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Csergeová L, Krbušek D, Janoštiak R. CIP/KIP and INK4 families as hostages of oncogenic signaling. Cell Div 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38561743 PMCID: PMC10985988 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CIP/KIP and INK4 families of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are well-established cell cycle regulatory proteins whose canonical function is binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes and altering their function. Initial experiments showed that these proteins negatively regulate cell cycle progression and thus are tumor suppressors in the context of molecular oncology. However, expanded research into the functions of these proteins showed that most of them have non-canonical functions, both cell cycle-dependent and independent, and can even act as tumor enhancers depending on their posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and cell state context. This review aims to provide an overview of canonical as well as non-canonical functions of CIP/KIP and INK4 families of CKIs, discuss the potential avenues to promote their tumor suppressor functions instead of tumor enhancing ones, and how they could be utilized to design improved treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Csergeová
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Krbušek
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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White-Gilbertson S, Lu P, Saatci O, Sahin O, Delaney JR, Ogretmen B, Voelkel-Johnson C. Transcriptome analysis of polyploid giant cancer cells and their progeny reveals a functional role for p21 in polyploidization and depolyploidization. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107136. [PMID: 38447798 PMCID: PMC10979113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC) are frequently detected in tumors and are increasingly recognized for their roles in chromosomal instability and associated genome evolution that leads to cancer recurrence. We previously reported that therapy stress promotes polyploidy, and that acid ceramidase plays a role in depolyploidization. In this study, we used an RNA-seq approach to gain a better understanding of the underlying transcriptomic changes that occur as cancer cells progress through polyploidization and depolyploidization. Our results revealed gene signatures that are associated with disease-free and/or overall survival in several cancers and identified the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A/p21 as the major hub in PGCC and early progeny. Increased expression of p21 in PGCC was limited to the cytoplasm. We previously demonstrated that the sphingolipid enzyme acid ceramidase is dispensable for polyploidization upon therapy stress but plays a crucial role in depolyploidization. The current study demonstrates that treatment of cells with ceramide is not sufficient for p53-independent induction of p21 and that knockdown of acid ceramidase, which hydrolyzes ceramide, does not interfere with upregulation of p21. In contrast, blocking the expression of p21 with UC2288 prevented the induction of acid ceramidase and inhibited both the formation of PGCC from parental cells as well as the generation of progeny from PGCC. Taken together, our data suggest that p21 functions upstream of acid ceramidase and plays an important role in polyploidization and depolyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai White-Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ozge Saatci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joe R Delaney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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3
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Fu T, Ma X, Du SL, Ke ZY, Wang XC, Yin HH, Wang WX, Liu YJ, Liang AL. p21 promotes gemcitabine tolerance in A549 cells by inhibiting DNA damage and altering the cell cycle. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:471. [PMID: 37809050 PMCID: PMC10551858 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is one of the most widely used chemotherapy drugs for advanced malignant tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer. However, the clinical efficacy of gemcitabine is limited due to drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of p21 in gemcitabine-resistant A549 (A549/G+) lung cancer cells. IC50 values were determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. mRNA and protein expression levels of genes were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate were analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA damage in cells was evaluated by single-cell gel electrophoresis. The results of western blot analysis and the CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the expression of p21 was higher in A549/G+ cells than in gemcitabine-sensitive cells. Knockdown of p21 expression in gemcitabine-resistant cells sensitized these cells to gemcitabine (with the IC50 decreasing from 84.2 to 26.7 µM). Cell cycle analysis revealed different changes in the cell cycle distribution in A549/G+ cells treated with the same concentration of gemcitabine, and decreased expression of p21 was shown to promote G1 arrest. The apoptosis assay and comet assay results revealed that decreased p21 expression resulted in accumulation of unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and induction of apoptosis by gemcitabine. The present study demonstrated that knockout of p21 mRNA expression in A549/G+ cells promotes apoptosis and DNA DSB accumulation, accompanied by G1 arrest. These results indicated that p21 is involved in regulating the response of A549 cells to gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524045, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinle City Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050700, P.R. China
