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David R, Dumas A, Ojardias E, Duval S, Ounajim A, Perrochon A, Luque-Moreno C, Moens M, Goudman L, Rigoard P, Billot M. Virtual Reality for Decreasing Procedural Pain during Botulinum Toxin Injection Related to Spasticity Treatment in Adults: A Pilot Study. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 60:23. [PMID: 38256284 PMCID: PMC10818842 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Botulinum toxin injections are commonly used for the treatment of spasticity. However, injection procedures are associated with pain and procedural anxiety. While pharmacological approaches are commonly used to reduce these, innovative technology might be considered as a potential non-pharmacological alternative. Given this context, immersive virtual reality (VR) has shown effectiveness in the management of procedural pain. Our retrospective pilot study aimed to assess the potential added value of virtual reality in the management of pain and anxiety during intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen adult patients receiving botulinum toxin injections were included. A numerical rating scale was used to assess pain and anxiety during the injection procedure. The patients reported the pain experienced during previous injections without VR before injection and the pain experienced in the current procedure with VR after the end of the procedure. The level of satisfaction of VR experience, whether or not they agreed to reuse VR for the subsequent toxin botulinum injection, and whether or not they would recommend VR to other patients were assessed. RESULTS The use of virtual reality led to a decrease of 1.8 pain-related points compared to the procedure without technology. No significant improvement in the level of anxiety was reported. Patients were very satisfied with their VR experiences (7.9 out of 10), and many would agree to reuse VR in their next injection procedure (88%) and to recommend the use of VR in other patients (100%). CONCLUSION VR was useful for managing procedural pain related to botulinum toxin injection in adults, with a high level of satisfaction reported by the patients. VR should be considered as a valuable alternative to pharmacological approaches to manage procedural pain during botulinum toxin injection in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain David
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France; (A.O.)
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Alexis Dumas
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Etienne Ojardias
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Trajectoires Team, Inserm UMR-S 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 and Saint-Etienne Universities, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Solène Duval
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Poitiers University Hospital, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Amine Ounajim
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France; (A.O.)
| | | | - Carlos Luque-Moreno
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - Maarten Moens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- STIMULUS Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation uz Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lisa Goudman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- STIMULUS Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation uz Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
- Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Rigoard
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France; (A.O.)
- Department of Neuro-Spine Surgery & Neuromodulation, Poitiers University Hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France
- Prime Institute UPR 3346, CNRS, ISAE-ENSMA, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Maxime Billot
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86000 Poitiers, France; (A.O.)
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Wang C, Kong J, Qi H. Areas of Research Focus and Trends in the Research on the Application of VR in Rehabilitation Medicine. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2056. [PMID: 37510497 PMCID: PMC10379147 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the areas of research focus in the application of VR in rehabilitation medicine, analyze its themes and trends, and offer a reference for future related research in this field. METHODS This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the development process, areas of research focus, and research trends in the field of the application of VR in rehabilitation medicine, using the Web of Science core dataset as the source and using a bibliometric analysis with CiteSpace. RESULTS The application of VR in rehabilitation medicine was composed of three stages, and the research topics were reviewed from five perspectives: neurological rehabilitation, psychological treatment, pain distraction, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, and visual-spatial disorder. LIMITATIONS The research data were sourced from the Web of Science core dataset only, and the data-sample size was not comprehensive. CONCLUSIONS Overcoming VR-technology-induced vertigo, mental disorders from the overuse of VR, individualized treatments, and integration with traditional therapy are all challenges in the application of VR in rehabilitation medicine that require research. In addition, developing VR products with better experiences, constructing standardized guidelines, and conducting more high-quality clinical studies are all future research topics related to the application of VR in rehabilitation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Health Informatics and Management, The School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingqi Kong
- Department of Language and Culture in Medicine, The School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huiying Qi
