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Frantzi M, Culig Z, Heidegger I, Mokou M, Latosinska A, Roesch MC, Merseburger AS, Makridakis M, Vlahou A, Blanca-Pedregosa A, Carrasco-Valiente J, Mischak H, Gomez-Gomez E. Mass Spectrometry-Based Biomarkers to Detect Prostate Cancer: A Multicentric Study Based on Non-Invasive Urine Collection without Prior Digital Rectal Examination. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041166. [PMID: 36831508 PMCID: PMC9954607 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. Wide application of prostate specific antigen test has historically led to over-treatment, starting from excessive biopsies. Risk calculators based on molecular and clinical variables can be of value to determine the risk of PCa and as such, reduce unnecessary and invasive biopsies. Urinary molecular studies have been mostly focusing on sampling after initial intervention (digital rectal examination and/or prostate massage). (2) Methods: Building on previous proteomics studies, in this manuscript, we aimed at developing a biomarker model for PCa detection based on urine sampling without prior intervention. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry was applied to acquire proteomics profiles from 970 patients from two different clinical centers. (3) Results: A case-control comparison was performed in a training set of 413 patients and 181 significant peptides were subsequently combined by a support vector machine algorithm. Independent validation was initially performed in 272 negative for PCa and 138 biopsy-confirmed PCa, resulting in an AUC of 0.81, outperforming current standards, while a second validation phase included 147 PCa patients. (4) Conclusions: This multi-dimensional biomarker model holds promise to improve the current diagnosis of PCa, by guiding invasive biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frantzi
- Department of Biomarker Research, Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-5547-4429
| | - Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Experimental Urology Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marika Mokou
- Department of Biomarker Research, Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Latosinska
- Department of Biomarker Research, Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie C. Roesch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Axel S. Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Blanca-Pedregosa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Department of Urology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Julia Carrasco-Valiente
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Department of Urology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Harald Mischak
- Department of Biomarker Research, Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Enrique Gomez-Gomez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Department of Urology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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Correnti S, Preianò M, Murfone P, Fregola A, Bitonti M, Savino R, Terracciano R. Revealing the Hidden Diagnostic Clues of Male Infertility from Human Seminal Plasma by Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction and MALDI-TOF MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10786. [PMID: 36142695 PMCID: PMC9506103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma (SP) mirrors the local pathophysiology of the male reproductive system and represents a non-invasive fluid for the study of infertility. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) provides a high-throughput platform to rapidly extrapolate the diagnostic profiles of information-rich patterns. In this study, dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) combined with MALDI-TOF-MS was applied for the first time to the human SP, with the aim of revealing a diagnostic signature for male infertility. Commercially available octadecyl (C18)-, octyl (C8)-bonded silica sorbents and hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) were tested and the robustness of MALDI-TOF peptide profiling was evaluated. Best performances were obtained for C18-bonded silica with the highest detection of peaks and the lowest variation of spectral features. To assess the diagnostic potential of the method, C18-bonded silica d-SPE and MALDI-TOF-MS were used to generate enriched endogenous peptide profiles of SP from 15 fertile and 15 non-fertile donors. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully separated fertile from non-fertile men into two different clusters. An array of seven semenogelin-derived peptides was found to distinguish the two groups, with high statistical significance. These findings, while providing a rapid and convenient route to selectively enrich native components of SP peptidome, strongly reinforce the prominent role of semenogelins in male infertility.
