1
|
Driscoll CL, Keeble AH, Howarth MR. SpyMask enables combinatorial assembly of bispecific binders. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2403. [PMID: 38493197 PMCID: PMC10944524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are a successful and expanding therapeutic class. Standard approaches to generate bispecifics are complicated by the need for disulfide reduction/oxidation or specialized formats. Here we present SpyMask, a modular approach to bispecifics using SpyTag/SpyCatcher spontaneous amidation. Two SpyTag-fused antigen-binding modules can be precisely conjugated onto DoubleCatcher, a tandem SpyCatcher where the second SpyCatcher is protease-activatable. We engineer a panel of structurally-distinct DoubleCatchers, from which binders project in different directions. We establish a generalized methodology for one-pot assembly and purification of bispecifics in 96-well plates. A panel of binders recognizing different HER2 epitopes were coupled to DoubleCatcher, revealing unexpected combinations with anti-proliferative or pro-proliferative activity on HER2-addicted cancer cells. Bispecific activity depended sensitively on both binder orientation and DoubleCatcher scaffold geometry. These findings support the need for straightforward assembly in different formats. SpyMask provides a scalable tool to discover synergy in bispecific activity, through modulating receptor organization and geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Driscoll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Anthony H Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Mark R Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barron N, Dickgiesser S, Fleischer M, Bachmann AN, Klewinghaus D, Hannewald J, Ciesielski E, Kusters I, Hammann T, Krause V, Fuchs SW, Siegmund V, Gross AW, Mueller-Pompalla D, Krah S, Zielonka S, Doerner A. A Generic Approach for Miniaturized Unbiased High-Throughput Screens of Bispecific Antibodies and Biparatopic Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2097. [PMID: 38396776 PMCID: PMC10889805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The toolbox of modern antibody engineering allows the design of versatile novel functionalities exceeding nature's repertoire. Many bispecific antibodies comprise heterodimeric Fc portions recently validated through the approval of several bispecific biotherapeutics. While heterodimerization methodologies have been established for low-throughput large-scale production, few approaches exist to overcome the bottleneck of large combinatorial screening efforts that are essential for the identification of the best possible bispecific antibody. This report presents a novel, robust and miniaturized heterodimerization process based on controlled Fab-arm exchange (cFAE), which is applicable to a variety of heterodimeric formats and compatible with automated high-throughput screens. Proof of applicability was shown for two therapeutic molecule classes and two relevant functional screening read-outs. First, the miniaturized production of biparatopic anti-c-MET antibody-drug conjugates served as a proof of concept for their applicability in cytotoxic screenings on tumor cells with different target expression levels. Second, the automated workflow enabled a large unbiased combinatorial screening of biparatopic antibodies and the identification of hits mediating potent c-MET degradation. The presented workflow utilizes standard equipment and may serve as a facile, efficient and robust method for the discovery of innovative therapeutic agents in many laboratories worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Barron
- Protein and Cell Sciences, EMD Serono, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Stephan Dickgiesser
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Fleischer
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Klewinghaus
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Hannewald
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elke Ciesielski
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ilja Kusters
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, EMD Serono, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Til Hammann
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker Krause
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Siegmund
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alec W. Gross
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, EMD Serono, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Dirk Mueller-Pompalla
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are artificial antibodies with two distinct antigen-binding sites that can bind to different antigens or different epitopes on the same antigen. Based on a variety of technology platforms currently developed, bsAbs can exhibit different formats and mechanisms of action. The upgrading of antibody technology has promoted the development of bsAbs, which has been effectively used in the treatment of tumors. So far, 7 bsAbs have been approved for marketing in the world, and more than 200 bsAbs are in clinical and preclinical research stages. Here, we summarize the development process of bsAbs, application in tumor treatment and look forward to the challenges in future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Kang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tonglin Sun
