-, 14-, 21- and 28-days PV, respectively, while undetectable levels were recorded in non-vaccinated groups (G3/4). Birds in G3 showed 90% clinical sickness vs. 10% and 20% in G1/2, respectively, over a 10-day monitoring period following challenge. Vaccinated birds showed a significant reduction in virus shedding in terms of the number of shedders, amount of shed virus and shedding interval over the non-vaccinated challenged birds. Regarding mortality, all groups did not show any mortality, which confirms that the circulating H9N2 virus still has low pathogenicity and cannot cause mortality. However, the virus may cause up to 90% clinical sickness in non-vaccinated birds vs. 10% and 20% in laboratory- and farm-vaccinated birds, respectively, highlighting the role of the vaccine in limiting clinical sickness cases. In conclusion, under the current trial circumstances, MEFLUVACTM-H9 provided protective seroconversion titers, significant clinical sickness protection and significant reduction in virus shedding either in laboratory- or farm-vaccinated groups after a single vaccine dose.
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Motamedi Sedeh F, Khalili I, Wijewardana V, Unger H, Shawrang P, Behgar M, Moosavi SM, Arbabi A, Hosseini SM. Improved Whole Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 Virus Vaccine Using Trehalose and Optimization of Vaccination Regime on Broiler Chicken. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:907369. [PMID: 35903140 PMCID: PMC9315219 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.907369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma (γ)-radiation can target viral genome replication and preserve viral structural proteins compared to formalin inactivation. Thus, a stronger immunity could be induced after the inoculation of the irradiated virus. In this study, γ-irradiated low-pathogenic avian influenza virus-H9N2 (LPAIV-H9N2) was used to immunize the broiler chicken in two formulations, including γ-irradiated LPAIV-H9N2 with 20% Trehalose intranasally (IVT.IN) or γ-irradiated LPAIV-H9N2 plus Montanide oil adjuvant ISA70 subcutaneously (IV+ISA.SC) in comparison with formalin-inactivated LPAIV-H9N2 vaccine intranasally (FV.IN) or formalin-inactivated LPAIV-H9N2 plus ISA70 subcutaneously (FV+ISA.SC). Two vaccination regimes were employed; the first one was primed on day 1 and boosted on day 15 (early regime), and the second one was primed on day 11 and boosted on day 25 (late regime). A challenge test was performed with a live homologous subtype virus. Virus shedding was monitored by quantifying the viral load via RT-qPCR on tracheal and cloacal swabs. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titration and stimulation index (SI) of the splenic lymphocyte proliferation were measured, respectively, by HI test and Cell Proliferation assay. Cytokine assay was conducted by the RT-qPCR on antigen-stimulated spleen cells. The results of the HI test showed significant increases in antibody titer in all vaccinated groups, but it was more evident in the IVT late vaccination regime, reaching 5.33 log2. The proliferation of stimulated spleen lymphocytes was upregulated more in the IVT.IN vaccine compared to other vaccines. The mRNA transcription levels of T-helper type 1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) were upregulated in all vaccinated groups at the late regime. Moreover, IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine was upregulated as well. However, upregulation was more noticeable in the early vaccination than the late vaccination (p< 0.05). After the challenge, the monitoring of virus shedding for the H9 gene represented an extremely low viral load. The body weight loss was not significant (p > 0.05) among the vaccinated groups. In addition, the viral load of <100.5 TCID50/ml in the vaccinated chicken indicated the protective response for all the vaccines. Accordingly, the IVT vaccine is a good candidate for the immunization of broiler chicken via the intranasal route at late regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Motamedi Sedeh
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Farahnaz Motamedi Sedeh ;
| | - Iraj Khalili
- Quality Control Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Parvin Shawrang
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Behgar
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed Morteza Moosavi
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Arash Arbabi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Mahmoud SIA, Zyan KA, Hamoud MM, Khalifa E, Dardir S, Khalifa R, Kilany WH, Elfeil WK. Effect of Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus and Avian Pathogenic E. coli on H9N2-Vaccinated Commercial Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918440. [PMID: 35836502 PMCID: PMC9274096 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 40 years, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) subtype H9N2 has been endemic in most Middle Eastern countries and of course Egypt which is one of the biggest poultry producers in the middle east region. The major losses with the H9N2 virus infections come from complicated infections in