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Gallego-Yerga L, Ceña V, Peláez R. Potent and Selective Benzothiazole-Based Antimitotics with Improved Water Solubility: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation as Novel Anticancer Agents. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1698. [PMID: 37376146 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of colchicine site ligands on tubulin has proven to be a successful strategy to develop potent antiproliferative drugs against cancer cells. However, the structural requirements of the binding site endow the ligands with low aqueous solubility. In this work, the benzothiazole scaffold is used to design, synthesize, and evaluate a new family of colchicine site ligands exhibiting high water solubility. The compounds exerted antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines, due to tubulin polymerization inhibition, showing high selectivity toward cancer cells in comparison with non-tumoral HEK-293 cells, as evidenced by MTT and LDH assays. The most potent derivatives, containing a pyridine moiety and ethylurea or formamide functionalities, displayed IC50 values in the nanomolar range even in the difficult-to-treat glioblastoma cells. Flow cytometry experiments on HeLa, MCF7, and U87MG cells showed that they arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M phases at an early time point (24 h), followed by apoptotic cell death 72 h after the treatment. Tubulin binding was confirmed by microtubule network disruption observed via confocal microscopy. Docking studies support favorable interaction of the synthesized ligands at the colchicine binding site. These results validate the proposed strategy to develop potent anticancer colchicine ligands with improved water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallego-Yerga
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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González M, Ellahioui Y, Gallego L, Vicente-Blázquez A, Álvarez R, Medarde M, Peláez R. Novel amino analogs of the trimethoxyphenyl ring in potent colchicine site ligands improve solubility by the masked polar group incorporation (MPGI) strategy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106282. [PMID: 36459777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The low aqueous solubility of colchicine site antimitotic agents, of which the trimethoxyphenyl (A ring) is a heavy contributor, is a serious drawback in their clinical development. We have designed new A ring analogs with chameleonic masked polar amino groups able to increase aqueous solubility and also behave as non-polar through intramolecular hydrogen bonds when bound to tubulin. We have incorporated these new A rings in several scaffolds (sulfonamides, combretastatins, phenstatins, isocombretastatins), synthesized, and assayed 43 representatives. The amino analogs show improved aqueous solubility and some of them (8, 60Z, and 67) nanomolar anti-proliferative potencies against human cancer cell lines, with the most favorable substituent being a 3-methylamino group. The antiproliferative effect relates to tubulin inhibition as shown by in vitro tubulin polymerization inhibition, immunofluorescence microscopy, and cell cycle and apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry. The compounds arrest the cell cycle of treated cells in G2/M and later develop an apoptotic response. Docking studies suggested binding at the colchicine site of tubulin with good agreement with the DFT models of the new structural variations made. The 3-methylamino-4,5‑dimethoxyphenyl moiety is an example of the masked polar group incorporation (MPGI) strategy for soluble ligands binding to hydrophobic sites and a good trimethoxyphenyl ring replacement for the development of new colchicine site ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Younes Ellahioui
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Gallego
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Jaragh-Alhadad LA, Ali MS, Moustafa MS, Harisa GI, Alanazi FK, Karnik S. Sulfonamide derivatives mediate breast and lung cancer cell line killing through tubulin inhibition. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ovejero-sánchez M, Asensio-juárez G, González M, Puebla P, Vicente-manzanares M, Pélaez R, González-sarmiento R, Herrero AB. Panobinostat Synergistically Enhances the Cytotoxicity of Microtubule Destabilizing Drugs in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13019. [PMID: 36361809 PMCID: PMC9657298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecologic neoplasia and has the highest mortality rate, which is mainly due to late-stage diagnosis and chemotherapy resistance. There is an urgent need to explore new and better therapeutic strategies. We have previously described a family of Microtubule Destabilizing Sulfonamides (MDS) that does not trigger multidrug-mediated resistance in OC cell lines. MDS bind to the colchicine site of tubulin, disrupting the microtubule network and causing antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects. In this work, a novel microtubule-destabilizing agent (PILA9) was synthetized and characterized. This compound also inhibited OC cell proliferation and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, PILA9 was significantly more cytotoxic than MDS. Here, we also analyzed the effect of these microtubule-destabilizing agents (MDA) in combination with Panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor. We found that Panobinostat synergistically enhanced MDA-cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, we observed that Panobinostat and MDA induced α-tubulin acetylation and that the combination of both agents enhanced this effect, which could be related to the observed synergy. Altogether, our results suggest that MDA/Panobinostat combinations could represent new therapeutic strategies against OC.