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tommy Gambles M, Li J, Christopher Radford D, Sborov D, Shami P, Yang J, Kopeček J. Simultaneous crosslinking of CD20 and CD38 receptors by drug-free macromolecular therapeutics enhances B cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2022; 350:584-599. [PMID: 36037975 PMCID: PMC9561060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics (DFMT) is a new paradigm in macromolecular therapeutics that induces apoptosis in target cells by crosslinking receptors without the need of low molecular weight drugs. Programmed cell death is initiated via a biomimetic receptor crosslinking strategy using a two-step approach: i) recognition of cell surface antigen by a morpholino oligonucleotide-modified antibody Fab' fragment (Fab'-MORF1), ii) followed by crosslinking with a multivalent effector motif - human serum albumin (HSA) grafted with multiple complementary morpholino oligonucleotides (HSA-(MORF2)x). This approach is effective in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo on cells from patients diagnosed with various B cell malignancies. We have previously demonstrated DFMT can be applied to crosslink CD20 and CD38 receptors to successfully initiate apoptosis. Herein, we show simultaneous engagement, and subsequent crosslinking of both targets ("heteroreceptor crosslinking"), can further enhance the apoptosis induction capacity of this system. To accomplish this, we incubated Raji (CD20+; CD38+) cells simultaneously with anti-CD20 and anti-CD38 Fab'-MORF1 conjugates, followed by addition of the macromolecular crosslinker, HSA-(MORF2)x to co-cluster the bound receptors. Fab' fragments from Rituximab and Obinutuzumab were employed in the synthesis of anti-CD20 bispecific engagers (Fab'RTX-MORF1 and Fab'OBN-MORF1), whereas Fab' fragments from Daratumumab and Isatuximab (Fab'DARA-MORF1 and Fab'ISA-MORF1) targeted CD38. All heteroreceptor crosslinking DFMT combinations demonstrated potent apoptosis induction and exhibited synergistic effects as determined by Chou-Talalay combination index studies (CI < 1). In vitro fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments confirmed the co-clustering of the two receptors on the cell surface in response to the combination treatment. The source of this synergistic therapeutic effect was further explored by evaluating the effect of combination DFMT on key apoptosis signaling events such as mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, lysosomal enlargement, and homotypic cell adhesion. Finally, a xenograft mouse model of CD20+/CD38+ Non Hodgkin lymphoma was employed to demonstrate in vivo the enhanced efficacy of the heteroreceptor-crosslinking DFMT design versus single-target systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiahui Li
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D Christopher Radford
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas Sborov
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Paul Shami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schindler C, Faust C, Sjuts H, Lange C, Kühn J, Dittrich W, Leuschner WD, Schiebler W, Hofmann J, Rao E, Langer T. A multivalent antibody assembled from different building blocks using tag/catcher systems: a case study. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:6826492. [PMID: 36373216 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of therapeutic antibodies and, especially bi- or multispecific antibodies, is growing rapidly. Especially for treating cancers, multispecific antibodies are very promising, as there are multiple pathways involved and multispecific antibodies offer the possibility to interfere at two or more sites. Besides being used as therapeutic, multispecific antibodies can be helpful tools in basic research. However, the design and choice of the most appropriate multispecific antibody format are far from trivial. The generation of multispecific antibodies starts with the generation of antibodies directed against the desired targets and then combining the different antigen-binding sites in one molecule. This is a time-consuming and laborious approach since the most suitable geometry cannot be predicted. The SpyTag technology is based on a split-protein system, where a small peptide of said protein, the SpyTag, can bind to the remaining protein, the SpyCatcher. An irreversible isopeptide bond between the SpyTag and the SpyCatcher is formed. A related Tag-Catcher system is the SnoopTag-SnoopCatcher. These systems offer the opportunity to separately produce proteins fused to the tag-peptides and to the catcher-domains and assemble them in vitro. Our goal was to design and produce different antibody fragments, Fab domains and Fc-containing domains, with different tags and/or catchers as building blocks for the assembly of different multivalent antibodies. We have shown that large multivalent antibodies consisting of up to seven building blocks can be prepared. Binding experiments demonstrated that all binding sites in such a large molecule retained their accessibility to their corresponding antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Schindler
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany.,Lonza AG, QC Biologics, Lonzastraße, 3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Christine Faust
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Hanno Sjuts
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kühn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Werner Dittrich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Wulf Dirk Leuschner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Werner Schiebler
- Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, Building B845, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Joachim Hofmann
- Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, Building B845, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zong H, Han L, Chen J, Pan Z, Wang L, Sun R, Ding K, Xie Y, Jiang H, Lu H, Gilly J, Zhang B, Zhu J. Kinetics study of the natural split Npu DnaE intein in the generation of bispecific IgG antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:161-171. [PMID: 34882254 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient bispecific antibody (BsAb) production for industrial applications is still facing many challenges. We reported a technology platform for generating bispecific IgG antibodies, "Bispecific Antibody by Protein Trans-splicing (BAPTS)." While the "BAPTS" method has shown potential in high-throughput screening of BsAbs, further understanding and optimizing the methodology is desirable. A large number of BsAbs were selected to illustrate the conversion efficiency and kinetics parameters. The temperature of reaction makes no significant influence in conversion efficiency, which can reach more than 70% within 2 h, and CD3 × HER2 BsAb can reach 90%. By fitting trans-splicing reaction to single-component exponential decay curves, the apparent first-order rate constants at a series of temperatures were determined. The rate constant ranges from 0.02 to 0.11 min-1 at 37 °C, which is a high rate reported for the protein trans-splicing reaction (PTS). The reaction process is activated rapidly with activation energy of 8.9 kcal·mol-1 (CD3 × HER2) and 5.2 kcal·mol-1 (CD3 × EGFR). The BsAbs generated by "BAPTS" technology not only had the similar post-translation modifications to the parental antibodies, but also demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo bioactivity. The kinetics parameters and activation energy of the reaction illustrate feasible for high-throughput screening and industrial applications using the "BAPTS" approach. KEY POINTS: • The trans-splicing reaction of Npu DnaE intein in "BAPTS" platform is a rapid process with low reaction activation and high rate. • The BsAb generated by "BAPTS" remained effective in tumor cell killing. • The kinetics parameters and activation energy of the reaction illustrate feasible for high-throughput screening and industrial applications using the "BAPTS" approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zong
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Han
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidi Pan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.,Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - John Gilly
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China. .,Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Furtmann N, Schneider M, Spindler N, Steinmann B, Li Z, Focken I, Meyer J, Dimova D, Kroll K, Leuschner WD, Debeaumont A, Mathieu M, Lange C, Dittrich W, Kruip J, Schmidt T, Birkenfeld J. An end-to-end automated platform process for high-throughput engineering of next-generation multi-specific antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2021; 13:1955433. [PMID: 34382900 PMCID: PMC8366542 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1955433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation multi-specific antibody therapeutics (MSATs) are engineered to combine several functional activities into one molecule to provide higher efficacy compared to conventional, mono-specific antibody therapeutics. However, highly engineered MSATs frequently display poor yields and less favorable drug-like properties (DLPs), which can adversely affect their development. Systematic screening of a large panel of MSAT variants in very high throughput (HT) is thus critical to identify potent molecule candidates with good yield and DLPs early in the discovery process. Here we report on the establishment of a novel, format-agnostic platform process for the fast generation and multiparametric screening of tens of thousands of MSAT variants. To this end, we have introduced full automation across the entire value chain for MSAT engineering. Specifically, we have automated the in-silico design of very large MSAT panels such that it reflects precisely the wet-lab processes for MSAT DNA library generation. This includes mass saturation mutagenesis or bulk modular cloning technologies while, concomitantly, enabling library deconvolution approaches using HT Sanger DNA sequencing. These DNA workflows are tightly linked to fully automated downstream processes for compartmentalized mammalian cell transfection expression, and screening of multiple parameters. All sub-processes are seamlessly integrated with tailored workflow supporting bioinformatics. As described here, we used this platform to perform multifactor optimization of a next-generation bispecific, cross-over dual variable domain-Ig (CODV-Ig). Screening of more than 25,000 individual protein variants in mono- and bispecific format led to the identification of CODV-Ig variants with over 1,000-fold increased potency and significantly optimized production titers, demonstrating the power and versatility of the platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Furtmann
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Marion Schneider
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Spindler
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Bjoern Steinmann
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ingo Focken
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Meyer
- Digital R&D, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Dilyana Dimova
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Kroll
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Wulf Dirk Leuschner
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Audrey Debeaumont
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Magali Mathieu
- R&D Integrated Drug Discovery France, Sanofi, Vitry Sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Christian Lange
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Dittrich
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Kruip
- IA Specialty Care Digital Innovation Biologics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schmidt
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Joerg Birkenfeld
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|