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Wang C, Ji J, Jin Y, Sun Y, Cai Q, Jiang J, Guo L, Zhou C, Zhang J. Tumor-mesothelium HOXA11-PDGF BB/TGF β1-miR-181a-5p-Egr1 feedforward amplifier circuity propels mesothelial fibrosis and peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:171-188. [PMID: 37989866 PMCID: PMC10786717 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A proportion of gastric cancer (GC) patients suffer from peritoneal metastasis (PM) in the late stage of tumor and these patients have a poor prognosis. To provide more care for GC patient with PM, a deeper exploration of the molecular characteristics of GC-PM is needed. Here we performed the in vitro and in vivo study to illustrate the effect of HOXA11 over-expressed GC cells on peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMrSV5), transcriptomics analyses of HMrSV5 cells co-cultured with HOXA11 over-expressed GC cells, counterparts or alone, cytokine array analyses of serum-free culture medium of HOXA11 over-expressed GC cells, we validated our findings through genetic manipulation of HMrSV5 cells and neutralizing antibodies targeting cytokines secreted by HOXA11 over-expressed GC cells in vitro, as well as utilized human peritoneal metastatic lesions to validate expression of potential targets. We identified that HOXA11 over-expressed GC cells strongly propelled mesothelial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, and HOXA11 regulated paracrine and autocrine of PDGF BB and TGF β1 in GC cells to propel mesothelial fibrosis. Meanwhile, HOXA11 over-expressed GC cells drove PDGF BB and TGF β1 secretion to activate developmental-process related genes in HMrSV5 cells, including Egr1, which processes dependent on miR-181a-5p. Then, Egr1 could mediate peritoneal mesothelial fibrosis. Correspondingly, Egr1 over-expressed HMrSV5 cells supported migration and peritoneal dissemination of GC cells. Together our results suggest that a feedforward amplifier circuity governing GC cells and mesothelial cells in peritoneum contribute to peritoneal metastasis of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yangbing Jin
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qu Cai
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jinling Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liting Guo
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chenfei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Zhang X, Wang W, Lu C, Zhang H. KLF4 suppresses the proliferation of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by negatively regulating GDF15 and phosphorylating AKT. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:222. [PMID: 37937607 PMCID: PMC10652240 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel‑like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor which functions as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in numerous types of solid tumors. However, its expression levels and function in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, in order to investigate its roles in pCCA, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to detect KLF4 expression in pCCA. The Chi‑squared test was used to analyze the associations between KLF4 and the clinicopathological features of patients with pCCA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were subsequently used to analyze the prognostic significance of KLF4. The tumor suppression of KLF4 was investigated for the purposes of illustrating its biological function both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the association between KLF4 and growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was determined using pCCA tissue microarray (TMA) analysis and RT‑qPCR. The underlying molecular mechanisms between KLF4 and GDF15 were subsequently investigated in vitro. In pCCA tissues, KLF4 was found to be downregulated, and this was negatively associated with the histological grade and tumor size. The knockdown of KLF4 was also found to be a prognostic indicator of the poorer survival of patients with pCCA. Based on in vitro and in vivo analyses, KLF4 was found to suppress tumor progression and induce cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that KLF4 executed its tumor suppressive effects via the regulation of the GDF15/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrate that KLF4 may be considered as an independent biomarker of a favorable prognosis of patients with pCCA, and the KLF4/GDF15/AKT signaling pathway may potentially be a novel molecular therapeutic target for patients with pCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Wang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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Lyu C, Ni T, Guo Y, Zhou T, Chen Z, Yan J, Li Y. Insufficient GDF15 expression predisposes women to unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss by impairing extravillous trophoblast invasion. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13514. [PMID: 37272232 PMCID: PMC10693185 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion during early placentation has been shown to contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). However, the regulatory factors involved and their involvement in RPL pathogenesis remain unknown. Here, we found aberrantly decreased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels in both first-trimester villous and serum samples of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) patients as compared with normal pregnancies. Moreover, GDF15 knockdown significantly reduced the invasiveness of both HTR-8/SVneo cells and primary human EVT cells and suppressed the Jagged-1 (JAG1)/NOTCH3/HES1 pathway activity, and JAG1 overexpression rescued the invasion phenotype of the GDF15 knockdown cells. Induction of a lipopolysaccharide-induced abortion model in mice resulted in significantly reduced GDF15 level in the placenta and serum, as well as increased rates of embryonic resorption, and these effects were reversed by administration of recombinant GDF15. Our study thus demonstrates that insufficient GDF15 level at the first-trimester maternal-foetal interface contribute to the pathogenesis of URPL by impairing EVT invasion and suppressing JAG1/NOTCH3/HES1 pathway activity, and suggests that supplementation with GDF15 could benefit early pregnancy maintenance and reduce the risk of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzi Lyu
