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Song L, Wang C, Hu Y, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Zou CL, Li G, Zhang P, Zhang T. Measurement of Nanofiber Mechanical Flexural Modes Based on Near-Field Scattering. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:033801. [PMID: 38307075 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the intrinsic mechanical flexural modes of tapered optical fibers (TOFs) with a high aspect ratio up to 3×10^{4}. Based on the near-field scattering of the hemispherical microfiber tip to the vibrating TOF evanescent field, we detected more than 320 ordered intrinsic mechanical modes through the TOF transmission spectra which was enhanced by 72 dB compared to without near-field scattering. The trend of the vibration amplitude with the mode order was similar to pendulum waves. Our results open a pathway to study the mechanical modes of photonic microstructures-nanostructures that are expected to be used in waveguide QED, cavity optomechanical, and optical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiancai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
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2
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Onah FE, Jaramillo-Ávila BR, Maldonado-Villamizar FH, Rodríguez-Lara BM. Optical coupling control of isolated mechanical resonators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:941. [PMID: 38200050 PMCID: PMC10781770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a Hamiltonian model describing two pairs of mechanical and optical modes under standard optomechanical interaction. The vibrational modes are mechanically isolated from each other and the optical modes couple evanescently. We recover the ranges for variables of interest, such as mechanical and optical resonant frequencies and naked coupling strengths, using a finite element model for a standard experimental realization. We show that the quantum model, under this parameter range and external optical driving, may be approximated into parametric interaction models for all involved modes. As an example, we study the effect of detuning in the optical resonant frequencies modes and optical driving resolved to mechanical sidebands and show an optical beam splitter with interaction strength dressed by the mechanical excitation number, a mechanical bidirectional coupler, and a two-mode mechanical squeezer where the optical state mediates the interaction strength between the mechanical modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Onah
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico
- The Division of Theoretical Physics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka Campus, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - B R Jaramillo-Ávila
- CONAHCYT-CICESE, Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Centro 504, PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo Leon, 66629, Mexico.
| | - F H Maldonado-Villamizar
- CONAHCYT-Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Calle Luis Enrique Erro No. 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Pue., C.P. 72840, Mexico
| | - B M Rodríguez-Lara
- Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carr. Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún Km.20, Ex-Hda. Santa Bárbara, Zempoala, 43830, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Kumela AG, Gemta AB, Hordofa AK, Birhanu R, Mekonnen HD, Sherefedin U, Weldegiorgis K. A review on hybridization of plasmonic and photonic crystal biosensors for effective cancer cell diagnosis. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:6382-6399. [PMID: 38024311 PMCID: PMC10662028 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer causes one in six deaths worldwide, and 1.6 million cancer patients face annual out-of-pocket medical expenditures. In response to these, portable, label-free, highly sensitive, specific, and responsive optical biosensors are under development. Therefore, in this review, the recent advances, advantages, performance analysis, and current challenges associated with the fabrication of plasmonic biosensors, photonic crystals, and the hybridization of both for cancer diagnosis are assessed. The primary focus is on the development of biosensors that combine different shapes, sizes, and optical properties of metallic and dielectric nanoparticles with various coupling techniques. The latter part discusses the challenges and prospects of developing effective biosensors for early cancer diagnosis using dielectric and metallic nanoparticles. These data will help the audience advance research and development of next-generation plasmonic biosensors for effective cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Getahun Kumela
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belay Gemta
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Kebede Hordofa
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia
| | - Ruth Birhanu
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Dagnaw Mekonnen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia
| | - Umer Sherefedin
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia
| | - Kinfe Weldegiorgis
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Bule Hora University Bule Hora Ethiopia
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Wu Y, Duan B, Li C, Yang D. Multimode sensing based on optical microcavities. Front Optoelectron 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 37889446 PMCID: PMC10611689 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have the ability to confine photons in small mode volumes for long periods of time, greatly enhancing light-matter interactions, and have become one of the research hotspots in international academia. In recent years, sensing applications in complex environments have inspired the development of multimode optical microcavity sensors. These multimode sensors can be used not only for multi-parameter detection but also to improve measurement precision. In this review, we introduce multimode sensing methods based on optical microcavities and present an overview of the multimode single/multi-parameter optical microcavities sensors. Expected further research activities are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Bing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Changhong Li
- School of Electronic Information, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Daquan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China.
