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Liu H, Zhu T, Zhang L, Li F, Zheng M, Chen B, Zhu H, Ren J, Lu X, Huang C. Immunization with a low dose of zymosan A confers resistance to depression-like behavior and neuroinflammatory responses in chronically stressed mice. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:211-226. [PMID: 38651984 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stimulation of the innate immune system prior to stress exposure is a possible strategy to prevent depression under stressful conditions. Based on the innate immune system stimulating activities of zymosan A, we hypothesize that zymosan A may prevent the development of chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior. Our results showed that a single injection of zymosan A 1 day before stress exposure at a dose of 2 or 4 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 1 mg/kg, prevented the development of depression-like behaviors in mice treated with chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). The prophylactic effect of a single zymosan A injection (2 mg/kg) on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors disappeared when the time interval between zymosan A and stress exposure was extended from 1 day or 5 days to 10 days, which was rescued by a second zymosan A injection 10 days after the first zymosan A injection and 4 days (4×, once daily) of zymosan A injections 10 days before stress exposure. Further analysis showed that a single zymosan A injection (2 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure could prevent the CSDS-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Inhibition of the innate immune system by pretreatment with minocycline (40 mg/kg) abolished the preventive effect of zymosan A on CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and CSDS-induced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. These results suggest that activation of the innate immune system triggered by zymosan A prevents the depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain induced by chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong
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Ramey GD, Tang A, Phongpreecha T, Yang MM, Woldemariam SR, Oskotsky TT, Montine TJ, Allen I, Miller ZA, Aghaeepour N, Capra JA, Sirota M. Exposure to autoimmune disorders increases Alzheimer's disease risk in a multi-site electronic health record analysis. medRxiv 2024:2024.05.02.24306649. [PMID: 38746318 PMCID: PMC11092711 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.24306649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Molecular studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) implicate potential links between autoimmunity and AD, but the underlying clinical relationships between these conditions remain poorly understood. Electronic health records (EHRs) provide an opportunity to determine the clinical risk relationship between autoimmune disorders and AD and understand whether specific disorders and disorder subtypes affect AD risk at the phenotypic level in human populations. We evaluated relationships between 26 autoimmune disorders and AD across retrospective observational case-control and cohort study designs in the EHR systems at UCSF and Stanford. We quantified overall and sex-specific AD risk effects that these autoimmune disorders confer. We identified significantly increased AD risk in autoimmune disorder patients in both study designs at UCSF and at Stanford. This pattern was driven by specific autoimmunity subtypes including endocrine, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and musculoskeletal disorders. We also observed increased AD risk from autoimmunity in both women and men, but women with autoimmune disorders continued to have a higher AD prevalence than men, indicating persistent sex-specificity. This study identifies autoimmune disorders as strong risk factors for AD that validate across several study designs and EHR databases. It sets the foundation for exploring how underlying autoimmune mechanisms increase AD risk and contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Sun Q, Gao J, An R, Wang M, Wang Y. Probing molecular pathways: Illuminating the connection between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease through the endocannabinoid system dynamics. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29590. [PMID: 38619024 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Our study investigates the molecular link between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may influence the onset or progression of AD. Using bioinformatic tools, we analyzed gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE147507, GSE12685, and GSE26927. Intersection analysis was utilized to identify common differentially expressed genes (CDEGs) and their shared biological pathways. Consensus clustering was conducted to group AD patients based on gene expression, followed by an analysis of the immune microenvironment and variations in shared pathway activities between clusters. Additionally, we identified transcription factor-binding sites shared by CDEGs and genes in the common pathway. The activity of the pathway and the expression levels of the CDEGs were validated using GSE164805 and GSE48350 datasets. Six CDEGs (MAL2, NECAB1, SH3GL2, EPB41L3, MEF2C, and NRGN) were identified, along with a downregulated pathway, the endocannabinoid (ECS) signaling pathway, common to both AD and COVID-19. These CDEGs showed a significant correlation with ECS activity (p < 0.05) and immune functions. The ECS pathway was enriched in healthy individuals' brains and downregulated in AD patients. Validation using GSE164805 and GSE48350 datasets confirmed the differential expression of these genes in COVID-19 and AD tissues. Our findings reveal a potential pathogenetic link between COVID-19 and AD, mediated by CDEGs and the ECS pathway. However, further research and multicenter evidence are needed to translate these findings into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Sun
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyang Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ran An
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Menggeer Wang
