1
|
Solomon L, Haile G, Ahmed NA, Abdeta D, Galalcha W, Hailu Y. Epidemiology and field efficacy of anthelmintic drugs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Nejo district, Oromia, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6841. [PMID: 38514717 PMCID: PMC10957885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are major constraints to health and productivity of small ruminants. Methods of their control relies mainly on anthelmintic drugs; however, the indiscriminate use of these drugs could lead to the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR). This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of GINs infection, and field evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy in sheep. The epidemiological data were collected using a cross-sectional study design while a farm-based field study design was employed for the evaluation of anthelminthic efficacy. Furthermore, standard parasitological techniques were employed for qualitative and quantitative worm identification. The overall prevalence indicated 50.3%. Six genera of GINs (Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum/Chabertia, Trichuris, Teladosargia/Ostertagia and Nematodirus) were identified. Among the identified genera, Haemonchus (25.4%) and Trichostrongylus (24.8%) were the dominant genera followed by mixed infection (21.8%), Oesophagostomum/Chabertia (10.4%), Trichuris (7.8%), Teladosargia (Ostertagia) (5.7%) and Nematodirus (4.1%). Mixed infections consisted either of double infections with Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus, or triple infections with Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Trichuris. The McMaster egg counting results showed that the mean EPG of infected sheep was 845.6. The results also showed 66 (34.2%), 101 (52.3%) and 26 (13.5%) sheep had low, moderate and heavy worm burden, respectively. Albendazole and Ivermectin showed low efficacy (percentage reductions = 90% and 92%; 95% lower confidence limit = 82.1% and 83.6% respectively) whereas Tetramisole was effective (FECR% = 96.8%; 95% LCL = 93.4%). Factors such as age, body condition, management system and past deworming history of sheep were found to have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) influence on the occurrence and burden of the worms. This is further explained as the highest prevalence and worm burden was detected in sheep of young age (p = 0.008; OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.39-0.87), poor body condition (p = 0.001; OR = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.04-0.16) and sheep kept under semi-intensive (p = 0.04; OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.02-2.29) with no deworming history for the last two months (p = 0.001; OR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.94-4.56). The study results revealed that nematode infections were among sheep health constraints that could hurt their productivity while low efficacy of Albendazole and Ivermectin were detected. Therefore, the appropriate management techniques of GIN infections should be designed and implemented. Moreover, a further study involving more sensitive techniques (e.g. Mini-FLOTAC, molecular, and serological techniques) should be conducted by considering different host and environmental risk factors such as production level and seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latera Solomon
- Jarso District Agricultural Office, West Wallaga, Nejo, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Haile
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Nejash A Ahmed
- Animal Health Team, Daro Lebu District Agriculture Office, Mechara-Mechata, Ethiopia
| | - Debela Abdeta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Galalcha
- Nejo Agricultural Poly Technique College, West Wallaga, Nejo, Ethiopia
| | - Yacob Hailu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chryssafidis AL, Arruda PM, Américo L, Machado SGR, de Lima FR, Matos J, de Moura AB. The Fasciola hepatica egg development and hatching test (EDHT) using commercial drugs: a simple protocol for tackling anthelminthic resistance and promoting cattle productivity. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:70. [PMID: 38135838 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica, and it causes great losses in bovine production. The anthelmintic resistance is a major problem in the control of fasciolosis. In this study, the F. hepatica egg development and hatching test (EDHT) was used for the evaluation of the ovicidal activity of commercial drugs, commonly used for treating infected cattle, which reflects F. hepatica anthelminthic resistance in infected bovines, according to recent literature. Bile samples from F. hepatica naturally parasitized cattle were obtained from slaughterhouses in the cities of Lages and Otacílio Costa, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The bile was washed, the eggs were recovered, quantified, and distributed in universal collectors, with a minimum of 1,000 eggs per vial. Four commercial drugs were used in this study, containing albendazole sulfoxide (ABDZ), closantel (CSTL), nitroxynil (NTXL), and triclabendazole with fenbendazole (TBZF). The drugs were diluted according to the manufacturer instructions. All drugs, and the respective control, were tested in triplicates, with the quantity of recovered eggs determining the number of drugs to be tested. The vials were incubated for 28 days at 27 °C, and the eggs were classified according to their degree of development under a stereomicroscope. In total, 121 egg samples were analyzed. Two samples were identified as resistant to TBZF. Undetermined resistance/susceptibility has been found in two isolates treated with ABDZ, one treated with NTXL and six treated with TBZF. CSTL did not present ovicidal activity and cannot be used in EDHT. This is the first time that commercial drugs were used in F. hepatica EDHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lazaros Chryssafidis