commercial broiler chickens, especially E. coli infection. In this work, 2,36,345 Arbor acres broiler chickens from the same breeder flock were placed equally in four pens, where two pens were vaccinated against LPAIV of subtype H9N2 virus, and the other two pens served as non-vaccinated controls. All were placed on the same farm under the same management conditions. A total of twenty birds from each pen were moved to biosafety level−3 chicken isolators (BSL-3) on days 21 and 28 of life and challenged with LPAIV-H9N2 or E. coli. Seroconversion for H9N2 was evaluated before and after the challenge. The recorded results revealed a significant decrease in clinical manifestations and virus shedding in terms of titers of shedding virus and number of shedders in vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated chickens. In groups early infected with LPAIV-H9N2 virus either vaccinated or not vaccinated, there was no significant difference in clinical sickness or mortalities in both groups, but in late infection groups with H9N2 alone, non-vaccinated infected group showed significantly higher clinical sickness in comparison with infected vaccinated group but also without mortality. In groups co-infected with E. coli (I/M) and H9N2, it showed 100% mortalities either in vaccinated or non-vaccinated H9N2 groups and thus reflect the high pathogenicity of used E. coli isolates, whereas in groups co-infected with E. coli (per os to mimic the natural route of infection) and LPAIV-H9N2, mortality rates were significantly higher in non-vaccinated groups than those vaccinated with H9N2 vaccine (15 vs. 5%). In conclusion, the use of the LPAIV H9N2 vaccine has significantly impacted the health status, amount of virus shed, and mortality of challenged commercial broilers, as it can minimize the losses and risks after co-infection with E. coli (orally) and LPAIV-H9N2 virus under similar natural route of infection in commercial broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I. A. Mahmoud
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Kamel A. Zyan
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hamoud
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Mohamed M. Hamoud
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Shahin Dardir
- Department Veterinary Care and Laboratories Department, Cairo Poultry Corporate, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab Khalifa
- Department Veterinary Care and Laboratories Department, Cairo Poultry Corporate, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid H. Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Wael K. Elfeil
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Shrestha A, Meeuws R, Sadeyen JR, Chang P, Van Hulten M, Iqbal M. Haemagglutinin antigen selectively targeted to chicken CD83 overcomes interference from maternally derived antibodies in chickens. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:33. [PMID: 35241682 PMCID: PMC8894371 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) are important for protecting chickens against pathogens in the neonatal stage however, they often interfere with vaccine performance. Here, we investigated the effects of MDAs on a targeted antigen delivery vaccine (TADV), which is developed by conjugating H9 subtype avian influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) antigen to single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies specific for the chicken antigen presenting cell receptor CD83. Groups of 1-day-old chickens carrying high levels of MDAs (MDA++) and 14-day old chickens carrying medium levels of MDAs (MDA+) were immunised with TADV (rH9HA-CD83 scFv), untargeted rH9HA or inactivated H9N2 vaccines. Immunogenicity in these vaccinated chickens was compared using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results showed that the TADV (rH9HA-CD83 scFv) induced significantly higher levels of H9HA-specific antibody titres compared to the untargeted rH9HA and inactivated H9N2 vaccines in MDA++ and MDA+ chickens. Overall, the data demonstrates immune responses induced by TADV are not affected by the MDA in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angita Shrestha
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rick Meeuws
- Global Poultry R&D Biologicals Boxmeer, Intervet International BV, MSD Animal Health, Wim De Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Remy Sadeyen
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Pengxiang Chang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Marielle Van Hulten