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Liao J, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Liu P, He L. Causal relationships between peripheral immune cells and Alzheimer's disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07324-y. [PMID: 38267604 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests that peripheral immune cells may play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our study aims to determine if the composition of peripheral immune cells directly contributes to the occurrence of AD. METHODS We utilized a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to examine the association between peripheral immune cells and AD.The primary analysis method used was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, and we also conducted analyses using MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods to ensure the accuracy of the results.Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were evaluated using Cochran's Q statistics and the MR Egger intercept, respectively. RESULTS The study found a significant correlation between increased IgD + CD24- AC cells (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.03, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.01-1.06, P = 0.0172), increased CD4 + %leukocyte (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02-1.14, P = 0.0086), and increased CD4 + CD8dim AC cells (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01-1.11, P = 0.0218), with an increased susceptibility to AD. Conversely, an increase in EM DN (CD4-CD8-) %T cells (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92-0.99, P = 0.0164) and an increase in DN (CD4-CD8-) AC cells (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.88-0.99, P = 0.0145) were associated with a protective effect against AD. CONCLUSION Our findings establish a causal link between peripheral immune cells and AD. This study is the first to examine the relationship between peripheral immune cells and AD using MR, offering valuable insights for early diagnosis and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liao
- Ruikang Hospital, Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 10 Huadong Road, Xingning District, Nanning City, Guangxi, 53000, China.
| | - Yongquan Zhang
- Ruikang Hospital, Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 10 Huadong Road, Xingning District, Nanning City, Guangxi, 53000, China
| | - Zhanhong Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning City, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Pinjing Liu
- Ruikang Hospital, Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 10 Huadong Road, Xingning District, Nanning City, Guangxi, 53000, China
| | - Luoyi He
- Ruikang Hospital, Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 10 Huadong Road, Xingning District, Nanning City, Guangxi, 53000, China
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Weaver DF. Thirty Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease Unified by a Common Neuroimmune-Neuroinflammation Mechanism. Brain Sci 2023; 14:41. [PMID: 38248256 PMCID: PMC10813027 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles confronting the formulation of a mechanistic understanding for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its immense complexity-a complexity that traverses the full structural and phenomenological spectrum, including molecular, macromolecular, cellular, neurological and behavioural processes. This complexity is reflected by the equally complex diversity of risk factors associated with AD. However, more than merely mirroring disease complexity, risk factors also provide fundamental insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD as a neurodegenerative disorder since they are central to disease initiation and subsequent propagation. Based on a systematic literature assessment, this review identified 30 risk factors for AD and then extended the analysis to further identify neuroinflammation as a unifying mechanism present in all 30 risk factors. Although other mechanisms (e.g., vasculopathy, proteopathy) were present in multiple risk factors, dysfunction of the neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis was uniquely central to all 30 identified risk factors. Though the nature of the neuroinflammatory involvement varied, the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were a common pathway shared by all risk factors. This observation provides further evidence for the importance of immunopathic mechanisms in the aetiopathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Departments of Medicine, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
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6
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Jafarzadeh A, Sheikhi A, Jafarzadeh Z, Nemati M. Differential roles of regulatory T cells in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104778. [PMID: 37907046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells interact with a variety of resident cells and infiltrated immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition and secondary persistent inflammation due to activation of microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neurodegeneration. The majority of evidence supports the neuroprotective effects of Treg cells in AD. In the early stages of AD, appropriate Treg cell activity is required for the induction of microglia and astrocyte phagocytic activity in order to clear A deposits and prevent neuroinflammation. Such neuroprotective impacts were in part attributed to the ability of Treg cells to suppress deleterious and/or boost beneficial functions of microglia/astrocytes. In the later stages of AD, an effective Treg cell activity needs to prevent neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Treg cells can exert preventive effects on Th1-, and Th17 cell-related pathologic responses, whilst potentiating Th2-mediated protective activity. The impaired Treg cell-related immunomodulatory mechanisms have been described in AD patients and in related animal models which can contribute to the onset and progression of AD. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive figure regarding the role of Treg cells in AD while highlighting potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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7
