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Dembélé P, Cissoko M, Diarra AZ, Doumbia L, Koné A, Magassa MH, Mehadji M, Thera MA, Ranque S. Evaluation of the Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria Diagnosis and Mapping of Different Plasmodium Species in Mali. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:228. [PMID: 38397717 PMCID: PMC10888130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first-line diagnosis of malaria in Mali is based on the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) that detect the Histidin Rich Protein 2 (HRP2) antigen specific to Plasmodium falciparum. Our study, based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) gold standard, aimed to describe the distribution of the Plasmodium species in each administrative region of Mali and to assess the performance of RDTs. METHODS We randomly selected 150 malaria-negative and up to 30 malaria-positive RDTs in 41 sites distributed in 9 regions of Mali. DNA extracted from the RDT nitrocellulose strip was assayed with a pan-Plasmodium qPCR. Positive samples were then analyzed with P. falciparum-, P. malariae-, P. vivax-, or P. ovale-specific qPCRs. RESULTS Of the 1496 RDTs, 258 (18.6%) were positive for Plasmodium spp., of which 96.9% were P. falciparum. The P. vivax prevalence reached 21.1% in the north. RDT displayed acceptable diagnostic indices; the lower CI95% bounds of Youden indices were all ≥0.50, except in the north (Youden index 0.66 (95% CI [0.44-0.82]) and 0.63 (95% CI [0.33-0.83]. CONCLUSIONS Overall, RDT diagnostic indices are adequate for the biological diagnosis of malaria in Mali. We recommend the use of RDTs detecting P. vivax-specific antigens in the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dembélé
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Mady Cissoko
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lassana Doumbia
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Aïssata Koné
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée (LBMA), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Badalabougou, Bamako BP 423, Mali;
| | - Mahamadou H. Magassa
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Bamako BP 233, Mali; (M.C.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Maissane Mehadji
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako BP 1805, Mali;
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU), Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.D.); (A.Z.D.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
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Rahmasari R, Raekiansyah M, Aliyah SH, Yodi P, Baihaqy F, Irhamsyah M, Sari KCDP, Suryadi H, Moi ML, Sauriasari R. Development and validation of cost-effective SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR and its evaluation in a sample pooling strategy for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Indonesian setting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1817. [PMID: 38245603 PMCID: PMC10799953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A low-cost SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR method to detect SARS-CoV-2 were developed and validated. Primers targeting a conserved and vital region of the N genes of SARS-CoV-2 were designed. In-silico study was performed to analyse the compatibility of the selected primer pair with Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences available from the GISAID database. We determined the linearity of our new assay using serial dilution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from clinical samples with known virus concentration. The assay was then evaluated using clinically relevant samples in comparison to a commercial TaqMan-based test kit. Finally, we applied the assay in sample pooling strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR method was successfully developed with sufficient sensitivity. There is a very low prevalence of genome variation in the selected N primer binding regions, indicating their high conservation. The validation of the assay using clinical samples demonstrated similar performance to the TaqMan method suggesting the SYBR methods is reliable. The pooling strategy by combining 5 RNA samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection using the SYBR RT-qPCR methods is feasible and provides a high diagnostic yield. However, when dealing with samples having a very low viral load, it may increase the risk of missing positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Rahmasari
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia.
| | | | - Siti Hana Aliyah
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Priska Yodi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fathan Baihaqy
- Helix Laboratory & Clinic, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences & Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Herman Suryadi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rani Sauriasari
- Clinical Pharmacy and Social Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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Hossain MS, Matin MA, Ferdous NEN, Hasan A, Sazed SA, Neogi AK, Chakma S, Islam MA, Khan AA, Haque ME, Islam S, Islam MN, Khan WA, Islam MA, Haque R, Alam MS. Adherence to Anti-Malarial Treatment in Malaria Endemic Areas of Bangladesh. Pathogens 2023; 12:1392. [PMID: 38133277 PMCID: PMC10745796 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring adherence to antimalarial treatment is crucial for achieving a radical cure and elimination of malaria, especially in hard-to-reach areas. We conducted this study to assess the current scenario of drug adherence in four endemic sub-districts of Bangladesh. Among 110 enrolled participants, 70% were mono-infected with Plasmodium falciparum and the remaining 30% with P. vivax. The overall treatment adherence frequency was 92.7% (95% CI: 83.0-96.3%). A total of eight participants were found to be nonadherent to treatment and all of them were from Bandarban. Level of nonadherence was equally observed in two age groups: 11-17 and 18+ years. However, male participants (n = 6) were found to be more nonadherent than females (n = 2). Among 7.3% with nonadherence to treatment, a single participant with P. falciparum mono-infection refused to take medication and became nonadherent. Remaining participants stated that they were feeling well and going to work, thus leaving treatment course uncompleted. Although overall compliance with malaria medication seems good, a gradual increase in noncompliance to P. vivax malaria treatment suggests that the National Malaria Elimination Program must be enhanced and monitored to fulfil the projected malaria elimination goal before 2030 from Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sharif Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Mohammad Abdul Matin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Nur-E Naznin Ferdous
- Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Health Programme, BRAC, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (A.K.N.)
