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Zhang J, Zhang J, Yuan R, Han W, Chang Y, Kong L, Wei C, Zheng Q, Zhu X, Liu Z, Ren W, Han J. Inhibition of cannabinoid degradation enhances hippocampal contextual fear memory and exhibits anxiolytic effects. iScience 2024; 27:108919. [PMID: 38318362 PMCID: PMC10839683 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the pivotal involvement of endocannabinoids in regulating learning and memory, but the conclusions obtained from different paradigms or contexts are somewhat controversial, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we show that JZL195, a dual inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase, can enhance the performance of mice in a contextual fear conditioning task and increase the time spent in open arms in the elevated zero maze (EZM). Although the effect of JZL195 on fear memory could not be inhibited by antagonists of cannabinoid receptors, the effect on the EZM seems to be mediated by CB1R. Simultaneously, hippocampal neurons are hyperactive, and theta oscillation power is significantly increased during the critical period of memory consolidation upon treatment with JZL195. These results suggest the feasibility of targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of various mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Ruiqi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Wenxin Han
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Lingyang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Chunling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Qiaohua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Xingchao Zhu
- Heze Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heze 274000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710000, China
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Toczek M, Ryszkiewicz P, Remiszewski P, Schlicker E, Krzyżewska A, Kozłowska H, Malinowska B. Weak Hypotensive Effect of Chronic Administration of the Dual FAAH/MAGL Inhibitor JZL195 in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats as Revealed by Area under the Curve Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10942. [PMID: 37446125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of the endocannabinoid tone might have a beneficial influence on hypertension. Polypharmacology proposes multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of complex diseases. In the present paper, we studied JZL195, a dual inhibitor of the two major endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Hemodynamic parameters were assessed in conscious animals via radiotelemetry and tail-cuff methods and then evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). Single administration of JZL195 induced dose-dependent weak hypotensive and bradycardic responses in SHR but not in WKY. Similarly, its chronic application revealed only a slight hypotensive potential which, however, effectively prevented the progression of hypertension and did not undergo tolerance. In addition, multiple JZL195 administrations slightly decreased heart rate only in WKY and prevented the gradual weight gain in both groups. JZL195 did not affect organ weights, blood glucose level, rectal temperature and plasma oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, chronic dual FAAH/MAGL inhibition prevents the progression of hypertension in SHR without affecting some basal functions of the body. In addition, our study clearly proves the suitability of AUC for the evaluation of weak blood pressure changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Ryszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Patryk Remiszewski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Krzyżewska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Greco R, Francavilla M, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Facchetti S, Palmisani M, Franco V, Tassorelli C. Activity of FAAH-Inhibitor JZP327A in an Experimental Rat Model of Migraine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10102. [PMID: 37373250 PMCID: PMC10299064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased anandamide levels via fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition can decrease the pronociceptive responses and inflammatory mediators in animal models of migraine. Here, we profile the pharmacological activity of the FAAH inhibitor JZP327A, a chiral 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one compound, in the mediation of spontaneous and nocifensive behaviour in the animal models of migraine based on nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. JZP327A (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle was administered to male rats 3 h after NTG (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or NTG vehicle injection. The rats were then exposed to the open field test and an orofacial formalin test 1 h later. The levels of endocannabinoids and lipid-related substances, and the expression of pain and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in cranial tissues and serum. The findings show that JZP327A did not affect NTG-induced changes in the spontaneous behaviour of rats, while it inhibited NTG-induced hyperalgesia at the orofacial formalin test. Furthermore, JZP327A dramatically decreased the gene expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the trigeminal ganglia and medulla-pons, while it did not change endocannabinoids or lipids levels nor CGRP serum levels in the same tissues. These data suggest an anti-hyperalgesic role for JZP327A in the NTG model, which is mediated by the inhibition of the inflammatory cascade of events. This activity does not seem mediated by a change in the levels of endocannabinoids and lipid amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Facchetti
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Michela Palmisani
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Franco