- Global Poultry R&D Biologicals Boxmeer, Intervet International BV, MSD Animal Health, Wim De Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Sultan HA, Elfeil WK, Nour AA, Tantawy L, Kamel EG, Eed EM, El Askary A, Talaat S. Efficacy of the Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII.1.1-Matched Vaccines in Commercial Broilers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010029. [PMID: 35062690 PMCID: PMC8779737 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Class II genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) are predominant in the Middle East and Asia despite intensive vaccination programs using conventional live and inactivated NDV vaccines. In this study, the protective efficacies of three commercial vaccine regimes involving genotype II NDV, recombinant genotype VII NDV-matched, and an autogenous velogenic NDV genotype VII vaccine were evaluated against challenge with velogenic NDV genotype VII (accession number MG029120). Three vaccination regimes were applied as follows: group-1 received inactivated genotype II, group-2 received inactivated recombinant genotype VII NDV-matched, and group-3 received velogenic inactivated autogenous NDV genotype VII vaccines given on day 7; for the live vaccine doses, each group received the same live genotype II vaccine. The birds in all of the groups were challenged with NDV genotype VII, which was applied on day 28. Protection by the three regimes was evaluated after infection based on mortality rate, clinical signs, gross lesions, virus shedding, seroconversion, and microscopic changes. The results showed that these three vaccination regimes partially protected commercial broilers (73%, 86%, 97%, respectively, vs. 8.6% in non-vaccinated challenged and 0% in non-vaccinated non-challenged birds) against mortality at 10 days post-challenge (dpc). Using inactivated vaccines significantly reduced the virus shedding at the level of the number of shedders and the amount of virus that was shed in all vaccinated groups (G1-3) compared to in the non-vaccinated group (G-4). In conclusion, using closely genotype-matched vaccines (NDV-GVII) provided higher protection than using vaccines that were not closely genotype-matched and non-genotype-matched. The vaccine seeds that were closely related to genotype VII.1.1 provided higher protection against challenge against this genotype since it circulates in the Middle East region. Updating vaccine seeds with recent and closely related isolates provides higher protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A. Sultan
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; (E.G.K.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (W.K.E.)
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 51522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (W.K.E.)
| | - Ahmed A. Nour
- Agriculture Research Center, National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12566, Egypt;
| | - Laila Tantawy
- Agriculture Research Center, Pathology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12566, Egypt;
| | - Elsayed G. Kamel
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; (E.G.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Emad M. Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Shaimaa Talaat
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; (E.G.K.); (S.T.)
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Park SJ, Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim DY, Kim S, Bae Y, Kim J, Kim G, Lee YJ, Kang HM. Cross-protective efficacy of inactivated whole influenza vaccines against Korean Y280 and Y439 lineage H9N2 viruses in mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:6213-6220. [PMID: 34556363 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since June 2020, the Y280 lineage H9N2 virus, which is distinct from the previously endemic Y439 lineage, has been circulating in poultry in Korea. In this study, we developed two whole inactivated vaccines, rgHS314 and vac564, against the Y280 and Y439 lineages, respectively, and evaluated their immunogenicity and protective efficacy against homologous or heterologous viral challenge in mice. Serum neutralizing antibody titers in the rgHS314-vaccinated group were higher (68 ± 8.4 10log2) than in the vac564-vaccinated group (18 ± 8.4 10log2). In homologous challenge, rgHS314 conferred 100% protection, with no severe clinical signs, no body weight loss, and no viral replication in any tissues tested except the nasal turbinate. Viral replication in the lungs at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-infection (dpi) was significantly lower than in the sham group (p < 0.01). By contrast, all mice in the sham group were dead by 8 dpi with severe clinical signs and weight loss. Likewise, vac564 conferred 100% protection with no weight loss and with significantly lower viral replication in the lung than in the sham group at 3 dpi (p < 0.01). However, both vaccines showed partial protection in heterologous challenge. Our results suggest that both the rgHS314 and vac564 vaccines could be candidate vaccines for further evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Jeong Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeop Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youchan Bae
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongyeob Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
