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Chansamouth V, Chommanam D, Roberts T, Keomany S, Paphasiri V, Phamisith C, Sengsavang S, Detleuxay K, Phoutsavath P, Bouthavong S, Douangnouvong A, Vongsouvath M, Rattana S, Keohavong B, Day NP, Turner P, van Doorn HR, Mayxay M, Ashley EA, Newton PN. Evaluation of trends in hospital antimicrobial use in the Lao PDR using repeated point-prevalence surveys-evidence to improve treatment guideline use. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2022; 27:100531. [PMID: 35846979 PMCID: PMC9283659 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial use (AMU) is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). There are few data on AMU, to inform optimizing antibiotic stewardship, in the Lao PDR (Laos). METHODS Point prevalence surveys (PPS) of AMU were conducted at four-month intervals in six general hospitals across Laos from 2017 to 2020, using modified Global-PPS data collection tools. The surveys focused on AMU amongst hospitalized inpatients. FINDINGS The overall prevalence of inpatient AMU was 71% (4,377/6,188), varying by hospital and survey round from 50·4% (135/268) to 88·4% (61/69). Of 4,377 patients, 44% received >one antimicrobial. The total number of prescriptions assessed was 6,555. Ceftriaxone was the most commonly used (39·6%) antimicrobial, followed by metronidazole (17%) and gentamicin (10%). Pneumonia was the most common diagnosis among those prescribed antimicrobials in both children aged ≤5 years (29% among aged ≤1 year and 27% among aged >1 to ≤5years) and adults aged ≥15 years at 9%. The percentage of antimicrobial use compliant with local treatment guidelines was 26%; inappropriate use was mainly found for surgical prophylaxis (99%). Adult patients received ACCESS group antimicrobials less commonly than children (47% vs 63%, p-value<0·0001). Most WATCH group prescriptions (99%) were without a microbiological indication. INTERPRETATION AMU among hospitalized patients in Laos is high with frequent inappropriate use of antimicrobials, especially as surgical prophylaxis. Continued monitoring and enhanced antimicrobial stewardship interventions are needed in Lao hospitals. FUNDING The Wellcome Trust [Grant numbers 220211/Z/20/Z and 214207/Z/18/Z] and bioMérieux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilada Chansamouth
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Danoy Chommanam
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
| | - Tamalee Roberts
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anousone Douangnouvong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
| | - Manivanh Vongsouvath
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
| | - Sommana Rattana
- Department of Healthcare and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Health, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
| | - Bounxou Keohavong
- Department of Food and Drug, Ministry of Health, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
| | - Nicholas P.J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane Lao PDR
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul N. Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane City, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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James R, Nakamachi Y, Morris A, So M, Ponnampalavanar SSLS, Chuki P, Loong LS, Lai PSM, Chen C, Ingram R, Rajkhowa A, Buising K, Thursky K. OUP accepted manuscript. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac012. [PMID: 35156035 PMCID: PMC8827555 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (NAPS) is a web-based qualitative auditing platform that provides a standardized and validated tool to assist hospitals in assessing the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing practices. Since its release in 2013, the NAPS has been adopted by all hospital types within Australia, including public and private facilities, and supports them in meeting the national standards for accreditation. Hospitals can generate real-time reports to assist with local antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities and interventions. De-identified aggregate data from the NAPS are also submitted to the Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Australia surveillance system, for national reporting purposes, and to strengthen national AMS strategies. With the successful implementation of the programme within Australia, the NAPS has now been adopted by countries with both well-resourced and resource-limited healthcare systems. We provide here a narrative review describing the experience of users utilizing the NAPS programme in Canada, Malaysia and Bhutan. We highlight the key barriers and facilitators to implementation and demonstrate that the NAPS methodology is feasible, generalizable and translatable to various settings and able to assist in initiatives to optimize the use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney James
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Yoshiko Nakamachi
- Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Andrew Morris
- Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Miranda So
- Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Pem Chuki
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Gongphel Lam, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ly Sia Loong
- University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | | | - Caroline Chen
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robyn Ingram
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Arjun Rajkhowa
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kirsty Buising
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Karin Thursky
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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11
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Thursky KA, Hardefeldt LY, Rajkhowa A, Ierano C, Bishop J, Hawes L, Biezen R, Saha SK, Dowson L, Bailey KE, Scarborough R, Little SB, Gotterson F, Hur B, Khanina A, Urbancic K, Crabb HK, Richards S, Sri A, James R, Kong DCM, Marshall C, Mazza D, Peel T, Stuart RL, Manski-Nankervis JA, Friedman ND, Bennett N, Schulz T, Billman-Jacobe H, Buono E, Worth L, Bull A, Richards M, Ayton D, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF, Buising KL. Antimicrobial stewardship in Australia: the role of qualitative research in programme development. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab166. [PMID: 34806005 PMCID: PMC8600289 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in Australia is supported by a number of factors, including enabling national policies, sectoral clinical governance frameworks and surveillance programmes, clinician-led educational initiatives and health services research. A One Health research programme undertaken by the National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship (NCAS) in Australia has combined antimicrobial prescribing surveillance with qualitative research focused on developing antimicrobial use-related situational analyses and scoping AMS implementation options across healthcare settings, including metropolitan hospitals, regional and rural hospitals, aged care homes, general practice clinics and companion animal and agricultural veterinary practices. Qualitative research involving clinicians across these diverse settings in Australia has contributed to improved understanding of contextual factors that influence antimicrobial prescribing, and barriers and facilitators of AMS implementation. This body of research has been underpinned by a commitment to supplementing 'big data' on antimicrobial prescribing practices, where available, with knowledge of the sociocultural, technical, environmental and other factors that shape prescribing behaviours. NCAS provided a unique opportunity for exchange and cross-pollination across the human and animal health programme domains. It has facilitated synergistic approaches to AMS research and education, and implementation of resources and stewardship activities. The NCAS programme aimed to synergistically combine quantitative and qualitative approaches to AMS research. In this article, we describe the qualitative findings of the first 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Thursky
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Laura Y Hardefeldt
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Arjun Rajkhowa
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Courtney Ierano
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Bishop
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Ballarat Health Services, 1 Drummond Street North, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - Lesley Hawes
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, 1/270 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ruby Biezen
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, 1/270 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, 780 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sajal K Saha
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, 1/270 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Leslie Dowson
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kirsten E Bailey
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ri Scarborough
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Little
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Gotterson
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Brian Hur
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anna Khanina
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Karen Urbancic
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Helen K Crabb
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Suzanna Richards
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anna Sri
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rodney James
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David C M Kong
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Ballarat Health Services, 1 Drummond Street North, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Caroline Marshall
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Danielle Mazza
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, 1/270 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Trisha Peel
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Burnet Institute, Monash University and Alfred Health, 85 Commercial Road, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rhonda L Stuart
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control and Epidemiology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Manski-Nankervis
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, 780 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - N Deborah Friedman
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Bellerine Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Noleen Bennett
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- VICNISS Coordinating Centre, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Schulz
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Evette Buono
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- New South Wales Clinical Excellence Commission, 1 Reserve Road, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Leon Worth
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ann Bull
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- VICNISS Coordinating Centre, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael Richards
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- VICNISS Coordinating Centre, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Darshini Ayton
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Park Drive and Flemington Road, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsty L Buising
- NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Guidance Group, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne Victoria, 3000, Australia
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