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Pal D, Song IH, Dashrath Warkad S, Song KS, Seong Yeom G, Saha S, Shinde PB, Balasaheb Nimse S. Indazole-based microtubule-targeting agents as potential candidates for anticancer drugs discovery. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105735. [PMID: 35298962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous research is focused on developing novel drug candidates targeting microtubules to inhibit their function in several cellular processes, including cell division. In this regard, several indazole derivatives were sought to target the colchicine binding site on the β-tubulin, a crucial protein required to form microtubules, to develop microtubule targeting agents. Even though there are several reviews on the indazole-based compounds, none of them focused on using indazole scaffold to develop microtubule targeting agents. Therefore, this review aims to present the advances in research on compounds containing indazole scaffolds as microtubule targeting agents based on the articles published in the last two decades. Among the articles reviewed, we found that compounds 6 and 7 showed the lowest IC50 values of 0.6 ∼ 0.9 nM in the cell line studies, making them the strongest indazole derivatives that target microtubules. The compounds 30, 31, 37 (IC50 = ∼ 1 nM) and compounds 8, 38 (IC50 = ∼ 2 nM) have proved to be potent microtubule inhibitors. The compounds 18, 31, 44, 45 also showed strong anticancer activity (IC50 = ∼ 8 nM). It is important to notice that except for compounds 9, 12, 13, 15, and SRF, the top activity compounds including 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 30, 31, 37, 44, and 45 contain 3,4,5‑trimethoxyphenyl substitution similar to that of colchicine. Therefore, it appears that the 3,4,5‑trimethoxyphenyl substituent on the indazole scaffold is crucial for targeting CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilipkumar Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Viswavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - In-Ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | | | - Keum-Soo Song
- Biometrix Technology, Inc., 2-2 Bio Venture Plaza 56, Chuncheon 24232, South Korea
| | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Supriyo Saha
- Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science and Research, India
| | - Pramod B Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea.
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Gallego-Yerga L, Ochoa R, Lans I, Peña-Varas C, Alegría-Arcos M, Cossio P, Ramírez D, Peláez R. Application of ensemble pharmacophore-based virtual screening to the discovery of novel antimitotic tubulin inhibitors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4360-4372. [PMID: 34429853 PMCID: PMC8365384 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin is a well-validated target for herbicides, fungicides, anti-parasitic, and anti-tumor drugs. Many of the non-cancer tubulin drugs bind to its colchicine site but no colchicine-site anticancer drug is available. The colchicine site is composed of three interconnected sub-pockets that fit their ligands and modify others' preference, making the design of molecular hybrids (that bind to more than one sub-pocket) a difficult task. Taking advantage of the more than eighty published X-ray structures of tubulin in complex with ligands bound to the colchicine site, we generated an ensemble of pharmacophore representations that flexibly sample the interactional space between the ligands and target. We searched the ZINC database for scaffolds able to fit several of the subpockets, such as tetrazoles, sulfonamides and diarylmethanes, selected roughly ~8000 compounds with favorable predicted properties. A Flexi-pharma virtual screening, based on ensemble pharmacophore, was performed by two different methodologies. Combining the scaffolds that best fit the ensemble pharmacophore-representation, we designed a new family of ligands, resulting in a novel tubulin modulator. We synthesized tetrazole 5 and tested it as a tubulin inhibitor in vitro. In good agreement with the design principles, it demonstrated micromolar activity against in vitro tubulin polymerization and nanomolar anti-proliferative effect against human epithelioid carcinoma HeLa cells through microtubule disruption, as shown by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The integrative methodology succedes in the design of new scaffolds for flexible proteins with structural coupling between pockets, thus expanding the way in which computational methods can be used as significant tools in the drug design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallego-Yerga
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ochoa
- Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Isaías Lans
- Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Peña-Varas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8900000, Chile
| | | | - Pilar Cossio
- Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellin, Colombia.,Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, NY, United States
| | - David Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8900000, Chile
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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González M, Ovejero-Sánchez M, Vicente-Blázquez A, Medarde M, González-Sarmiento R, Peláez R. Methoxy and bromo scans on N-(5-methoxyphenyl) methoxybenzenesulphonamides reveal potent cytotoxic compounds, especially against the human breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 cell line. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1029-1047. [PMID: 34107837 PMCID: PMC8205030 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1925265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty seven N-(5-methoxyphenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulphonamide with methoxy or/and bromo substitutions (series 1-4) and with different substituents on the sulphonamide nitrogen have been synthesised. 21 showed sub-micromolar cytotoxicity against HeLa and HT-29 human tumour cell lines, and were particularly effective against MCF7. The most potent series has 2,5-dimethoxyanilines, especially the 4-brominated compounds 23–25. The active compounds inhibit microtubular protein polymerisation at micromolar concentrations, thus pointing at tubulin as the target. Co-treatment with the MDR inhibitor verapamil suggests that they are not MDR substrates. Compound 25 showed nanomolar antiproliferative potency. It severely disrupts the microtubule network in cells and arrests cells at the G2/M cell-cycle phase, thus confirming tubulin targeting. 25 triggered apoptotic cell death, and induced autophagy. Docking studies suggest binding in a distinct way to the colchicine site. These compounds are promising new antitumor agents acting on tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratorio de Diagnóstico en Cáncer Hereditario, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratorio de Diagnóstico en Cáncer Hereditario, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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