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5
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Zhao Y, Liu F. Multi-target detection and sizing of single nanoparticles using an optical star polygon microcavity. Opt Express 2023; 31:29051-29060. [PMID: 37710712 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a miniaturized single nanoparticle detector that utilizes an optical star polygon microcavity with a 3 µm-radius. The microcavity supports high-quality factor resonant modes, with light localized at the corners of the star-shaped polygon, where the air region is situated. When nanoparticles are positioned at the corners of the microcavity, the light-matter interactions are enhanced. Notably, increasing the number of particles has little effect on the quality factor of the cavity, making it ideal for the simultaneous detection of multiple targets. Our numerical simulations demonstrate the high precision detection of polystyrene nanoparticles with a radius of 3 nm using this method. Furthermore, the size and number of nanoparticles can be determined by utilizing the triangular corners of the cavity as rulers. These findings represent a significant advancement in miniaturized and multi-target simultaneous nanoparticle detection. The proposed detector is expected to have a wide range of applications in various fields, including biomedicine and environmental monitoring.
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Bhaskar S. Biosensing Technologies: A Focus Review on Recent Advancements in Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14030574. [PMID: 36984981 PMCID: PMC10054051 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Recently, metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). While the process parameters and conditions to realize optimum coupling efficiency between the radiating dipoles and the plasmon polaritons in SPCE framework have been extensively discussed, the utility of disruptive nano-engineering over the SPCE platform and analogous interfaces such as 'ferroplasmon-on-mirror (FPoM)' as well as an alternative technology termed 'photonic crystal-coupled emission (PCCE)' have been seldom reviewed. In light of these observations, in this focus review, the myriad nano-engineering protocols developed over the SPCE, FPoM and PCCE platform are succinctly captured, presenting an emphasis on the recently developed cryosoret nano-assembly technology for photo-plasmonic hotspot generation (first to fourth). These technologies and associated sensing platforms are expected to ameliorate the current biosensing modalities with better understanding of the biophysicochemical processes and related outcomes at advanced micro-nano-interfaces. This review is hence envisaged to present a broad overview of the latest developments in SPCE substrate design and development for interdisciplinary applications that are of relevance in environmental as well as biological heath monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemesh Bhaskar
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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Peters KJH, Rodriguez SRK. Exceptional Precision of a Nonlinear Optical Sensor at a Square-Root Singularity. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:013901. [PMID: 35841548 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional points (EPs)-spectral singularities of non-Hermitian linear systems-have recently attracted interest for sensing. While initial proposals and experiments focused on enhanced sensitivities neglecting noise, subsequent studies revealed issues with EP sensors in noisy environments. Here we propose a single-mode Kerr-nonlinear resonator for exceptional sensing in noisy environments. Based on the resonator's dynamic hysteresis, we define a signal that displays a square-root singularity reminiscent of an EP. However, our sensor has crucial fundamental and practical advantages over EP sensors: the signal-to-noise ratio increases with the measurement speed, the square-root singularity is easily detected through intensity measurements, and both sensing precision and information content of the signal are enhanced around the singularity. Our sensor also overcomes the fundamental trade-off between precision and averaging time characterizing all linear sensors. All these unconventional features open up new opportunities for fast and precise sensing using hysteretic resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Tardif M, Picard E, Gaude V, Jager JB, Peyrade D, Hadji E, Marcoux PR. On-Chip Optical Nano-Tweezers for Culture-Less Fast Bacterial Viability Assessment. Small 2022; 18:e2103765. [PMID: 34784093 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of antibiotics misuse, the dramatic growth of antibioresistance threatens public health. Tests are indeed culture-based, and require therefore one to two days. This long time-to-result implies the use of large-spectrum antibiotherapies as a first step, in absence of pathogen characterization. Here, a breakthrough approach for a culture-less fast assessment of bacterial response to stress is proposed. It is based on non-destructive on-chip optical tweezing. A laser loads an optical nanobeam cavity whose evanescent part of the resonant field acts as a nano-tweezer for bacteria surrounding the cavity. Once optically trapped, the bacterium-nanobeam cavity interaction induces a shift of the resonance driven by the bacterial cell wall optical index. The analysis of the wavelength shift yields an assessment of viability upon stress at the single-cell scale. As a proof of concept, bacteria are stressed by incursion, before optical trapping, at different temperatures (45, 51, and 70 °C). Optical index changes correlate with the degree of thermal stress allowing to sort viable and dead bacteria. With this disruptive diagnosis method, bacterial viability upon stress is probed much faster (typically less than 4 h) than with conventional culture-based enumeration methods (24 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Tardif