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Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are critical regulators of the tumour microenvironment. KLKs are proteolytic enzymes regulating multiple functions of bioactive molecules including hormones and growth factors, membrane receptors and the extracellular matrix architecture involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Perturbations of the proteolytic cascade generated by these peptidases, and their downstream signalling actions, underlie tumour emergence or blockade of tumour growth. Recent studies have also revealed their role in tumour immune suppression and resistance to cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the KLK family and its context-dependent nature in cancer, and discuss the different therapeutic strategies available to potentially target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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Zhang X, Zheng Q, Wang Z, Xu C, Han H, Li A, Ma G, Li J, Lu C, Chen H, Zhang Z. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tumor Cell Invasion Using Au Clusters. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 12:145. [PMID: 35010094 PMCID: PMC8746878 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor invasion/metastasis is still the major cause of death in cancer patients. Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is directly related to tumor invasion/metastasis. To accurately and quickly distinguish the risk of invasion/metastasis of primary tumor cells, it is urgent to develop a simple and precise quantitative method to distinguish the expression level of MT1-MMP. In this work, we have constructed red fluorescent Au clusters with peroxidase-like properties that could specifically bind to MT1-MMP on human cervical cancer cells. After MT1-MMP was labelled with Au clusters, we could visually see red fluorescence of MT1-MMP on cervical cancer cells via fluorescence microscopy and catalytic color imaging using an ordinary optical microscope. The constructed Au clusters contained 26 Au atoms; thus, the amount of MT1-MMP on cervical cancer cells could be accurately quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). More importantly, the invasion/metastasis capabilities of the cervical cancer Siha, Caski and Hela cells with different MT1-MMP amounts could be accurately distinguished by fluorescence/catalysis qualitative imaging and ICP-MS quantitative analysis. This method of qualitative/quantitative analysis of tumor-associated proteins on cancer cells has great potential for accurately diagnosing aggressive tumor cells and assessment of their invasion/metastasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Qinqin Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Haolei Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Aiping Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Guicen Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (X.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.H.); (A.L.); (G.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ferrara F, Zoupanou S, Primiceri E, Ali Z, Chiriacò MS. Beyond liquid biopsy: Toward non-invasive assays for distanced cancer diagnostics in pandemics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113698. [PMID: 34688113 PMCID: PMC8527216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy technologies have seen a significant improvement in the last decade, offering the possibility of reliable analysis and diagnosis from several biological fluids. The use of these technologies can overcome the limits of standard clinical methods, related to invasiveness and poor patient compliance. Along with this there are now mature examples of lab-on-chips (LOC) which are available and could be an emerging and breakthrough technology for the present and near-future clinical demands that provide sample treatment, reagent addition and analysis in a sample-in/answer-out approach. The possibility of combining non-invasive liquid biopsy and LOC technologies could greatly assist in the current need for minimizing exposure and transmission risks. The recent and ongoing pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, indeed, has heavily influenced all aspects of life worldwide. Ordinary tasks have been forced to switch from “in presence” to “distanced”, limiting the possibilities for a large number of activities in all fields of life outside of the home. Unfortunately, one of the settings in which physical distancing has assumed noteworthy consequences is the screening, diagnosis and follow-up of diseases. In this review, we analyse biological fluids that are easily collected without the intervention of specialized personnel and the possibility that they may be used -or not-for innovative diagnostic assays. We consider their advantages and limitations, mainly due to stability and storage and their integration into Point-of-Care diagnostics, demonstrating that technologies in some cases are mature enough to meet current clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrara
- STMicroelectronics s.r.l., via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Sofia Zoupanou
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; University of Salento, Dept. of Mathematics & Physics E. de Giorgi, Via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Primiceri
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Zulfiqur Ali
- University of Teesside, School of Health & Life Sciences, Healthcare Innovation Centre, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, Tees Valley, England, UK
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Abstract
Docetaxel resistance is one of the major obstacles that undermine the treatment outcome of PCa. Exploring molecular mechanisms associated with docetaxel resistance could provide insights into the formulation of novel strategies enhancing the efficacy of PCa treatment. Ladinin-1 (LAD1) is an anchoring filament protein in basement membranes, which contributes to the association of the epithelial cells with the underlying mesenchyme. LAD1 has been implicated in the progression of different cancers. However, its role in PCa remains to be investigated. In the present study, we found that LAD1 was highly expressed in docetaxel-resistant PCa cells, while its expression was significantly suppressed in tumor samples after docetaxel treatment. Moreover, the expression level of LAD1 in PCa tissues was significantly higher than that of normal tissue, and high expression level of LAD1 was significantly associated with adverse outcomes of PCa patients. Finally, high expression of LAD1 in PCa tissue was also correlated with the expression level of genes involving in tumor cell proliferation and invasive behaviors. Collectively, our data suggest that LAD1 may serve as a potential prognostic factor in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Chong Tie