| | - Shen-Lin Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523058, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yin Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Chun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Han Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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Yang H, Huebner K, Hampel C, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Selvamani SB, Shukla V, Geppert CI, Hartmann A, Mahadevan V, Schneider-Stock R. ATF2 loss promotes 5-FU resistance in colon cancer cells via activation of the ATR-Chk1 damage response pathway. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:480. [PMID: 37237279 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of ATF2 in colon cancer (CC) is controversial. Recently, we reported that low ATF2 expression is characteristic of highly invasive tumors, suggesting that ATF2 might also be involved in therapy resistance. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the best-known chemotherapeutic drug for CC, but drug resistance affects its curative effect. To date, the role of ATF2 in the 5-FU response remains elusive. METHODS/RESULTS For our study, we had available HCT116 cells (wild-type p53) and HT29 colon tumor cells (mutant p53) and their corresponding CRISPR‒Cas9-generated ATF2-KO clones. We observed that loss of ATF2 triggered dose- and time-dependent 5-FU resistance in HCT116 cells by activating the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway with high p-ATRThr1989 and p-Chk1Ser317 levels accompanied by an increase in the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in vitro and in vivo using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Chk1 inhibitor studies causally displayed the link between DDR and drug resistance. There were contradictory findings in HT29 ATF2-KO cells upon 5-FU exposure with low p-Chk1Ser317 levels, strong apoptosis induction, but no effects on DNA damage. In ATF2-silenced HCT116 p53-/- cells, 5-FU did not activate the DDR pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays revealed that upon 5-FU treatment, ATF2 binds to ATR to prevent Chk1 phosphorylation. Indeed, in silico modelling showed reduced ATR-Chk1 binding when ATF2 was docked into the complex. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a novel ATF2 scaffold function involved in the DDR pathway. ATF2-negative cells are highly resistant due to effective ATR/Chk1 DNA damage repair. Mutant p53 seems to overwrite the tumor suppressor function of ATF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Kerstin Huebner
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Chuanpit Hampel
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Katharina Erlenbach-Wuensch
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Selva Babu Selvamani
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Vikas Shukla
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Carol I Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen‑EMN (CCC ER‑EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstr. 30, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | | | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91504, Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, Erlangen, 91504, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen‑EMN (CCC ER‑EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstr. 30, Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
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Tóthová Z, Šemeláková M, Bhide K, Bhide M, Kováč A, Majerová P, Kvaková M, Štofilová J, Solárová Z, Solár P. Differentially Expressed Genes Induced by Erythropoietin Receptor Overexpression in Rat Mammary Adenocarcinoma RAMA 37-28 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108482. [PMID: 37239828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is a transmembrane type I receptor with an essential role in the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Besides its function during erythropoiesis, EPOR is expressed and has protective effect in various non-hematopoietic tissues, including tumors. Currently, the advantageous aspect of EPOR related to different cellular events is still under scientific investigation. Besides its well-known effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, our integrative functional study revealed its possible associations with metabolic processes, transport of small molecules, signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Comparative transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) identified 233 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EPOR overexpressed RAMA 37-28 cells compared to parental RAMA 37 cells, whereas 145 genes were downregulated and 88 upregulated. Of these, for example, GPC4, RAP2C, STK26, ZFP955A, KIT, GAS6, PTPRF and CXCR4 were downregulated and CDH13, NR0B1, OCM2, GPM6B, TM7SF3, PARVB, VEGFD and STAT5A were upregulated. Surprisingly, two ephrin receptors, EPHA4 and EPHB3, and EFNB1 ligand were found to be upregulated as well. Our study is the first demonstrating robust differentially expressed genes evoked by simple EPOR overexpression without the addition of erythropoietin ligand in a manner which remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tóthová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martina Šemeláková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kováč
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerová
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Kvaková
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Štofilová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Solárová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
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Park H, Imoto S, Miyano S. Gene Regulatory Network-Classifier: Gene Regulatory Network-Based Classifier and Its Applications to Gastric Cancer Drug (5-Fluorouracil) Marker Identification. J Comput Biol 2023; 30:223-243. [PMID: 36450117 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2022.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex mechanisms of diseases involve the disturbance of the molecular network, rather than disorder in a single gene, implying that single gene-based analysis is insufficient to understand these mechanisms. Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) have attracted a lot of interest and various approaches have been developed for their statistical inference and gene network-based analysis. Although various computational methods have been developed, relatively little attention has been paid to incorporation of biological knowledge into the computational approaches. Furthermore, existing studies on network-based analysis perform prediction/classification of status of cell lines based on preconstructed GRNs, implying that we cannot extract prediction/classification-specific gene networks, leading to difficulty in interpretation of biological mechanisms and marker identification related to the status of cancer cell lines. We developed a novel strategy to build a GRN-based classifier, called a GRN-classifier. The proposed GRN-classifier estimates GRNs and classifies cell lines simultaneously, where the gene network is estimated to minimize error in gene network estimation and the negative log-likelihood for classifying cell lines. Thus, we can identify biological status-specific gene regulatory systems, enabling us to achieve biologically reliable interpretation of the classification. We also propose an algorithm to implement the GRN-classifier based on coordinate descent update. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to examine performance of the GRN-classifier. Results: Our strategy provides effective results in feature selection in the classification model and edge selection in gene network estimation. The GRN-classifier also shows outstanding classification accuracy. We apply the GRN-classifier to classify cancer cell lines into anticancer drug-related status, that is, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-sensitive/resistant and 5-FU target/nontarget cancer cell lines. We then identified 5-FU markers based on 5-FU-related status classification-specific gene networks. The mechanisms of the identified markers were verified through literature survey. Our results suggest that the molecular interplay between MYOF and AHNAK2 may play a crucial role in drug resistance and can provide information on the chemotherapy efficiency of 5-FU. It is also suggested that suppression of the identified 5-FU markers, including MYOF/AHNAK2 and AKR1C1/AKR1C3 may improve 5-FU resistance of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon Park
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Narayan S, Raza A, Mahmud I, Koo N, Garrett TJ, Law ME, Law BK, Sharma AK. Sensitization of FOLFOX-resistant colorectal cancer cells via the modulation of a novel pathway involving protein phosphatase 2A. iScience 2022; 25:104518. [PMID: 35754740 PMCID: PMC9218363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) with FOLFOX shows some efficacy, but these tumors quickly develop resistance to this treatment. We have observed increased phosphorylation of AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 and levels of p21 in FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells. We have identified a small molecule, NSC49L, that stimulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, downregulates the AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1-axis, and inhibits p21 translation. We have provided evidence that NSC49L- and TRAIL-mediated sensitization is synergistically induced in p21-knockdown CRC cells, which is reversed in p21-overexpressing cells. p21 binds with procaspase 3 and prevents the activation of caspase 3. We have shown that TRAIL induces apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 by NSC49L-mediated downregulation of p21 translation, and thereby cleavage of procaspase 3 into caspase 3. NSC49L does not affect global protein synthesis. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of NSC49L as a PP2A agonist, and how its combination with TRAIL sensitizes FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells. A PP2A agonist has been identified that sensitizes FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells It downregulates AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 axis and p21 translation Describes a link between p21 and procaspase 3 in TRAIL-resistance Downregulation of p21 synergistically induces TRAIL-mediated apoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nayeong Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mary E. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Liu Z, Xu H, Ge X, Weng S, Dang Q, Han X. Gene Expression Profile Reveals a Prognostic Signature of Non–MSI-H/pMMR Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:790214. [PMID: 35252170 PMCID: PMC8891566 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.790214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that non–MSI-H/pMMR colorectal cancer (CRC) has a worse prognosis and relapse rate than microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) CRC. Hence, searching for a novel tool to advance the prognostic management of non–MSI-H/pMMR CRC is vital. In this study, using three independent public cohorts and a clinical in-house cohort, we developed and validated a microsatellite stable–associated signature (MSSAS). The initial signature establishment was performed in GSE39582 (n = 454). This was followed by independent validation of this signature in The Cancer Genome Atlas–CRC (n = 312), GSE39084 (n = 54), and in-house cohort (n = 146). As a result, MSSAS was proven to be an independent risk factor for overall survival and relapse-free survival in non–MSI-H/pMMR CRC. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that MSSAS had a stable and accurate performance in all cohorts for 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Further analysis suggested that MSSAS performed better than age, gender, and the T, N, M, and AJCC stages, adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor mutation burden, neoantigen, and TP53, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. The clinical validation was executed to further ensure the robustness and clinical feasibility of this signature. In conclusion, MSSAS might be a robust and promising biomarker for advancing clinical management of non–MSI-H/pMMR CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Ge
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinwei Han,
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9
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Azwar S, Seow HF, Abdullah M, Faisal Jabar M, Mohtarrudin N. Recent Updates on Mechanisms of Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil and Reversal Strategies in Colon Cancer Treatment. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:854. [PMID: 34571731 PMCID: PMC8466833 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) plus leucovorin (LV) remain as the mainstay standard adjuvant chemotherapy treatment for early stage colon cancer, and the preferred first-line option for metastatic colon cancer patients in combination with oxaliplatin in FOLFOX, or irinotecan in FOLFIRI regimens. Despite treatment success to a certain extent, the incidence of chemotherapy failure attributed to chemotherapy resistance is still reported in many patients. This resistance, which can be defined by tumor tolerance against chemotherapy, either intrinsic or acquired, is primarily driven by the dysregulation of various components in distinct pathways. In recent years, it has been established that the incidence of 5-FU resistance, akin to multidrug resistance, can be attributed to the alterations in drug transport, evasion of apoptosis, changes in the cell cycle and DNA-damage repair machinery, regulation of autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell involvement, tumor microenvironment interactions, miRNA dysregulations, epigenetic alterations, as well as redox imbalances. Certain resistance mechanisms that are 5-FU-specific have also been ascertained to include the upregulation of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and the downregulation of thymidine phosphorylase. Indeed, the successful modulation of these mechanisms have been the game plan of numerous studies that had employed small molecule inhibitors, plant-based small molecules, and non-coding RNA regulators to effectively reverse 5-FU resistance in colon cancer cells. It is hoped that these studies would provide fundamental knowledge to further our understanding prior developing novel drugs in the near future that would synergistically work with 5-FU to potentiate its antitumor effects and improve the patient's overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamin Azwar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Heng Fong Seow
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohd Faisal Jabar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.A.); (H.F.S.); (M.A.)
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10
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Preis E, Schulze J, Gutberlet B, Pinnapireddy SR, Jedelská J, Bakowsky U. The chorioallantoic membrane as a bio-barrier model for the evaluation of nanoscale drug delivery systems for tumour therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:317-336. [PMID: 33905805 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, the European Parliament and the European Union adopted a directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The directive aims to protect animals in scientific research, with the final goal of complete replacement of procedures on live animals for scientific and educational purposes as soon as it is scientifically viable. Furthermore, the directive announces the implementation of the 3Rs principle: "When choosing methods, the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement should be implemented through a strict hierarchy of the requirement to use alternative methods." The visibility, accessibility, and the rapid growth of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) offers a clear advantage for various manipulations and for the simulation of different Bio-Barriers according to the 3R principle. The extensive vascularisation on the CAM provides an excellent substrate for the cultivation of tumour cells or tumour xenografts which could be used for the therapeutic evaluation of nanoscale drug delivery systems. The tumour can be targeted either by topical application, intratumoural injection or i.v. injection. Different application sites and biological barriers can be examined within a single model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Gutberlet
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarmila Jedelská
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Core Facility for Small Animal MRI, Hans-Meerwein Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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11
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Regan JL, Schumacher D, Staudte S, Steffen A, Lesche R, Toedling J, Jourdan T, Haybaeck J, Mumberg D, Henderson D, Győrffy B, Regenbrecht CRA, Keilholz U, Schäfer R, Lange M. RNA sequencing of long-term label-retaining colon cancer stem cells identifies novel regulators of quiescence. iScience 2021; 24:102618. [PMID: 34142064 PMCID: PMC8185225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that therapy-resistant quiescent cancer stem cells (qCSCs) are the source of relapse in colon cancer. Here, using colon cancer patient-derived organoids and xenografts, we identify rare long-term label-retaining qCSCs that can re-enter the cell cycle to generate new tumors. RNA sequencing analyses demonstrated that these cells display the molecular hallmarks of quiescent tissue stem cells, including expression of p53 signaling genes, and are enriched for transcripts common to damage-induced quiescent revival stem cells of the regenerating intestine. In addition, we identify negative regulators of cell cycle, downstream of p53, that we show are indicators of poor prognosis and may be targeted for qCSC abolition in both p53 wild-type and mutant tumors. These data support the temporal inhibition of downstream targets of p53 signaling, in combination with standard-of-care treatments, for the elimination of qCSCs and prevention of relapse in colon cancer. Colon tumors contain therapy-resistant quiescent cancer stem cells (qCSCs) qCSC gene expression mirrors that of quiescent stem cells of the regenerating gut qCSCs are enriched for p53 signaling genes qCSC elimination may be achieved by inhibiting downstream targets of p53 signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Regan
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schumacher
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Staudte
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joern Toedling
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thibaud Jourdan
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Henderson
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,TTK Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian R A Regenbrecht
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,CELLphenomics GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lange
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Fu T, Liang A, Liu Y. [Role of P21 in Resistance of Lung Cancer]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 2020; 23:597-602. [PMID: 32434295 PMCID: PMC7406443 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.101.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world with the highest incidence of deaths. In recent years, the treatment of lung cancer has made a significant breakthrough. However, as the tumor progresses, lung cancer cells inevitably acquire resistance and the efficacy of the treatment are greatly reduced. P21 protein plays a dual role in tumors, which not only regulates the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation, but also protects cells against apoptosis and promotes tumor cell resistance. This article reviews the research on P21 and lung cancer resistance, to provide new ideas for individualized treatment of lung cancer and overcoming lung cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Fu