- Department of Health Informatics and Management, The School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Salvalaggio S, Turolla A, Andò M, Barresi R, Burgio F, Busan P, Cortese AM, D’Imperio D, Danesin L, Ferrazzi G, Maistrello L, Mascotto E, Parrotta I, Pezzetta R, Rigon E, Vedovato A, Zago S, Zorzi M, Arcara G, Mantini D, Filippini N. Prediction of rehabilitation induced motor recovery after stroke using a multi-dimensional and multi-modal approach. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1205063. [PMID: 37469951 PMCID: PMC10352609 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1205063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a debilitating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite the survival rate has significantly increased over the years, many stroke survivors are left with severe impairments impacting their quality of life. Rehabilitation programs have proved to be successful in improving the recovery process. However, a reliable model of sensorimotor recovery and a clear identification of predictive markers of rehabilitation-induced recovery are still needed. This article introduces the cross-modality protocols designed to investigate the rehabilitation treatment's effect in a group of stroke survivors. Methods/design A total of 75 stroke patients, admitted at the IRCCS San Camillo rehabilitation Hospital in Venice (Italy), will be included in this study. Here, we describe the rehabilitation programs, clinical, neuropsychological, and physiological/imaging [including electroencephalography (EEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques] protocols set up for this study. Blood collection for the characterization of predictive biological biomarkers will also be taken. Measures derived from data acquired will be used as candidate predictors of motor recovery. Discussion/summary The integration of cutting-edge physiological and imaging techniques, with clinical and cognitive assessment, dose of rehabilitation and biological variables will provide a unique opportunity to define a predictive model of recovery in stroke patients. Taken together, the data acquired in this project will help to define a model of rehabilitation induced sensorimotor recovery, with the final aim of developing personalized treatments promoting the greatest chance of recovery of the compromised functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salvalaggio
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Maria Cortese
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, AULSS 3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Eleonora Mascotto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Venice Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Anna Vedovato
- General Hospital San Camillo of Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Sara Zago
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Zorzi
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Dante Mantini
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kim M, Kaneko F. Virtual reality-based gait rehabilitation intervention for stroke individuals: a scoping review. J Exerc Rehabil 2023; 19:95-104. [PMID: 37163183 PMCID: PMC10164524 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2346114.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation is rapidly gaining interest and has been shown to be an intervention to facilitate motor learning in balance and gait rehabilitation. A review of the current literature is needed to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of VR-based gait physiotherapy for stroke patients. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus. Search terms included: "virtual reality," "stroke," "gait," and "physical therapy." Articles published in a peer-reviewed journal between 2017 and 2021 were considered. The intervention was mainly related to the use of VR as a therapeutic modality, and the outcome was gait performance. The initial search identified 329 articles. After an eligibility review, 13 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Most of participants were in a chronic stage and were between 14 and 85 years old. The VR-based gait training ranged from nonimmersive to immersive, was mostly performed on a treadmill, and was usually combined with conventional physiotherapy. The duration of the program varied from 10 to 60 min, and there were about 9 to 30 sessions. VR-based gait rehabilitation has a positive effect on gait ability. The existing literature suggests that VR-based rehabilitation combined with conventional physiotherapy could improve gait ability of people with stroke, especially in the chronic stage. However, the duration of VR-based programs should be customized to suit individuals to avoid stimulation sickness. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoon Kim
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation Research, National Rehabilitation Center and National Rehabilitation Research Institute, Seoul,
Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul,
Korea
- Corresponding author: Minjoon Kim, Department of Clinical Rehabilitation Research, National Rehabilitation Center, 58 Samgaksan-ro, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01022, Korea,
| | - Fuminari Kaneko
- Department of Physical Therapy, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo,
Japan
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Salvalaggio S, Cacciante L, Maistrello L, Turolla A. Clinical Predictors for Upper Limb Recovery after Stroke Rehabilitation: Retrospective Cohort Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030335. [PMID: 36766910 PMCID: PMC9913979 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
After stroke, recovery of upper limb (UL) motor function is enhanced by a high dose of rehabilitation and is supposed to be supported by attentive functions. However, their mutual influence during rehabilitation is not well known yet. The aim of this retrospective observational cohort study was to investigate the association between rehabilitation dose and motor and cognitive functions, during UL motor recovery. Inpatients with first unilateral stroke, without time restrictions from onset, and undergoing at least 15 h of rehabilitation were enrolled. Data on dose and modalities of rehabilitation received, together with motor and cognitive outcomes before and after therapy, were collected. Fugl-Meyer values for the Upper Extremity were the primary outcome measure. Logistic regression models were used to detect any associations between UL motor improvement and motor and cognitive-linguistic features at acceptance, regarding dose of rehabilitation received. Thirty-five patients were enrolled and received 80.57 ± 30.1 h of rehabilitation on average. Manual dexterity, level of independence and UL motor function improved after rehabilitation, with no influence of attentive functions on motor recovery. The total amount of rehabilitation delivered was the strongest factor (p = 0.031) influencing the recovery of UL motor function after stroke, whereas cognitive-linguistic characteristics were not found to influence UL motor gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salvalaggio
- Laboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Cacciante