| | - Anamul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Saiful Arefeen Sazed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Amit Kumer Neogi
- Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Health Programme, BRAC, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (A.K.N.)
| | - Sumit Chakma
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Md. Atiqul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Afsana Alamgir Khan
- Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (M.N.I.)
| | - Md. Ekramul Haque
- Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (M.N.I.)
| | - Shayla Islam
- Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Health Programme, BRAC, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (A.K.N.)
| | - Md. Nazmul Islam
- Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (M.N.I.)
| | - Wasif Ali Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Md. Akramul Islam
- Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Health Programme, BRAC, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh (A.K.N.)
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.S.H.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.I.); (W.A.K.); (R.H.)
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Zhang Y, Ke L, Sun T, Liu Y, Wei B, Du M. Rapid Detection of Malaria Based on Hairpin-Mediated Amplification and Lateral Flow Detection. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1917. [PMID: 37893354 PMCID: PMC10609466 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is listed as one of the three most hazardous infectious diseases worldwide. Travelers and migrants passing through exit and entry ports are important sources of malaria pandemics globally. Developing accurate and rapid detection technology for malaria is important. Here, a novel hairpin-mediated amplification (HMA) technique was proposed for the detection of four Plasmodium species, including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Based on the conserved nucleotide sequence of Plasmodium, specific primers and probes were designed for the HMA process, and the amplicon can be detected using lateral flow detection (LFD); the results can be read visually without specialized equipment. The specificity of HMA-LFD was evaluated using nucleic acids extracted from four different Plasmodium species and two virus species. The sensitivity of HMA-LFD was valued using 10× serial dilutions of plasmid containing the template sequence. Moreover, 78 blood samples were collected to compare HMA-LFD and qPCR. The HMA-LFD results were all positive for four different Plasmodium species and negative for the other two virus species. The sensitivity of HMA-LFD was tested to be near five copies/μL. The analysis of clinical samples indicated that the consistency of HMA-LFD and qPCR was approximately 96.15%. Based on these results, the HMA-LFD assay was demonstrated to be a rapid, sensitive, and specific technique for the detection of Plasmodium and has great advantages for on-site detection in low-resource areas and exit and entry ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Comprehensive Technical Service Center of Xuzhou Customs, Xuzhou Customs, Xuzhou 221000, China;
| | - Lihui Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China;
| | - Tao Sun
- Nanjing Customs, Nanjing 210001, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Health and Quarantine, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing 210001, China;
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China;
| | - Minghua Du
- Department of Emergency, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Kim YJ, Shin JS, Lee KW, Eom HJ, Jo BG, Lee JW, Kim JH, Kim SY, Kang JH, Choi JW. Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Plasmodium vivax Lactate Dehydrogenase from Bacteria without Codon Optimization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11083. [PMID: 37446261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread cause of malaria, especially in subtropical and temperate regions such as Asia-Pacific and America. P. vivax lactate dehydrogenase (PvLDH), an essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, is required for the development and reproduction of the parasite. Thus, LDH from these parasites has garnered attention as a diagnostic biomarker for malaria and as a potential molecular target for developing antimalarial drugs. In this study, we prepared a transformed Escherichia coli strain for the overexpression of PvLDH without codon optimization. We introduced this recombinant plasmid DNA prepared by insertion of the PvLDH gene in the pET-21a(+) expression vector, into the Rosetta(DE3), an E. coli strain suitable for eukaryotic protein expression. The time, temperature, and inducer concentration for PvLDH expression from this E. coli Rosetta(DE3), containing the original PvLDH gene, were optimized. We obtained PvLDH with a 31.0 mg/L yield and high purity (>95%) from this Rosetta(DE3) strain. The purified protein was characterized structurally and functionally. The PvLDH expressed and purified from transformed bacteria without codon optimization was successfully demonstrated to exhibit its potential tetramer structure and enzyme activity. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights for research on infectious diseases, metabolism, diagnostics, and therapeutics for malaria caused by P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gwan Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