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Ruiz-Cantero MC, Huerta MÁ, Tejada MÁ, Santos-Caballero M, Fernández-Segura E, Cañizares FJ, Entrena JM, Baeyens JM, Cobos EJ. Sigma-1 receptor agonism exacerbates immune-driven nociception: Role of TRPV1 + nociceptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115534. [PMID: 37729726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The analgesic effects of sigma-1 antagonists are undisputed, but the effects of sigma-1 agonists on pain are not well studied. Here, we used a mouse model to show that the administration of the sigma-1 agonists dextromethorphan (a widely used antitussive drug), PRE-084 (a standard sigma-1 ligand), and pridopidine (a selective drug being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases) enhances PGE2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Superficial plantar incision induced transient weight-bearing asymmetry at early time points, but the mice appeared to recover at 24 h, despite noticeable edema and infiltration of neutrophils (a well-known cellular source of PGE2) at the injured site. Sigma-1 agonists induced a relapse of weight bearing asymmetry in a manner dependent on the presence of neutrophils. The effects of sigma-1 agonists were all reversed by administration of the sigma-1 antagonist BD-1063 in wild-type mice, and were absent in sigma-1 knockout mice, supporting the selectivity of the effects observed. The proalgesic effects of sigma-1 agonism were also abolished by the TRP antagonist ruthenium red and by in vivo resiniferatoxin ablation of TRPV1 + peripheral sensory neurons. Therefore, sigma-1 agonism exacerbates pain-like responses in mice with a mild inflammatory state through the action of TRPV1 + nociceptors. We also show that sigma-1 receptors are present in most (if not all) mouse and human DRG neurons. If our findings translate to humans, further studies will be needed to investigate potential proalgesic effects induced by sigma-1 agonism in patients treated with sigma-1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Ruiz-Cantero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Huerta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam Santos-Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Segura
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cañizares
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Entrena
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Baeyens
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Shan M, Bai Y, Fang X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhu D, Luo H. American Ginseng for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5716. [PMID: 37570686 PMCID: PMC10420665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent degenerative condition that is increasingly affecting populations globally. American ginseng (AG) has anti-AD bioactivity, and ginsenosides, as the main active components of AG, have shown strong anti-AD effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. It has been reported that ginsenosides can inhibit amyloid β-protein (Aβ) production and deposition, tau phosphorylation, apoptosis and cytotoxicity, as well as possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thus suppressing the progression of AD. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of AD, the potential anti-AD effects of ginsenosides found in AG, and the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these effects. Additionally, we will discuss the potential use of AG in the treatment of AD, and how ginsenosides in AG may exert more potent anti-AD effects in vivo may be a direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yunfan Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xintian Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yegang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yiming Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Difu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Biopharmaceutical and Health Food, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haoming Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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Poppell M, Hammel G, Ren Y. Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5925. [PMID: 36982999 PMCID: PMC10059890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiators of adaptive immune response in various CNS diseases by offering evidence of: (1) the types of immune responses and the processes of antigen presentation in each disease, (2) receptors involved in macrophage/microglial phagocytosis of disease-related cell debris or molecules, and, finally, (3) the implications of macrophages/microglia on the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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10
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Ailioaie LM, Ailioaie C, Litscher G. Photobiomodulation in Alzheimer's Disease-A Complementary Method to State-of-the-Art Pharmaceutical Formulations and Nanomedicine? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:916. [PMID: 36986776 PMCID: PMC10054386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, usually develops slowly but gradually worsens. It accounts for approximately 70% of dementia cases worldwide, and is recognized by WHO as a public health priority. Being a multifactorial disease, the origins of AD are not satisfactorily understood. Despite huge medical expenditures and attempts to discover new pharmaceuticals or nanomedicines in recent years, there is no cure for AD and not many successful treatments are available. The current review supports introspection on the latest scientific results from the specialized literature regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of brain photobiomodulation, as a complementary method with implications in AD. State-of-the-art pharmaceutical formulations, development of new nanoscale materials, bionanoformulations in current applications and perspectives in AD are highlighted. Another goal of this review was to