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Li K, Li J, Li Z, Men L, Zuo H, Gong X. Cisplatin-based combination therapies: Their efficacy with a focus on ginsenosides co-administration. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107175. [PMID: 38582357 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin, a frequently prescribed chemotherapeutic agent, serves as a clinically therapeutic strategy for a broad range of malignancies. Its primary mode of action centers around interference with DNA replication and RNA transcription, thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Nevertheless, the clinical utility of cisplatin is constrained by its severe adverse effects and the burgeoning problem of drug resistance. Ginsenosides, potent bioactive constituents derived from ginseng, possess an array of biological activities. Recent scientific investigations underscore the substantial amplification of cisplatin's anticancer potency and the mitigation of its harmful side effects when administered concomitantly with ginsenosides. This review aims to explore the underlying mechanisms at play in this combination therapy. Initially, we provide a concise introduction to the cisplatin. Then, we pivot towards illuminating how ginsenosides bolster the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin and counteract cisplatin resistance, culminating in enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, we provide an extensive discussion on the reduction of cisplatin-induced toxicity in the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and ear, accompanied by immune-fortification with ginsenosides. The existing clinical combined use of cisplatin and ginsenosides is also discussed. We propose several recommendations to propel additional research into the mechanisms governing the synergistic use of ginsenosides and cisplatin, thereby furnishing invaluable insights and fostering advancement in combined modality therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jiwen Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Lei Men
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Haibin Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Xiaojie Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Nguyen HT, Phan LK, Huynh KLV, Duong TH, Le HT, Hai-Yen NT, Yen NTH, Long NP, Nguyen MD. Untargeted Metabolomics Approach for the Differentiation between Panax vietnamensis var. vietnamensis and Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. Metabolites 2023; 13:763. [PMID: 37367920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis var. vietnamensis (PVV) and Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus (PVF) both belong to Panax vietnamensis species and are chemically and morphologically similar, making it hard to distinguish for the consumer. Herein, 42 PVF and 12 PVV samples were collected in Quang Nam and Lai Chau Province, respectively, and subsequently characterized by ITSr-DNA sequence data to verify their origins. Next, untargeted metabolomics combined with multivariate statistical analysis was developed to differentiate PVV and PVF. The metabolic profiles of PVV and PVF were found to be distinct and classified well using Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) in the training set. Among them, seven ginsenosides were of high abundance in PVV, while six were of high abundance in PVF. Next, the test set was used to validate 13 putative differential markers found in the training set, illustrating a complete match with the expression patterns of these ginsenosides in the training set. Finally, PLS-DA and linear Support Vector Machine models both indicated distinct ginsenoside profiles of PVV and PVF without misclassification in the test set. Conclusively, the developed untargeted metabolomics approach might serve as a powerful tool for the authentication of PVV and PVF at the metabolome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Long Ke Phan
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 122300, Vietnam
| | - Kim-Long Vu Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thuc-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City 72700, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thuy Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaco Genomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaco Genomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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Liu J, Li Z, Lao Y, Jin X, Wang Y, Jiang B, He R, Yang S. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental verification reveal the mechanism of San-Huang decoction in treating acute kidney injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1060464. [PMID: 36814499 PMCID: PMC9939458 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cisplatin is an effective anti-tumor drug. However, its usage is constrained by side effects such as nephron toxicity. Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) appears in approximately 20%-30% of cases. Hence, finding an effective protective strategy is necessary. San-Huang decoction (SHD) is a Chinese herbal decoction with good efficacy in treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nevertheless, the mechanism of SHD on AKI remains unclear. Consequently, we proposed to explore the potential mechanism of SHD against cisplatin-induced AKI. Methods: Active compounds, core target proteins, and associated signaling pathways of SHD were predicted through network pharmacology. Then confirmed by molecular docking. In vivo experiment, Cisplatin + SHD group was treated with SHD (6.5 g/kg/day) for 6 days before building the model. An AKI model was established with a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin at 20 mg/kg. After 72 h of cisplatin injection, all mice were sacrificed to collect blood and kidney tissues for verification of network pharmacology analysis. Results: We found that calycosin, rhein, and ginsenoside Rh2 may be SHD's primary active compounds in treating cisplatin-induced AKI, and AKT, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, caspase-3, and MMP9 are the core target proteins. The relationship between the compound and target protein was further confirmed by molecular docking. The Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses predicted that SHD has an anti-inflammatory role through the TNF and IL-17 signaling pathway. Moreover, Western blot and immunohistochemistry validated the potential molecular mechanisms of SHD, predicted from network pharmacology analysis. The mechanism of cisplatin-induced AKI involves apoptosis and inflammation. In apoptosis, Caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bax proteins were down-regulated, while Bcl-2 was up-regulated by SHD. The differential expression of MMP protein is involved in the pathological process of AKI. MMP9 protects from glomerular tubule damage. MMP9 and PI3K/AKT anti-apoptosis pathway were up-regulated by SHD. In addition, we discovered that SHD alleviated AKI by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion: SHD plays a critical role in anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and activating PI3K/AKT anti-apoptosis pathway, indicating that SHD is a candidate herbal drug for further investigation in treating cisplatin-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongtang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunlan Lao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Riming He