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Elfeil WK, Abouelmaatti RR, Talat S, Fawzy M, Rady M, Diab M, Alkahtani S, Sultan H, Sun C, Lei L, Han W, Sedeik M, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular characterization of Toll-like receptor type-3 in mallard duck and its response to Newcastle disease virus infection. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:55786-55795. [PMID: 34142323 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), type I transmembrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are composed of the extracellular domain that is implicated in the recognition of microbial products and initiates the innate and adaptive immune response. Previous reports on TLRs in birds showed significant levels of inter- and intraspecific genetic variation. Little is known about the structure and function of the avian immune system, especially waterfowl species. This work aimed to identify and clone Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) TLR-3 (dTLR-3) and its expression level following challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a model for waterfowl species. The mallard duck TLR-3 full-length cDNA sequence had been cloned, which consisted of 2457 nucleotides. The translated amino acid sequence showed identity degree as 97% with Muscovy duck, 95% with geese, 89% with helmeted guineafowls, 88% with the chickens TLR-3 gene, 82% with turkey TLR-3, and 79% with zebra finch, while it showed 54% with human one; the analysis data suggested that the new sequence is probably homologous to vertebrates' TLR-3. The predicted protein encoded by the duck dTLR-3 mRNA sequence is composed of 819 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that dTLR-3 has typical structural features and contains the main components of proteins in the TLR family. The dTLR-3 expressed in almost all examined tissues of mallard duck following quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis and using B-actin as a housekeeping gene. To check the functionality of the receptor and its role in viral infection, we evaluate the expression level in different tissues and its changes following NDV infection. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) upregulated in the brain at 24 h (1.84-fold), reached a peak at 48 h (4.82-fold), and recovered to normal levels at 72 h post-infection. These results indicate a complete and functional dTLR-3 that is orthologous to other vertebrate receptors with its potential role in early response against viral infection in mallard duck species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael K Elfeil
- No. 13 Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Kilo 4.5 campus, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt.
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China.
| | - Reham R Abouelmaatti
- Basic Medicine Division, Norman Bethune College of Medical Sciences, Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
- Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Veterinary Medicine Directorate, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Sharqia Branch, 44511, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Talat
- Birds and Rabbits Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Rady
- Central Lab for Quality Control on Poultry Production (CLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Diab
- Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Sultan
- Birds and Rabbits Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Changjiang Sun
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- Microbiology and Immunology lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Mahmoud Sedeik
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Mesquita JR. Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases: Novel Challenges in Today's World or More of the Same? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2382. [PMID: 34438840 PMCID: PMC8388704 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, representing 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade. Albeit significant technological leaps in diagnostics development and disease surveillance, zoonotic emerging infectious diseases are evermore a matter of concern, particularly in modern days where global warming keeps providing ideal climatic conditions to the introduction of exotic infectious agents or disease vectors in new territories. Worryingly, the 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic acts as an extreme reminder of the role animal reservoirs play in public health, accounting for over 4,200,000 deaths worldwide until today. In this Special Issue, we approach a myriad of zoonotic infectious diseases and their complex mechanisms. This Special Issue is composed of three reviews on zoonotic diseases of African Lions, hemogregarine classification, and hepatitis E virus in Brazil, followed by one letter and one opinion piece that broadens the spectrum of disease emergence to mechanistic aspects of emerging non-communicable diseases. The Special Issue is completed by six research papers covering a wide array of emerging and re-emerging diseases of poultry, bovine, poultry and tortoises, of various nature such as parasitic, bacterial, and viral. This is a brief but assertive collection that showcases the need to address health at the animal-human-environment interface, in a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R. Mesquita
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; ; Tel.: +351-220-428-000
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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