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Juthi RT, Sazed SA, Zamil MF, Alam MS. Clinical Evaluation of Three Commercial RT-PCR Kits for Routine COVID-19 Diagnosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:1389. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the multiple ways to diagnose coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) remains the reference gold standard, providing fast and accurate results. This study evaluated and compared the performance of three commercially available COVID-19 RT-PCR kits-Aridia® COVID-19 Real-Time PCR Test (CTK Biotech, Inc., Poway, CA, USA), Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nucleic Acid Detection Kit (Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, China) and AllplexTM 2019-nCoV assay (Seegene Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A total of 326 clinically suspected patients were enrolled for the study, and among them, 209 were diagnosed as positive and 117 as negative when tested with the reference method, US CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel. The Aridia® kit showed total agreement with the reference test, with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 98.25% to 100.0%) and a specificity of 100% (96.90% to 100.00%). The AllplexTM kit also showed 100% specificity (95% CI: 96.90% to 100.00%), but a lower sensitivity (98.09%, 95% CI: 95.17% to 99.48%). Among the three kits, the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nucleic Acid Detection Kit showed the worst performance, with a sensitivity of 98.6% (95% CI: 95.9% to 99.7%) and a specificity of 95.73, 95% (CI: 90.31% to 98.60%). While all these kits conform to the requirement for routine molecular diagnosis with high performances, the Aridia® COVID-19 Real-Time PCR Test showed the best performance among the three kits.
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Fontecha G, Escobar D, Ortiz B, Pinto A, Serrano D, Valdivia HO. Field Evaluation of a Hemozoin-Based Malaria Diagnostic Device in Puerto Lempira, Honduras. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1206. [PMID: 35626361 PMCID: PMC9140950 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of malaria in Honduras is based mainly on microscopic observation of the parasite in thick smears or the detection of parasite antigens through rapid diagnostic tests when microscopy is not available. The specific treatment of the disease depends exclusively on the positive result of one of these tests. Given the low sensitivity of conventional methods, new diagnostic approaches are needed. This study evaluates the in-field performance of a device (Gazelle™) based on the detection of hemozoin. This was a double-blind study evaluating symptomatic individuals with suspected malaria in the department of Gracias a Dios, Honduras, using blood samples collected from 2021 to 2022. The diagnostic performance of Gazelle™ was compared with microscopy and nested 18ssr PCR as references. The sensitivity and specificity of Gazelle™ were 59.7% and 98.6%, respectively, while microscopy had a sensitivity of 64.9% and a specificity of 100%. The kappa index between microscopy and Gazelle™ was 0.9216 using microscopy as a reference. Both methods show similar effectiveness and predictive values. No statistical differences were observed between the results of the Gazelle™ compared to light microscopy (p = 0.6831). The turnaround time was shorter for Gazelle™ than for microscopy, but the cost per sample was slightly higher for Gazelle™. Gazelle™ showed more false-negative cases when infections were caused by Plasmodium falciparum compared to P. vivax. Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of Gazelle™ are comparable to microscopy. The simplicity and ease of use of the Gazelle™, the ability to run on batteries, and the immediacy of its results make it a valuable tool for malaria detection in the field. However, further development is required to differentiate Plasmodium species, especially in those regions requiring differentiated treatment.
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Brilhante-da-Silva N, do Nascimento Martinez L, de Oliveira Sousa RM, dos Santos Pereira S, Teles CBG. Innovations in Plasmodium spp . diagnosis on diverse detection platforms. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:505. [PMID: 34881167 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, 229 million cases of malaria were recorded worldwide. For epidemiologic surveillance and proper treatment of persons infected with Plasmodium spp., rapid detection of infections by Plasmodium spp. is critical. Thus, Plasmodium spp. diagnosis is one of the indispensable measures for malaria control. Although microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis, it has restrictions related mainly to the lack of qualified human resources, which is a problem in many regions. Thus, this review presents major innovations in diagnostic methods as alternatives to or complementary to microscopy. Detection platforms in lateral flow systems, electrochemical immunosensors, molecular biology and, more recently, those integrated with smartphones, are highlighted, among others. The advanced improvement of these tests aims to provide techniques that are sensitive and specific, but also quick, easy to handle and free from the laboratory environment. In this way, the tracking of malaria cases can become increasingly effective and contribute to controlling the disease.
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