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Paula Maciel Arruda
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Américo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Sandy Gabrielly Radünz Machado
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rieth de Lima
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Josiane Matos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Barbosa de Moura
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases (LAPAR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, CEP 88520-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prangthip P, Tummatorn J, Adisakwattana P, Uthailak N, Boonyuen U, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Laohapaisan P, Thongsornkleeb C, Ruchirawat S, Reamtong O. Anthelmintic efficacy evaluation and mechanism of N-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2-amine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22840. [PMID: 38129499 PMCID: PMC10739888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms cause significant sickness and mortality in animals and humans. In livestock, these nematodes have severe economic impact and result in losses in food production on a global scale. None of the currently available drugs ideally suit all treatment circumstances, and the development of drug-resistant nematode strains has become a challenge to control the infection. There is an urgent need to develop novel anthelmintic compounds. According to our previous report, N-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2-amine (1) showed anthelmintic activity and lowest cytotoxicity. In this study, in vivo anthelmintic properties were evaluated using Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Toxicity was evaluated using the rats and mode of action using molecular docking and metabolomics approaches. The in vivo results demonstrate that a dose of 250 mg/kg reduced the T. spiralis abundance in the digestive tract by 49%. The 250 mg/kg Albendazole was served as control. The relatively low acute toxicity was categorized into chemical category 5, with an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg body. Molecular docking analysis showed the T. spiralis tubulin beta chain and glutamate-gated channels might not be the main targets of compound 1. Metabolomics analysis was used to explain the effects of compound 1 on the T. spiralis adult worm. The results demonstrated that compound 1 significantly up-regulated the metabolism of purine, pyrimidine and down-regulated sphingolipid metabolism. In conclusion, compound 1 could be a potential molecule for anthelmintic development. The bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and absorption of this compound should be studied further to provide information for its future efficacy improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pattaneeya Prangthip
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jumreang Tummatorn
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Naphatsamon Uthailak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pavitra Laohapaisan
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Charnsak Thongsornkleeb
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ng'etich AI, Amoah ID, Bux F, Kumari S. Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:62. [PMID: 38114766 PMCID: PMC10730643 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The One-Health approach recognizes the intricate connection between human, animal, and environmental health, and that cooperative effort from various professionals provides comprehensive awareness and potential solutions for issues relating to the health of people, animals, and the environment. This approach has increasingly gained appeal as the standard strategy for tackling emerging infectious diseases, most of which are zoonoses. Treatment with anthelmintics (AHs) without a doubt minimizes the severe consequences of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs); however, evidence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development to different helminths of practically every animal species and the distinct groups of AHs is overwhelming globally. In this regard, the correlation between the application of anthelmintic drugs in both human and animal populations and the consequent development of anthelmintic resistance in STHs within the context of a One-Health framework is explored. This review provides an overview of the major human and animal STHs, treatment of the STHs, AR development and drug-related factors contributing towards AR, One-Health and STHs, and an outline of some One-Health strategies that may be used in combating AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Imali Ng'etich
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Isaac Dennis Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Babják M, Königová A, Komáromyová M, Kuzmina T, Nosal P, Várady M. Multidrug resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep - can it be overcome? J Vet Res 2023; 67:575-581. [PMID: 38130458 PMCID: PMC10730552 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal nematodes pose a threat to animal health and affect farmers by negatively impacting farm management. Material and Methods The study was conducted on a sheep farm with suspected reductions in the efficacies of anthelmintics. Efficacy was determined using in vivo faecal egg count reduction, in vitro egg hatch (EHT) and larval development (LDT) tests. In the first phase, 60 sheep were equally split into six groups. Group 1 received the recommended dose of albendazole (ALB), group 2 received the same after fasting for 24 h, group 3 received the dose divided into two halves at 6 h intervals, group 4 received a double dose of ALB, and group 5 received the recommended dose of ivermectin (IVM). Group 6 served as a control. The second phase of the experiment had two groups: one treated with levamisole (LEV) and a control group. Faecal samples were collected from all sheep. Results No reduction of egg output was observed in the groups treated with single, double, or divided doses of ALB, but one of 13.7-16.9% was noted in the fasting group. Efficacy in the IVM group ranged from 31.50 to 39.97%. The mean concentrations sufficient to prevent 50% of the eggs from hatching in the in vitro EHT and the mean concentrations in which the development of larvae to the L3 stage was inhibited by 50% in the LDT exceeded established thresholds for benzimidazoles and IVM. Haemonchus contortus was the only species identified after treatment. The LDT did not indicate the presence of resistance to LEV. All animals treated with LEV were negative for eggs 10 d after treatment. Conclusion Resistance to ALB and IVM in Haemonchus contortus was confirmed. Alternative approaches to improve the efficacies of benzimidazole did not sufficiently increase the efficacy, but LEV was an efficient anthelmintic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Babják
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alžbeta Königová
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Komáromyová
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Tetiana Kuzmina
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01Košice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Parasitology, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, 01054Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pawel Nosal
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120Kraków, Poland
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01Košice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mukherjee A, Kar I, Patra AK. Understanding anthelmintic resistance in livestock using "omics" approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:125439-125463. [PMID: 38015400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread and improper use of various anthelmintics, genetic, and epidemiological factors has resulted in anthelmintic-resistant (AR) helminth populations in livestock. This is currently quite common globally in different livestock animals including sheep, goats, and cattle to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying AR in parasitic worm species have been the subject of ample research to tackle this challenge. Current and emerging technologies in the disciplines of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics in livestock species have advanced the understanding of the intricate molecular AR mechanisms in many major parasites. The technologies have improved the identification of possible biomarkers of resistant parasites, the ability to find actual causative genes, regulatory networks, and pathways of parasites governing the AR development including the dynamics of helminth infection and host-parasite infections. In this review, various "omics"-driven technologies including genome scan, candidate gene, quantitative trait loci, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches have been described to understand AR of parasites of veterinary importance. Also, challenges and future prospects of these "omics" approaches are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Oklahoma, 73050, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alaro T, Dulo F, Wodajo W, Mathewos L. Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Communally-Grazing Goats in Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 14:185-194. [PMID: 38054011 PMCID: PMC10695478 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s434584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) is currently present worldwide and a major challenge to goat production. However, no updated information is available on this topic in the study area. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics on GINs in naturally-infected goats and assessed farmers' perception of anthelmintic utilization practices in Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. Materials and Methods The field experiments for routinely used anthelmintics, namely, albendazole, ivermectin, and tetramisole, were conducted from September 2022 to April 2023. Sixty naturally-infected goats with nematodes were selected based on egg count (≥150 eggs per gram of feces) and allocated randomly into four groups (15 animals per group). Then, fecal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment and examined for fecal egg count reduction (FECRT) to determine the AR status of goat GINs. The modified McMaster technique using standard floatation was used for quantifying the eggs. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted to assess anthelmintic utilization practices among goat owners. Results The FECR levels for albendazole, ivermectin, and tetramisole were 94.6, 95.9, and 97.3%, respectively. By coproculture, the nematode genera identified before treatment were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, and Chabertia Species. However, post-treatment fecal cultures showed that some Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Strongyloides spp. did not respond to the treatments. The questionnaire survey revealed that albendazole was the most commonly used anthelmintic to treat nematode infection in goats. Respondents expressed that anthelmintic treatment was utilized based on veterinarian prescription (59%), availability (32%), efficacy (4%), and affordability (5%). Conclusion Tetramisole should be used cautiously to prevent the development of resistant strains, as it was still effective in the study area. Additionally, regular monitoring of anthelmintic effectiveness is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tekle Alaro