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.F.); (C.D.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Greco R, Francavilla M, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Sodergren MH, Facchetti S, Pacchetti B, Palmisan M, Franco V, Tassorelli C. Characterization of the biochemical and behavioral effects of cannabidiol: implications for migraine. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:48. [PMID: 37138206 PMCID: PMC10155373 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main pharmacologically active phytocannabinoid. CBD exerts an analgesic effect in several pain models, does not have side effects and has low toxicity. The data about CBD mechanisms of action in pain and its therapeutic potential in this area are limited. Here, we tested CBD effects in animal models specific for migraine. We assayed CBD distribution in plasma and in cranial areas related to migraine pain in male Sprague Dawley rats treated chronically (5 days). Successively, we tested CBD activity on the behavioral and biochemical effects induced in the acute and the chronic migraine animal models by nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. In the acute migraine model, rats received CBD (15 mg or 30 mg/kg, i.p) 3 h after NTG (10 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle injection. In the chronic migraine model, rats were treated with CBD and NTG every other day over nine days with the following doses: CBD 30 mg/kg i.p., NTG 10 mg/kg i.p. We evaluated behavioral parameters with the open field and the orofacial formalin tests. We explored the fatty acid amide hydrolase gene expression, cytokines mRNA and protein levels in selected brain areas and CGRP serum level. CBD levels in the meninges, trigeminal ganglia, cervical spinal cord, medulla pons, and plasma were higher 1 h after the last treatment than after 24 h, suggesting that CBD penetrates but does not accumulate in these tissues. In the acute model, CBD significantly reduced NTG-induced trigeminal hyperalgesia and CGRP and cytokine mRNA levels in peripheral and central sites. In the chronic model, CBD caused a significant decrease in NTG-induced IL-6 protein levels in the medulla-pons, and trigeminal ganglion. It also reduced CGRP serum levels. By contrast, CBD did not modulate TNF-alpha protein levels and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) gene expression in any of investigated areas. In both experimental conditions, there was no modulation of anxiety, motor/exploratory behavior, or grooming. These findings show that CBD reaches brain areas involved in migraine pain after systemic administration. They also show for the first time that CBD modulates migraine-related nociceptive transmission, likely via a complex signaling mechanism involving different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mikael H Sodergren
- Curaleaf International, Guernsey, UK
- Medical Cannabis Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Facchetti
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Michela Palmisan
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Franco
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Della Pietra A, Krivoshein G, Ivanov K, Giniatullina R, Jyrkkänen HK, Leinonen V, Lehtonen M, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Savinainen J, Giniatullin R. Potent dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor AKU-005 engages endocannabinoids to diminish meningeal nociception implicated in migraine pain. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:38. [PMID: 37038131 PMCID: PMC10088116 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging the endocannabinoid system through inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), degrading endocannabinoids (endoCBs) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), was proposed as a promising approach to ameliorate migraine pain. However, the activity of MAGL and FAAH and action of endoCB on spiking activity of meningeal afferents, from which migraine pain originates, has not been explored thus far. Therefore, we here explored the analgesic effects of endoCB enhancement in rat and human meningeal tissues. METHODS Both MAGL and FAAH activity and local 2-AG and AEA levels were measured by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and LC-MS/MS, respectively, in rat meninges obtained from hemiskulls of P38-P40 Wistar rats and human meninges from elderly patients undergoing non-migraine related neurosurgery. The action on endoCBs upon administration of novel dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor AKU-005 on meningeal afferents excitability was tested by investigating paired KCl-induced spiking and validation with local (co-)application of either AEA or 2-AG. Finally, the specific TRPV1 agonist capsaicin and blocker capsazepine were tested. RESULTS The basal level of 2-AG exceeded that of AEA in rat and human meninges. KCl-induced depolarization doubled the level of AEA. AKU-005 slightly increased spontaneous spiking activity whereas the dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor significantly decreased excitation of nerve fibres induced by KCl. Similar inhibitory effects on meningeal afferents were observed with local applications of 2-AG or AEA. The action of AKU-005 was reversed by CB1 antagonist AM-251, implying CB1 receptor involvement in the anti-nociceptive effect. The inhibitory action of AEA was also reversed by AM-251, but not with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. Data cluster analysis revealed that both AKU-005 and AEA largely increased long-term depression-like meningeal spiking activity upon paired KCl-induced spiking. CONCLUSIONS In the meninges, high anti-nociceptive 2-AG levels can tonically counteract meningeal signalling, whereas AEA can be engaged on demand by local depolarization. AEA-mediated anti-nociceptive effects through CB1 receptors have therapeutic potential. Together with previously detected MAGL activity in trigeminal ganglia, dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor AKU-005 appears promising as migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Della Pietra
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Georgii Krivoshein
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raisa Giniatullina
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna-Kaisa Jyrkkänen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juha Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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6