- Medical Molecular Diagnostics Key Laboratory of Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Clinical Biochemistry in Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ailing Liang
- Medical Molecular Diagnostics Key Laboratory of Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Biochemistry of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Medical Molecular Diagnostics Key Laboratory of Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Clinical Biochemistry in Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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13
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Lindner P, Paul S, Eckstein M, Hampel C, Muenzner JK, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Ahmed HP, Mahadevan V, Brabletz T, Hartmann A, Vera J, Schneider-Stock R. EMT transcription factor ZEB1 alters the epigenetic landscape of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 32094334 PMCID: PMC7040187 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic deregulation remarkably triggers mechanisms associated with tumor aggressiveness like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since EMT is a highly complex, but also reversible event, epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation or chromatin alterations must be involved in its regulation. It was recently described that loss of the cell cycle regulator p21 was associated with a gain in EMT characteristics and an upregulation of the master EMT transcription factor ZEB1. In this study, in silico analysis was performed in combination with different in vitro and in vivo techniques to identify and verify novel epigenetic targets of ZEB1, and to proof the direct transcriptional regulation of SETD1B by ZEB1. The chorioallantoic-membrane assay served as an in vivo model to analyze the ZEB1/SETD1B interaction. Bioinformatical analysis of CRC patient data was used to examine the ZEB1/SETD1B network under clinical conditions and the ZEB1/SETD1B network was modeled under physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, we identified a self-reinforcing loop for ZEB1 expression and found that the SETD1B associated active chromatin mark H3K4me3 was enriched at the ZEB1 promoter in EMT cells. Moreover, clinical evaluation of CRC patient data showed that the simultaneous high expression of ZEB1 and SETD1B was correlated with the worst prognosis. Here we report that the expression of chromatin modifiers is remarkably dysregulated in EMT cells. SETD1B was identified as a new ZEB1 target in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates a novel example of an activator role of ZEB1 for the epigenetic landscape in colorectal tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lindner
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Experimental Tumorpathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sushmita Paul
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Chuanpit Hampel
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Experimental Tumorpathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Julienne K Muenzner
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Experimental Tumorpathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Katharina Erlenbach-Wuensch
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Husayn P Ahmed
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Thomas Brabletz
- Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Comprehensice Cancer Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. .,Experimental Tumorpathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
In the last decade, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay has been re-discovered in cancer research to study the molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer drug effects. Literature about the CAM assay as an alternative in vivo cancer xenograft model according to the 3R principles has exploded in the last 3 years. Following a summary of the basic knowledge about the chicken embryo, we compare advantages and disadvantages with the classical mouse xenograft model, exemplify established and innovative imaging techniques that are used in the CAM model, and give examples of its successful utilization for studying major hallmarks of cancer such as angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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15
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Gasiulė S, Dreize N, Kaupinis A, Ražanskas R, Čiupas L, Stankevičius V, Kapustina Ž, Laurinavičius A, Valius M, Vilkaitis G. Molecular Insights into miRNA-Driven Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil and Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy: miR-23b Modulates the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E2115. [PMID: 31810268 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although treatment of colorectal cancer with 5-florouracil and oxaliplatin is widely used, it is frequently followed by a relapse. Therefore, there is an urgent need for profound understanding of chemotherapy resistance mechanisms as well as the profiling of predictive markers for individualized treatment. In this study, we identified the changes in 14 miRNAs in 5-fluouracil and 40 miRNAs in oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines by miRNA sequencing. The decrease in miR-224-5p expression in the 5-fluorouracil-resistant cells correlated with drug insensitivity due to its overexpression-induced drug-dependent apoptosis. On the other hand, the miR-23b/27b/24-1 cluster was overexpressed in oxaliplatin-resistant cells. The knockout of miR-23b led to the partial restoration of oxaliplatin susceptibility, showing the essential role of miR-23b in the development of drug resistance by this cluster. Proteomic analysis identified target genes of miR-23b and showed that endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) was implicated in oxaliplatin insensibility. Data revealed that EMT markers, such as vimentin and SNAI2, were expressed moderately higher in the oxaliplatin-resistant cells and their expression increased further in the less drug-resistant cells, which had miR-23b knockout. This establishes that the balance of EMT contributes to the drug resistance, showing the importance of the miR-23b-mediated fine-tuning of EMT in oxaliplatin-resistant cancer cells.