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Dulo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molla W, Moliso MM, Gizaw S, Nane T, Arke A, Ayele F, Knight-Jones T. Ovine gastrointestinal parasite burden and the impact of strategic anthelmintic treatment in community-based breeding sites in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1094672. [PMID: 37026099 PMCID: PMC10070729 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1094672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Ethiopia, small ruminants contribute significantly to livelihoods and food security but productivity is low with high disease burden and essential endoparasite control not widely practiced. The current study assessed worm burden and its control in three districts in Ethiopia. Methods All sheep older than 3 months in nine villages were treated en-masse with albendazole and triclabendazole twice a year from 2018 to 2021. Treatments were administered under field conditions by animal health workers. Pre- and post-treatment data were assessed looking at fecal egg presence/absence and fecal egg per gram (EPG) count. Results A total of 1,928 and 735 sheep were examined before and after deworming, respectively. Before treatment worms were detected in 54.4% (95% CI: 52.2-56.6) of sheep. Strongylid (30.4%) and Fasciola (18.2%) were the most frequently identified parasites. Animals living in wet mid-highland environments were more than 23 times more likely to have strongylid eggs in their feces and 5 times more likely to have eggs from any gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites detected, as compared to animals living in moist highland agro-ecology. Over the course of the 2018-2021 community intervention there was total elimination of animals with a high worm burden (EPG > 1,500), and elimination of a third of those with moderate infections. Mild infections remained, largely accounted for by strongylid, which remains at low levels in healthy sheep. However, there were signs of emerging drug resistance. Conclusion Generally, sheep in smallholder systems in Ethiopia experience a needlessly large economic burden from GIT worms. Routine therapy reduces this burden but smart strategies are needed to limit the onset of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wassie Molla
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Wassie Molla
| | - Mesfin Mekonnen Moliso
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Gizaw
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Asrat Arke
- Bonga Agricultural Research Centre, Bonga, Ethiopia
| | - Firdawok Ayele
- Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Theodore Knight-Jones
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ciucă VC, Rusănescu CO, Safta VV. Research on the Removal of Levamisole Residues in Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Porcine and Poultry Tissues. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:261. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we set the waiting time for the elimination of levamisole residues at a safe level from tissues (muscles and organs) from animals treated with levamisole 10%—oral solution. We studied the depletion of levamisole residues by high performance liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer (limit of quantification 2 μg/kg) in the tissues of bovine, ovine, caprine, porcine and poultry (chickens and pigeons) after administration of levamisole (10 mg levamisole/kg body weight for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and 20 mg levamisole/kg body weight for birds). We found that in cattle, sheep and goats at 7 days after treatment, the residues of levamisole in the liver and at 14 days and in the other tissues were below the established limit value. In pigs at 7 days, residues from all tissues were below the set limit value. Residue depletion in chickens treated with levamisole was rapid, such that 3 days after treatment, the residues in all tissues were below the set limit. Residue depletion was slower in turkeys than in chickens.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Helminths are a various types of parasites causing a major health problem for animals in different parts of the globe. Control of helminthiasis has largely relied on the use of pharmaceutical anthelmintics. Unfortunately, the exhaustive use of anthelmintic drugs has led to a serious and dramatic level of anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance is a heritable loss of sensitivity of an anthelmintic in a parasite population that was in the past susceptible to the same anthelmintic. The development of anthelmintic resistance is evident to different helminths of almost every animal species and to different groups of anthelmintic in several continents. Frequent treatment, underdosing, genetics of the parasite, and targeting and timing of mass treatment are predisposing factors for anthelmintic resistance. Upregulation of cellular efflux mechanisms, an increase in drug metabolism, a change in drug receptor sites that reduces drug binding or the functional consequences of drug binding, and a decrease in drug receptor abundance through reduced expression within the parasite are the main mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance. In vivo method like fecal egg count reduction test and in vitro method such as egg hatch assays, larval motility test, larval development test and PCR can be used for the detection of anthelmintic resistance. Proper utilization of anthelmintic drugs, using combined anthelmintic and applying other alternatives are essential strategies to slow down the development of anthelmintic resistance. As anthelmintic resistance is a serious challenge throughout the world, proper utilization of the existing anthelmintics and reducing dependence on anthelmintics should be implemented to reduce its challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Workye Fissiha
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|