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Demartini C, Francavilla M, Zanaboni AM, Facchetti S, De Icco R, Martinelli D, Allena M, Greco R, Tassorelli C. Biomarkers of Migraine: An Integrated Evaluation of Preclinical and Clinical Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065334. [PMID: 36982428 PMCID: PMC10049673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to identify reliable biomarkers useful in migraine diagnosis and progression or associated with the response to a specific treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the alleged diagnostic and therapeutic migraine biomarkers found in biofluids and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We included the most informative data from clinical or preclinical studies, with a particular emphasis on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cytokines, endocannabinoids, and other biomolecules, the majority of which are related to the inflammatory aspects and mechanisms of migraine, as well as other actors that play a role in the disease. The potential issues affecting biomarker analysis are also discussed, such as how to deal with bias and confounding data. CGRP and other biological factors associated with the trigeminovascular system may offer intriguing and novel precision medicine opportunities, although the biological stability of the samples used, as well as the effects of the confounding role of age, gender, diet, and metabolic factors should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Demartini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Facchetti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Martinelli
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Allena
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0382)-380255
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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7
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Martinez Ramirez CE, Ruiz-Pérez G, Stollenwerk TM, Behlke C, Doherty A, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. Glia 2023; 71:5-35. [PMID: 36308424 PMCID: PMC10167744 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to overestimate the influence of the endocannabinoid signaling (ECS) system on central nervous system (CNS) function. In the 40 years since cannabinoids were found to trigger specific cell signaling cascades, studies of the ECS system continue to cause amazement, surprise, and confusion! CB1 cannabinoid receptors are expressed widely in the CNS and regulate cell-cell communication via effects on the release of both neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters. CB2 cannabinoid receptors are difficult to detect in the CNS but seem to "punch above their weight" as compounds targeting these receptors have significant effects on inflammatory state and behavior. Positive and negative allosteric modulators for both receptors have been identified and examined in preclinical studies. Concentrations of the endocannabinoid ligands, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are regulated by a combination of enzymatic synthesis and degradation and inhibitors of these processes are available and making their way into clinical trials. Importantly, ECS regulates many essential brain functions, including regulation of reward, anxiety, inflammation, motor control, and cellular development. While the field is on the cusp of preclinical discoveries providing impactful clinical and therapeutic insights into many CNS disorders, there is still much to be learned about this remarkable and versatile modulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- César E Martinez Ramirez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gonzalo Ruiz-Pérez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Todd M Stollenwerk
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christina Behlke
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Doherty
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Guerra J, Naidoo V, Cacabelos R. Potential effects of cannabinoids on audiovestibular function: A narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1010296. [PMID: 36605398 PMCID: PMC9807921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of drugs that target the endocannabinoid system has extended to conditions that affect the audiovestibular pathway. The expression of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in that pathway has been widely demonstrated, indicating a therapeutic potential for drug development at this level. These medications may be beneficial for conditions such as noise-induced hearing loss, ototoxicity, or various forms of vertigo of central or peripheral origin. The therapeutic targets of interest include natural or synthetic compounds that act as CB1/CB2 receptor agonists/antagonists, and inhibitors of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes FAAH and MAGL. Furthermore, genetic variations implicated in the response to treatment and the development of related disorders such as epilepsy or migraine have been identified. Direct methods of administering these medications should be examined beyond the systemic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Guerra
- Neuro-Otolaryngology Unit, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Corunna, Spain,*Correspondence: Joaquin Guerra,
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Department of Neuroscience, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
| | - Ramon Cacabelos
- Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Corunna, Spain
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9
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Demartini C, Greco R, Magni G, Zanaboni AM, Riboldi B, Francavilla M, Nativi C, Ceruti S, Tassorelli C. Modulation of Glia Activation by TRPA1 Antagonism in Preclinical Models of Migraine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical data point to the contribution of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels to the complex mechanisms underlying migraine pain. TRPA1 channels are expressed in primary sensory neurons, as well as in glial cells, and they can be activated/sensitized by inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between TRPA1 channels and glial activation in the modulation of trigeminal hyperalgesia in preclinical models of migraine based on acute and chronic nitroglycerin challenges. Rats were treated with ADM_12 (TRPA1 antagonist) and then underwent an orofacial formalin test to assess trigeminal hyperalgesia. mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glia cell activation were evaluated in the Medulla oblongata and in the trigeminal ganglia. In the nitroglycerin-treated rats, ADM_12 showed an antihyperalgesic effect in both acute and chronic models, and it counteracted the changes in CGRP and cytokine gene expression. In the acute nitroglycerin model, ADM_12 reduced nitroglycerin-induced increase in microglial and astroglial activation in trigeminal nucleus caudalis area. In the chronic model, we detected a nitroglycerin-induced activation of satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglia that was inhibited by ADM_12. These findings show that TRPA1 antagonism reverts experimentally induced hyperalgesia in acute and chronic models of migraine and prevents multiple changes in inflammatory pathways by modulating glial activation.