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Tianxiang Ni
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yaqiu Guo
- Department of AnesthesiologyJinan Maternal and Child Health HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Zi‐Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Junhao Yan
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Medical Integration and Practice CenterShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Lead Contact
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Zeng YT, Liu WF, Zheng PS, Li S. GDF15 deficiency hinders human trophoblast invasion to mediate pregnancy loss through downregulating Smad1/5 phosphorylation. iScience 2023; 26:107902. [PMID: 37766993 PMCID: PMC10520888 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) belongs to the Transforming growth factor β(TGF-β) superfamily. The decrease of GDF15 in the serum of pregnant women was associated with miscarriage. Both IHC and ELISA assays showed that GDF15 in trophoblast tissue and serum of pregnant women who miscarried was significantly lower than in those who had a live birth. GDF15 deficiency was associated with embryo resorption in GDF15 knockout mice through CRIPSR editing. In addition, the migration and invasion ability of HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells were promoted by GDF15. Mechanistically, GDF15 increased Smad1/5 phosphorylation, resulting in upregulating SNAI1/2, VIMENTIN and downregulating E-CADHERIN. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that Smad-binding elements (SBE) and/or GC-rich motifs were activated and target genes such as SNAI1/2, SERPINE1, and TIMP3 were transcriptionally regulated by GDF15/Smad5 signaling. Therefore, our data revealed a crucial role of GDF15 on invasion of trophoblast by upregulating the activity of TGF-β/Smad1/5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zeng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Fang Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Fiorucci S, Urbani G. GDF15 in Vascular and Liver Metabolic Disorders: A Novel Therapeutic Target. Recent Adv Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2022; 16:55-59. [PMID: 36578252 DOI: 10.2174/277227081602221221113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Radwanska A, Cottage CT, Piras A, Overed-Sayer C, Sihlbom C, Budida R, Wrench C, Connor J, Monkley S, Hazon P, Schluter H, Thomas MJ, Hogaboam CM, Murray LA. Increased expression and accumulation of GDF15 in IPF extracellular matrix contribute to fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153058. [PMID: 35993367 PMCID: PMC9462497 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of unmet medical need. It is characterized by formation of scar tissue leading to a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. IPF is associated with repeated injury, which may alter the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that IPF patient–derived pulmonary ECM drives profibrotic response in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) in a 3D spheroid assay. Next, we reveal distinct alterations in composition of the diseased ECM, identifying potentially novel associations with IPF. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was identified among the most significantly upregulated proteins in the IPF lung–derived ECM. In vivo, GDF15 neutralization in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model led to significantly less fibrosis. In vitro, recombinant GDF15 (rGDF15) stimulated α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression in NHLF, and this was mediated by the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) receptor. Furthermore, in the presence of rGDF15, the migration of NHLF in collagen gel was reduced. In addition, we observed a cell type–dependent effect of GDF15 on the expression of cell senescence markers. Our data suggest that GDF15 mediates lung fibrosis through fibroblast activation and differentiation, implicating a potential direct role of this matrix-associated cytokine in promoting aberrant cell responses in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Radwanska
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Travis Cottage
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Piras
- Bioscience In Vivo, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Wrench
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Connor
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Monkley
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Hazon
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Schluter
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Thomas
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lynne A. Murray
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Hou CP, Tsui KH, Chen ST, Chang KS, Sung HC, Hsu SY, Lin YH, Feng TH, Juang HH. The Upregulation of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor β/Smad Signaling in Bladder Carcinoma Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071625. [PMID: 35884930 PMCID: PMC9312961 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is known as a TGFβ-like cytokine acting on the TGFβ receptor to modulate target genes. GDF15 is regarded as a tumor suppressor gene in the human bladder and the caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) induces GDF15 expression to inhibit the tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. However, the interactions among GDF15, CAPE, and TGFβ/Smads signaling in the human bladder carcinoma cells remain unexplored. Results revealed that TGFβ downregulated the expression of GDF15 via the activation of Smad 2/3 and