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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Binder MJ, Ward AC. The Role of the Metzincin Superfamily in Prostate Cancer Progression: A Systematic-Like Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3608. [PMID: 33808504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity in men. Potentially important regulators of prostate cancer progression are members of the metzincin superfamily of proteases, principally through their regulation of the extracellular matrix. It is therefore timely to review the role of the metzincin superfamily in prostate cancer and its progression to better understand their involvement in this disease. A systematic-like search strategy was conducted. Articles that investigated the roles of members of the metzincin superfamily and their key regulators in prostate cancer were included. The extracted articles were synthesized and data presented in tabular and narrative forms. Two hundred and five studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 138 investigated the role of the Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) subgroup, 34 the Membrane-Tethered Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) subgroup, 22 the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) subgroup, 8 the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS) subgroup and 53 the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMP) family of regulators, noting that several studies investigated multiple family members. There was clear evidence that specific members of the metzincin superfamily are involved in prostate cancer progression, which can be either in a positive or negative manner. However, further understanding of their mechanisms of action and how they may be used as prognostic indicators or molecular targets is required.
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Huang GZ, Wu QQ, Zheng ZN, Shao TR, Lv XZ. Identification of Candidate Biomarkers and Analysis of Prognostic Values in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1054. [PMID: 31681590 PMCID: PMC6813197 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cancer with a poor prognosis owing to limited understanding of the disease mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore and identify the potential biomarkers in OSCC by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Materials and Methods: Expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) were subsequently identified in OSCC by bioinformatics analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used to analyze DERNAs. Then, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed in Cytoscape and the protein -protein interaction (PPI) network was established in the STRING database. We established a risk model to predict the overall survival of OSCC on the basis of DElncRNAs with Kaplan–Meier analysis and combined with logrank p test. Furthermore, we identified potential biomarkers by combining univariate Cox regression with overall survival rate, which were then validated in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), OSCC cell lines and OSCC specimens. Results: A total of 1,919 DEmRNAs, 286 DElncRNAs and 111 DEmiRNAs were found to be dysregulated in OSCC. A ceRNA network included 46 DElncRNAs,7 DEmiRNAs and 10 DEmRNAs, and the PPI network included 712 DEmRNAs including 31 hub genes. Moreover, a 7 lncRNAs risk model was established and four genes (CMA1, GNA14, HCG22, HOTTIP) were identified as biomarkers on overall survival in patients with OSCC. Conclusions: This study successfully constructed a ceRNA network and a PPI network which play a crucial role in OSCC. A risk model was established to predict the prognosis, and four DERNAs are revealed with overall survival in patients with OSCC, suggesting that they may be potential biomarkers in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhao Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Nan Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ru Shao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Lv
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Roy R, Morad G, Jedinak A, Moses MA. Metalloproteinases and their roles in human cancer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1557-1572. [PMID: 31168956 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely appreciated that members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes play a key role in cancer development and progression along with many of the hallmarks associated with them. The activity of these enzymes has been directly implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling, the processing of growth factors and receptors, the modulation of cell migration, proliferation, and invasion, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, the regulation of immune responses, and the control of angiogenesis. Certain MMP family members have been validated as biomarkers of a variety of human cancers including those of the breast, brain, pancreas, prostate, ovary, and others. The related metalloproteinases, the A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), share a number of these functions as well. Here, we explore these essential metalloproteinases and some of their disease-associated activities in detail as well as some of their complementary translational potential. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopali Roy
- The Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Golnaz Morad
- The Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrej Jedinak
- The Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marsha A Moses
- The Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Stephan C, Jung K. Advances in Biomarkers for PCa Diagnostics and Prognostics-A Way towards Personalized Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102193. [PMID: 29053613 PMCID: PMC5666874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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