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Villar-Martinez MD, Goadsby PJ. Pathophysiology and Therapy of Associated Features of Migraine. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172767. [PMID: 36078174 PMCID: PMC9455236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex and debilitating disorder that is broadly recognised by its characteristic headache. However, given the wide array of clinical presentations in migraineurs, the headache might not represent the main troublesome symptom and it can even go unnoticed. Understanding migraines exclusively as a pain process is simplistic and certainly hinders management. We describe the mechanisms behind some of the most disabling associated symptoms of migraine, including the relationship between the central and peripheral processes that take part in nausea, osmophobia, phonophobia, vertigo and allodynia. The rationale for the efficacy of the current therapeutic arsenal is also depicted in this article. The associated symptoms to migraine, apart from the painful component, are frequent, under-recognised and can be more deleterious than the headache itself. The clinical anamnesis of a headache patient should enquire about the associated symptoms, and treatment should be considered and individualised. Acknowledging the associated symptoms as a fundamental part of migraine has permitted a deeper and more coherent comprehension of the pathophysiology of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Villar-Martinez
- Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- NIHR King’s Clinical Research Facility, SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Peter J. Goadsby
- Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- NIHR King’s Clinical Research Facility, SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Demartini C, Greco R, Francavilla M, Zanaboni AM, Tassorelli C. Modelling migraine-related features in the nitroglycerin animal model: trigeminal hyperalgesia is associated with affective status and motor behavior. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113956. [PMID: 36055415 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of pain and other associated symptoms. Emotional-affective aspects are important components of pain, but so far they have been little explored in animal models of migraine. In this study, we aimed to explore the correlation between trigeminal hyperalgesia and affective status or behavioral components in a migraine-specific animal model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or its vehicle. Four hours later, anxiety, motor/exploratory behavior and grooming (a nociception index) were evaluated with the open field test. Rats were then exposed to formalin in the orofacial region to evaluate trigeminal hyperalgesia. The data analysis shows an inverse correlation between trigeminal hyperalgesia and motor or exploratory behavior, and a positive association with anxiety-like behavior or self-grooming. These findings further expand on the translational value of the migraine-specific model based on nitroglycerin administration and prompt additional parameters that can be investigated to explore migraine disease in its complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Demartini
- Dep. of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Dep. of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Dep. of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Sureda-Gibert P, Romero-Reyes M, Akerman S. Nitroglycerin as a model of migraine: Clinical and preclinical review. Neurobiol Pain 2022; 12:100105. [PMID: 36974065 PMCID: PMC10039393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Migraine stands as one of the most disabling neurological conditions worldwide. It is a disorder of great challenge to study given its heterogeneous representation, cyclic nature, and complexity of neural networks involved. Despite this, clinical and preclinical research has greatly benefitted from the use of the nitric oxide donor, nitroglycerin (NTG), to model this disorder, dissect underlying mechanisms, and to facilitate the development and screening of effective therapeutics. NTG is capable of triggering a migraine attack, only in migraineurs or patients with a history of migraine and inducing migraine-like phenotypes in rodent models. It is however unclear to what extent NTG and NO, as its breakdown product, is a determinant factor in the underlying pathophysiology of migraine, and importantly, whether it really does facilitate the translation from the bench to the bedside, and vice-versa. This review provides an insight into the evidence supporting the strengths of this model, as well as its limitations, and shines a light into the possible role of NO-related mechanisms in altered molecular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sureda-Gibert