- Laboratory of Healthcare Innovation Technology, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0412207521
| | | | - Andrea Turolla
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences–DIBINEM, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Pelagio Palagi 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Chen Y, Su W, Gui CF, Guo QF, Tan HX, He L, Jiang HH, Wei QC, Gao Q. Effectiveness of cerebellar vermis intermittent theta-burst stimulation in improving trunk control and balance function for patients with subacute stroke: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066356. [PMID: 36631236 PMCID: PMC9835952 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Balance impairments frequently occur after stroke. Achieving effective core trunk stability is the key to improving balance ability. However, there is still a lack of advanced well-defined rehabilitation protocols for balance improvement in patients with stroke. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a non-invasive brain activity modulation strategy that can produce long-term potentiation. The cerebellar vermis is a fundamental structure involved in balance and motor control. However, no study has demonstrated the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of cerebellar vermis iTBS on balance after stroke. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will be a prospective single-centre double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial with a 3-week intervention and 3-week follow-up. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the experimental group or the control group in a 1:1 ratio. After routine conventional physical therapy, patients in the experimental group will receive cerebellar vermis iTBS, whereas patients in the control group will receive sham stimulation. The overall intervention period will be 5 days a week for 3 consecutive weeks. The outcomes will be measured at baseline (T0), 3 weeks postintervention (T1) and at the 3-week follow-up (T2). The primary outcomes are Berg Balance Scale and Trunk Impairment Scale scores. The secondary outcomes are balance test scores via the Balance Master system, muscle activation of the trunk and lower limbs via the surface electromyography recordings, cerebral cortex oxygen concentrations measured via the resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity and Barthel index scores. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the West China Hospital Clinical Trials and Biomedical Ethics Committee of Sichuan University. All participants will sign the informed consent form voluntarily. The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2200065369.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Fan Gui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Fan Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xin Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Hong Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Chuan Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Macchitella L, Amendola S, Barraco G, Scoditti S, Gallo I, Oliva MC, Trabacca A. A narrative review of the use of a cutting-edge virtual reality rehabilitation technology in neurological and neuropsychological rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 53:439-457. [PMID: 38143388 PMCID: PMC10789333 DOI: 10.3233/nre-230066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) interventions have been increasingly used in the rehabilitation of a wide range of neurological and neuropsychological dysfunctions. Findings of previous reviews showed positive and promising effects of VR-based interventions. However, they summarized findings on VR-based intervention carried out through different VR systems and tasks. OBJECTIVE We carried out a narrative review with the aim of qualitatively synthesising the results of previous studies that used specific VR systems, i.e. the Khymeia -Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System, for treatment purposes. METHODS We searched the literature in various databases (i.e. EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed and PubMed Central) for studies published until November 23, 2023. RESULTS 30 studies were selected. The VRRS was used for neuromotor rehabilitation only in 13 studies, for cognitive rehabilitation in 11 studies, and for both neuromotor and cognitive rehabilitation in six studies. The study design was heterogeneous including 15 randomised controlled trials. CONCLUSION After discussing each study according to the type of rehabilitation we concluded that the use and efficacy of VRRS rehabilitative intervention for increasing the neurological and neuropsychological functioning of patients are promising but more evidence is needed to make a comparison with conventional treatment. Future studies should also include long-term follow-up as well as cost-effectiveness analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Macchitella
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Simone Amendola
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Giulia Barraco
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Sara Scoditti
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Ivana Gallo
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Oliva
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation), Brindisi, Italy
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Chang WH. Personalized Approaches to Stroke: One Step Forward for Functional Recovery of Stroke Patients. J Pers Med 2022; 12:822. [PMID: 35629244 PMCID: PMC9148160 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in diagnoses, management, and rehabilitation have had a significant impact to reduce mortality and functional recovery in stroke patients. In spite of these medical advances, many stroke survivors still suffer from significant disabilities. Stroke is a complex disease caused by a combination of multiple risk factors. Therefore, personalized medicine is more important than any other field to overcome the limitations of current stroke management and rehabilitation. It is necessary to apply accurate evaluation for functions and a personalized approach in consideration of various characteristics of each stroke patient to improve function. The objective of this Special Issue is to inform the recent scientific knowledge, current limitations, and challenges for an individually tailored strategy in the areas of diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke. A multidisciplinary approach and research will be strongly encouraged for personalized medicine in the field of stroke treatment and rehabilitation.
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