discover and to speed transition to completely new paradigms for the multi-target management of AD, to facilitate brain remodeling through new therapeutic models and high-tech medical applications with light or lasers in the integrative nanomedicine of the future. In conclusion, new insights from this interdisciplinary approach, including the latest results from photobiomodulation (PBM) applied in human clinical trials, combined with the latest nanoscale drug delivery systems to easily overcome protective brain barriers, could open new avenues to rejuvenate our central nervous system, the most fascinating and complex organ. Picosecond transcranial laser stimulation could be successfully used to cross the blood-brain barrier together with the latest nanotechnologies, nanomedicines and drug delivery systems in AD therapy. Original, smart and targeted multifunctional solutions and new nanodrugs may soon be developed to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- President of ISLA (International Society for Medical Laser Applications), Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Martini S, Gemma A, Ferrari M, Cosentino M, Marino F. Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Immunity: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36834537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic cannabinoid derived from cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., fam. Cannabaceae). CBD has received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome. However, CBD also has prominent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects; evidence exists that it could be beneficial in chronic inflammation, and even in acute inflammatory conditions, such as those due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this work, we review available evidence concerning CBD's effects on the modulation of innate immunity. Despite the lack so far of clinical studies, extensive preclinical evidence in different models, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and even ex vivo experiments on cells from human healthy subjects, shows that CBD exerts a wide range of inhibitory effects by decreasing cytokine production and tissue infiltration, and acting on a variety of other inflammation-related functions in several innate immune cells. Clinical studies are now warranted to establish the therapeutic role of CBD in diseases with a strong inflammatory component, such as multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases, cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Giacconi R, D'Aquila P, Balietti M, Giuli C, Malavolta M, Piacenza F, Costarelli L, Postacchini D, Passarino G, Bellizzi D, Provinciali M. Bacterial DNAemia in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Association with Cognitive Decline, Plasma BDNF Levels, and Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24. [PMID: 36613538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis (MD) provokes gut barrier alterations and bacterial translocation in the bloodstream. The increased blood bacterial DNA (BB-DNA) may promote peripheral- and neuro-inflammation, contributing to cognitive impairment. MD also influences brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production, whose alterations contribute to the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study is to measure BB-DNA in healthy elderly controls (EC), and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD to explore the effect on plasma BDNF levels (pBDNF), the inflammatory response, and the association with cognitive decline during a two-year follow-up. Baseline BB-DNA and pBDNF were significantly higher in MCI and AD than in EC. BB-DNA was positively correlated with pBDNF in AD, plasma Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in MCI. AD patients with BB-DNA values above the 50th percentile had lower baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). After a two-year follow-up, AD patients with the highest BB-DNA tertile had a worse cognitive decline, while higher BB-DNA levels were associated with higher TNF-α and lower IL-10 in MCI. Our study demonstrates that, in early AD, the higher the BB-DNA levels, the higher the pBDNF levels, suggesting a defensive attempt; BB-DNA seems to play a role in the AD severity/progression; in MCI, higher BB-DNA may trigger an increased inflammatory response.
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Armeli F, Mengoni B, Maggi E, Mazzoni C, Preziosi A, Mancini P, Businaro R, Lenz T, Archer T. Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123116. [PMID: 36551872 PMCID: PMC9776009 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells polarized towards a proinflammatory phenotype are considered the main cellular players of neuroinflammation, underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition is associated with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that underlie chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, and perturbations to the gut microbiota were detected in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The importance of gut-brain axis has been uncovered and the relevance of an appropriate microbiota balance has been highlighted. Probiotic treatment, rebalancing the gut microbioma, may reduce inflammation. We show that Milmed yeast, obtained from S. cerevisiae after exposure to electromagnetic millimeter wavelengths, induces a reversal of LPS-M1 polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated morphologically by the recovery of resting phenotype by microglia, by the decrease in the mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and in the expression of iNOS. Moreover, Milmed stimulated the secretion of IL-10 and the expression of Arginase-1, cell markers of M2 anti-inflammatory polarized cells. The present findings data suggest that Milmed may be considered to be a probiotic with diversified anti-inflammatory activity, capable of directing the polarization of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mengoni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Adele Preziosi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Correspondence:
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