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcela Romero-Reyes
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Simon Akerman
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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13
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Francavilla M, Reggiani A, Realini N, Scarpelli R, Piomelli D, Tassorelli C. Potentiation of endocannabinoids and other lipid amides prevents hyperalgesia and inflammation in a pre-clinical model of migraine. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:79. [PMID: 35799128 PMCID: PMC9264488 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a promising therapeutic strategy to combat certain forms of pain, including migraine headache. FAAH inhibitors, such as the O-biphenyl-3-yl carbamate URB597, have been shown to produce anti-hyperalgesic effects in animal models of migraine. The objective of this study was to investigate the behavioral and biochemical effects of compounds ARN14633 and ARN14280, two URB597 analogs with improved solubility and bioavailability, in a migraine-specific rat model in which trigeminal hyperalgesia is induced by nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. ARN14633 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and ARN14280 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats 3 hours after NTG injection. One hour after the administration of either compound, rats were subjected to the orofacial formalin test. ARN14633 and ARN14280 attenuated NTG-induced nocifensive behavior and reduced transcription of genes encoding neuronal nitric oxide synthase, pain mediators peptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and 6) in the trigeminal ganglion, cervical spinal cord and medulla. Finally, both compounds strongly elevated levels of endocannabinoids and/or other FAAH substrates in cervical spinal cord and medulla, and, to a lesser extent, in the trigeminal ganglia. The results indicate that the novel global FAAH inhibitors ARN14633 and ARN14280 elicit significant anti-hyperalgesic effects in a migraine-specific animal model and inhibit the associated peptidergic-inflammatory response. Although the precise mechanism underlying these effects remains to be elucidated, our results support further investigational studies of FAAH blockade as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat migraine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rita Scarpelli
- Drug Discovery and Development (D3)-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Unit of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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14
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He B, Di X, Guled F, Harder AV, van den Maagdenberg AM, Terwindt GM, Krekels EH, Kohler I, Harms A, Ramautar R, Hankemeier T. Quantification of endocannabinoids in human cerebrospinal fluid using a novel micro-flow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Della Pietra A, Savinainen J, Giniatullin R. Inhibiting Endocannabinoid Hydrolysis as Emerging Analgesic Strategy Targeting a Spectrum of Ion Channels Implicated in Migraine Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4407. [PMID: 35457225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder characterized by severe pain with still limited efficient treatments. Endocannabinoids, the endogenous painkillers, emerged, alternative to plant cannabis, as promising analgesics against migraine pain. In this thematic review, we discuss how inhibition of the main endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), could raise the level of endocannabinoids (endoCBs) such as 2-AG and anandamide in order to alleviate migraine pain. We describe here: (i) migraine pain signaling pathways, which could serve as specific targets for antinociception; (ii) a divergent distribution of MAGL and FAAH activities in the key regions of the PNS and CNS implicated in migraine pain signaling; (iii) a complexity of anti-nociceptive effects of endoCBs mediated by cannabinoid receptors and through a direct modulation of ion channels in nociceptive neurons; and (iv) the spectrum of emerging potent MAGL and FAAH inhibitors which efficiently increase endoCBs levels. The specific distribution and homeostasis of endoCBs in the main regions of the nociceptive system and their generation ‘on demand’, along with recent availability of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors suggest new perspectives for endoCBs-mediated analgesia in migraine pain.