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16
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Kreis NN, Louwen F, Yuan J. The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/ CDKN1A) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091220. [PMID: 31438587 PMCID: PMC6770903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response to various intra- and extracellular stimuli to arrest the cell cycle ensuring genomic stability. Apart from its roles in cell cycle regulation including mitosis, p21 is involved in differentiation, cell migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair, reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, autophagy and the onset of senescence. p21 acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending largely on the cellular context, its subcellular localization and posttranslational modifications. In the present review, we briefly mention the general functions of p21 and summarize its roles in differentiation, migration and invasion in detail. Finally, regarding its dual role as tumor suppressor and oncogene, we highlight the potential, difficulties and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Manu KA, Cao PHA, Chai TF, Casey PJ, Wang M. p21cip1/waf1 Coordinate Autophagy, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081112. [PMID: 31382612 PMCID: PMC6721591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess metabolic properties that are different from benign cells. These unique characteristics have become attractive targets that are being actively investigated for cancer therapy. p21cip1/waf1, also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase inhibitor 1A, is encoded by the CDKN1A gene. It is a major p53 target gene involved in cell cycle progression that has been extensively evaluated. To date, p21 has been reported to regulate various cell functions, both dependent and independent of p53. Besides regulating the cell cycle, p21 also modulates apoptosis, induces senescence, and maintains cellular quiescence in response to various stimuli. p21 transcription is induced in response to stresses, including those from oxidative and chemotherapeutic treatment. A recent study has shown that in response to metabolic stresses such as nutrient and energy depletion, p21 expression is induced to regulate various cell functions. Despite the biological significance, the mechanism of p21 regulation in cancer adaptation to metabolic stress is underexplored and thus represents an exciting field. This review focuses on the recent development of p21 regulation in response to metabolic stress and its impact in inducing cell cycle arrest and death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjoormana Aryan Manu
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Fan Chai
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
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18
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Ndreshkjana B, Çapci A, Klein V, Chanvorachote P, Muenzner JK, Huebner K, Steinmann S, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Geppert CI, Agaimy A, Ballout F, El-Baba C, Gali-Muhtasib H, Roehe AV, Hartmann A, Tsogoeva SB, Schneider-Stock R. Combination of 5-fluorouracil and thymoquinone targets stem cell gene signature in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:379. [PMID: 31097715 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) residing in colorectal cancer tissues have tumorigenic capacity and contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance and disease relapse. It is well known that the survival of colorectal CSCs after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy leads to cancer recurrence. Thus CSCs represent a promising drug target. Here, we designed and synthesized novel hybrid molecules linking 5-FU with the plant-derived compound thymoquinone (TQ) and tested the potential of individual compounds and their combination to eliminate colorectal CSCs. Both, Combi and SARB hybrid showed augmented cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cells, but were non-toxic to organoids prepared from healthy murine small intestine. NanoString analysis revealed a unique signature of deregulated gene expression in response to the combination of TQ and 5-FU (Combi) and SARB treatment. Importantly, two principle stem cell regulatory pathways WNT/ß-Catenin and PI3K/AKT were found to be downregulated after Combi and hybrid treatment. Furthermore, both treatments strikingly eliminated CD133+ CSC population, accompanying the depleted self-renewal capacity by eradicating long-term propagated 3D tumor cell spheres at sub-toxic doses. In vivo xenografts on chicken eggs of SARB-treated HCT116 cells showed a prominent nuclear ß-Catenin and E-cadherin staining. This was in line with the reduced transcriptional activity of ß-Catenin and diminished cell adhesion under SARB exposure. In contrast to 5-FU, both, Combi and SARB treatment effectively reduced the angiogenic capacity of the remaining resistant tumor cells. Taken together, combination or hybridization of single compounds target simultaneously a broader spectrum of oncogenic pathways leading to an effective eradication of colorectal cancer cells.
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