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, CEA, IRIG, Pheliqs, SiNaPS Lab, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LTM, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Emmanuel Picard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, CEA, IRIG, Pheliqs, SiNaPS Lab, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Victor Gaude
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LTM, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Jager
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, CEA, IRIG, Pheliqs, SiNaPS Lab, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - David Peyrade
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LTM, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Emmanuel Hadji
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, CEA, IRIG, Pheliqs, SiNaPS Lab, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Pierre R Marcoux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, LSIV, Grenoble, F-38000, France
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Mahmoud Aghdami K, Rahnama A, Ertorer E, Herman PR. Laser nano-filament explosion for enabling open-grating sensing in optical fibre. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6344. [PMID: 34732710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedding strong photonic stopbands into traditional optical fibre that can directly access and sense the outside environment is challenging, relying on tedious nano-processing steps that result in fragile thinned fibre. Ultrashort-pulsed laser filaments have recently provided a non-contact means of opening high-aspect ratio nano-holes inside of bulk transparent glasses. This method has been extended here to optical fibre, resulting in high density arrays of laser filamented holes penetrating transversely through the silica cladding and guiding core to provide high refractive index contrast Bragg gratings in the telecommunication band. The point‐by‐point fabrication was combined with post-chemical etching to engineer strong photonic stopbands directly inside of the compact and flexible fibre. Fibre Bragg gratings with sharply resolved π-shifts are presented for high resolution refractive index sensing from \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${n}_{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}$$\end{document}nH = 1 to 1.67 as the nano-holes were readily wetted and filled with various solvents and oils through an intact fibre cladding. Engineered stop bands to sense an ambient environment can enable many applications. Here, the authors demonstrate well-controlled processes to open high-aspect ratio nanoholes through optical fibre for Bragg gratings in the telecomm spectrum and to enable high-resolution refractive index sensing
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Abstract
To realize the design of a medical sensor with excellent comprehensive performance indexes, herein, a plasma concentration sensing model satisfying the Parity-Time (PT) symmetric condition is proposed. In this paper, the transfer matrix method was used to simulate the transmittance spectrum of the structure, according to the amplification effect on defect mode transmission and various detection performance indexes of the structure. We numerically optimized the parameters of the structure, such as the number of PT-symmetry unit cell N, the sample layer thickness dD as well as the macroscopic Lorentz oscillation intensity α in the PT-symmetry unit cell. The calculation results demonstrate that when the sample concentration changes from 0 g/L to 50 g/L, the wavelength of defect peak shifts from 1538 nm to 1561 nm, and the average quality factor, sensitivity, average figure of merit, average detection limit and average resolution of the structure can reach 78,564, 0.4409 nm/(g/L) (or 227.05 nm/RIU), 11,515 RIU−1, 5.1 × 10−6 RIU and 0.038 g/L, respectively. Not only the sensitivity and resolution of the PT-symmetry structure are better than that of the similar sensors, but it also has excellent comprehensive detection performance, which indicates that the developed sensor can be used in high-precision biomedical detection devices.
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11
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Rutckaia V, Heyroth F, Schmidt G, Novikov A, Shaleev M, Savelev RS, Schilling J, Petrov M. Coupling of Germanium Quantum Dots with Collective Sub-radiant Modes of Silicon Nanopillar Arrays. ACS Photonics 2021; 8:209-217. [PMID: 37362546 PMCID: PMC10286553 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the infrared photoluminescence emission from Ge(Si) quantum dots coupled with collective Mie modes of silicon nanopillars. We show that the excitation of band edge dipolar modes of a linear nanopillar array results in strong reshaping of the photoluminescence spectra. Among other collective modes, the magnetic dipolar mode with the polarization along the array axis contributes the most to the emission spectrum, exhibiting an experimentally measured Q-factor of around 500 for an array of 11 pillars. The results belong to the first experimental evidence of light emission enhancement of quantum emitters applying collective Mie resonances in finite nanoresonators and therefore represent an important contribution to the new field of active all-dielectric meta-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Rutckaia
- Centre
for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Heyroth
- Interdisciplinary
center of material science, Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Georg Schmidt
- Institute
of Physics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexey Novikov
- Institute
for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academicheskaya Str. 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Lobachevsky
University, Gagarin av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shaleev
- Institute
for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academicheskaya Str. 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Roman S. Savelev
- Department
of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Joerg Schilling
- Centre
for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mihail Petrov
- Department
of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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