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Francavilla M, De Icco R, Ahmad L, Tassorelli C. The endocannabinoid system and related lipids as potential targets for the treatment of migraine-related pain. Headache 2022; 62:227-240. [PMID: 35179780 DOI: 10.1111/head.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a complex and highly disabling neurological disease whose treatment remains challenging in many patients, even after the recent advent of the first specific-preventive drugs, namely monoclonal antibodies that target calcitonin gene-related peptide. For this reason, headache researchers are actively searching for new therapeutic targets. Cannabis has been proposed for migraine treatment, but controlled clinical studies are lacking. A major advance in cannabinoid research has been the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which consists of receptors CB1 and CB2; their endogenous ligands, such as N-arachidonoylethanolamine; and the enzymes that catalyze endocannabinoid biosynthesis or degradation. Preclinical and clinical findings suggest a possible role for endocannabinoids and related lipids, such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in migraine-related pain treatment. In animal models of migraine-related pain, endocannabinoid tone modulation via inhibition of endocannabinoid-catabolizing enzymes has been a particular focus of research. METHODS To conduct a narrative review of available data on the possible effects of cannabis, endocannabinoids, and other lipids in migraine-related pain, relevant key words were used to search the PubMed/MEDLINE database for basic and clinical studies. RESULTS Endocannabinoids and PEA seem to reduce trigeminal nociception by interacting with many pathways associated with migraine, suggesting a potential synergistic or similar effect. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of the metabolic pathways of the ECS may be a basis for new migraine treatments. The multiplicity of options and the wealth of data already obtained in animal models underscore the importance of further advancing research in this area. Multiple molecules related to the ECS or to allosteric modulation of CB1 receptors have emerged as potential therapeutic targets in migraine-related pain. The complexity of the ECS calls for accurate biochemical and pharmacological characterization of any new compounds undergoing testing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lara Ahmad
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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17
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Papa A, Pasquini S, Contri C, Gemma S, Campiani G, Butini S, Varani K, Vincenzi F. Polypharmacological Approaches for CNS Diseases: Focus on Endocannabinoid Degradation Inhibition. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030471. [PMID: 35159280 PMCID: PMC8834510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacology breaks up the classical paradigm of “one-drug, one target, one disease” electing multitarget compounds as potential therapeutic tools suitable for the treatment of complex diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, psychiatric or degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and cancer. These diseases often require a combination therapy which may result in positive but also negative synergistic effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is emerging as a particularly attractive therapeutic target in CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), pain, and epilepsy. ECS is an organized neuromodulatory network, composed by endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2), and the main catabolic enzymes involved in the endocannabinoid inactivation such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). The multiple connections of the ECS with other signaling pathways in the CNS allows the consideration of the ECS as an optimal source of inspiration in the development of innovative polypharmacological compounds. In this review, we focused our attention on the reported polypharmacological examples in which FAAH and MAGL inhibitors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234161
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.); (F.V.)
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Woodman SE, Antonopoulos SR, Durham PL. Inhibition of Nociception in a Preclinical Episodic Migraine Model by Dietary Supplementation of Grape Seed Extract Involves Activation of Endocannabinoid Receptors. Front Pain Res 2022; 3:809352. [PMID: 35295808 PMCID: PMC8915558 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.809352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is associated with peripheral and central sensitization of the trigeminal system and dysfunction of descending pain modulation pathways. Recently, dietary inclusion of grape seed extract (GSE) was shown to inhibit mechanical nociception in a preclinical model of chronic temporomandibular joint disorder, a condition often comorbid with migraine, with the antinociceptive effect mediated, in part, by activation of 5-HT3/7 and GABAB receptors. This study further investigated the mechanisms by which GSE inhibits mechanical nociception in a preclinical model of episodic migraine. Hyperalgesic priming of female and male Sprague Dawley rats was induced by three consecutive daily two-hour episodes of restraint stress. Seven days after the final restraint stress, rats were exposed to pungent odors from an oil extract that contains the compound umbellulone, which stimulates CGRP release and induces migraine-like pain. Some animals received dietary supplementation of GSE in their drinking water beginning one week prior to restraint stress. Changes in mechanical sensitivity in the orofacial region and hindpaw were determined using von Frey filaments. To investigate the role of the endocannabinoid receptors in the effect of GSE, some animals were injected intracisternally with the CB1 antagonist AM 251 or the CB2 antagonist AM 630 prior to odor inhalation. Changes in CGRP expression in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) in response to stress, odor and GSE supplementation were studied using immunohistochemistry. Exposure of stress-primed animals to the odor caused a significant increase in the average number of withdrawal responses to mechanical stimulation in both the orofacial region and hindpaw, and the effect was significantly suppressed by daily supplementation with GSE. The anti-nociceptive effect of GSE was inhibited by intracisternal administration of antagonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors. GSE supplementation inhibited odor-mediated stimulation of CGRP expression in the STN in sensitized animals. These results demonstrate that GSE supplementation inhibits trigeminal pain signaling in an injury-free model of migraine-like pain via activation of endocannabinoid receptors and repression of CGRP expression centrally. Hence, we propose that GSE may be beneficial as a complementary migraine therapeutic.
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