Smad 1/5. Induction of GDF15 on its downstream genes, NDRG1 and maspin, is dependent on the TGFβ/Smad pathways. Moreover, TGFβ blocked the CAPE-inducing expressions of GDF15, maspin, and NDRG1. Pretreatment of TGF receptor kinase inhibitor not only blocked the activation of TGFβ but also attenuated the activation of GDF15 on the expressions of maspin and NDRG1. The CAPE treatment attenuated the activation of TGFβ on cell proliferation and invasion. Our findings indicate that TGFβ downregulated the expressions of GDF15, maspin, and NDRG1 via TGFβ/Smad signaling. Whereas, CAPE acts as an antagonist on TGFβ/Smad signaling to block the effect of TGFβ on the GDF15 expression and cell proliferation and invasion in bladder carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Pang Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kindey, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Syue-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (S.-T.C.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Shuo Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (S.-T.C.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsin-Ching Sung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (S.-T.C.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yuan Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (S.-T.C.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (S.-T.C.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-C.S.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800; Fax: +886-3-2118112
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Xia M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li R, Zhao T, Chen L, Liu Q, Zheng S, Li H, Qian Z, Yang L. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Regulates Oxidative Stress-Dependent Ferroptosis Post Spinal Cord Injury by Stabilizing the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:905115. [PMID: 35860670 PMCID: PMC9289442 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes irreversible damage to the nervous tissue. The consequent hemorrhage contributed by trauma induces neuronal ferroptosis post SCI, which is an important death mode to mediate neuronal loss. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. However, the specific role of GDF15 in neuronal ferroptosis post SCI remains unknown. Materials and Methods Neuronal ferroptosis in vitro was measured by detection of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, iron content, and reactive oxidative stress. In vivo, western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) staining was utilized to measure ferroptosis post SCI. IF staining, TUNEL staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Nissl staining were used to measure neurological damage. Finally, locomotor function recovery was analyzed using the Basso Mouse Scale and Louisville Swim Scale. Results GDF15 was significantly increased in neuronal ferroptosis and silencing GDF15 aggravated ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, GDF15-mediated inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis is through p62-dependent Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. In SCI mice, knockdown of GDF15 significantly exacerbated neuronal death, interfered with axon regeneration and remyelination, aggravated ferroptosis-mediated neuroinflammation, and restrained locomotor recovery. Conclusion GDF15 effectively alleviated neuronal ferroptosis post SCI via the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and promoted locomotor recovery of SCI mice, which is suggested as a potential target on SCI pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinyang Zhang
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Rulin Li
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Postgraduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Lingxia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiangxian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnai Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Taizhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haijun Li,
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Zhanyang Qian,
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Taizhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Lei Yang,
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Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in cancer: Beyond the cellular phenotype. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215664. [PMID: 35351601 PMCID: PMC9088220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite technological advances in diagnostic abilities and improved treatment methods, the burden of cancers remains high, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. One primary reason is that cancer cell secretory factors modulate the tumor microenvironment, supporting tumor growth and circumvents anticancer activities of conventional therapies. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in various cancers. MIC-1 regulates various cancer hallmarks, including sustained proliferation, tumor-promoting inflammation, avoiding immune destruction, inducing invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resisting cell death. Despite these facts, the molecular regulation and downstream signaling of MIC-1 in cancer remain elusive, partly because its receptor (GFRAL) was unknown until recently. Binding of MIC-1 to GFRAL recruits the coreceptor tyrosine kinase RET to execute its downstream signaling. So far, studies have shown that GFRAL expression is restricted to the brain stem and is responsible for MIC-1/GFRAL/RET-mediated metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, abundant levels of MIC-1 expression have been reported in all cancer types and have been proposed as a surrogate biomarker. Given the ubiquitous expression of MIC-1 in cancers, it is crucial to understand both upstream regulation and downstream MIC-1/GFRAL/RET signaling in cancer hallmark traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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