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Riming He, ; Shudong Yang,
| | - Shudong Yang
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China,Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Riming He, ; Shudong Yang,
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Iskander A, Yan LJ. Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Toxicity: Potential Roles of Major NAD +-Dependent Enzymes and Plant-Derived Natural Products. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1078. [PMID: 36008971 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an FDA approved anti-cancer drug that is widely used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. However, the severe adverse effects of cisplatin, particularly kidney toxicity, restrict its clinical and medication applications. The major mechanisms of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are covered in this short review. In particular, we review the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin kidney injury in the context of NAD+-dependent redox enzymes including mitochondrial complex I, NAD kinase, CD38, sirtuins, poly-ADP ribosylase polymerase, and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and their potential contributing roles in the amelioration of cisplatin-induced kidney injury conferred by natural products derived from plants. We also cover general procedures used to create animal models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury involving mice and rats. We highlight the fact that more studies will be needed to dissect the role of each NAD+-dependent redox enzyme and its involvement in modulating cisplatin-induced kidney injury, in conjunction with intensive research in NAD+ redox biology and the protective effects of natural products against cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
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Nguyen HT, Vu-Huynh KL, Nguyen HM, Le HT, Le THV, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Evaluation of the Saponin Content in Panax vietnamensis Acclimatized to Lam Dong Province by HPLC-UV/CAD. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175373. [PMID: 34500805 PMCID: PMC8433671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis, or Vietnamese ginseng (VG), an endemic Panax species in Vietnam, possesses a unique saponin profile and interesting biological activities. This plant is presently in danger of extinction due to over-exploitation, resulting in many preservation efforts towards the geographical acclimatization of VG. Yet, no information on the saponin content of the acclimatized VG, an important quality indicator, is available. Here, we analyzed the saponin content in the underground parts of two- to five-year-old VG plants acclimatized to Lam Dong province. Nine characteristic saponins, including notoginsenoside-R1, ginsenoside-Rg1, -Rb1, -Rd, majonoside-R1, -R2 vina-ginsenoside-R2, -R11, and pseudoginsenoside-RT4, were simultaneously determined by HPLC coupled with UV and with a charged aerosol detector (CAD). Analyzing the results illustrated that the detection of characteristic ocotillol-type saponins in VG by CAD presented a superior capacity compared with that of UV, thus implying a preferential choice of CAD for the analysis of VG. The quantitative results indicating the saponin content in the underground parts of VG showed an increasing tendency from two to five years old, with the root and the rhizome exhibiting different saponin accumulation patterns. This is the first study that reveals the preliminary success of VG acclimatization and thereby encourages the continuing efforts to develop this valuable saponin-rich plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Kim Long Vu-Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Hien Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Huong Thuy Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (M.D.N.); Tel.: +82-10-37027857 (J.H.P.); +84-28-37761043 (M.D.N.)
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (M.D.N.); Tel.: +82-10-37027857 (J.H.P.); +84-28-37761043 (M.D.N.)
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Gao D, Kim JH, Vinh LB, Seo EY, Yang SY, Cho CW, Kim YH, Kim KT, Sim J, Kang JS. Effect of citric acid and heat treatment on the content of less-polar ginsenosides in flower buds of Panax ginseng. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:144-153. [PMID: 33950798 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1920036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng flower bud (GFB), as an inexpensive part of Panax ginseng, attracted significant attention as a beneficial functional food with medicinal potentials due to its high content of ginsenosides. A few studies focused on the utilization of heat treatment and citric acid treatment to process ginseng flowers, converting its polar ginsenosides into rare ginsenosides to improve its biological activities. Thus, in this study, we compared the changes of ginsenosides in GFB after citric acid and heat treatment by HPLC method. The results revealed that less-polar ginsenoside, Rg6 and F4, increased to 1.01 and 0.27% by heat treatment, respectively. Further, ginsenoside F2 increased to 1.13% with 1 M citric acid treatment. Furthermore, based on the combination of these two processing methods for the first time, the conversion rate of less-polar ginsenosides surged to 80%. The content of ginsenoside Rg3(s) and Rg5 increased to 1.509 and 1.871%, respectively, by simultaneous heat and citric acid treatment. Therefore, a processing approach that simultaneously performs heat and citric acid treatments has been proposed, and this considerably inexpensive and convenient processing method could be applied to the processing of GFBs and produce less-polar ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Ba Vinh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Woon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Ma C, Lin Q, Xue Y, Ju Z, Deng G, Liu W, Sun Y, Guan H, Cheng X, Wang C. Pharmacokinetic studies of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 in rats by UFLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5108. [PMID: 33650162 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A rapid ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to determine ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5, a pair of isomers, in rat plasma, which was successfully applied to their pharmacokinetic studies. Two ginsenosides were given to male Sprague-Dawley rats via intragastrical and intravenous routes, respectively, and the impact of double bond position on the pharmacokinetic features of the two ginsenosides was elucidated in rats. Ginsenoside Rg3 was used as internal standard and ethyl acetate was applied to extract analytes and internal standard. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a reverse-phase UPLC HSS T3 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The flow rate was set to 0.4 ml/min. The fragmentation transition was m/z 765.4 → m/z 101.1 for two ginsenosides. The mobile phases were composed of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The linear range was 2-1,000 ng/ml for the two ginsenosides. Intra- and inter-day precisions were <11.67%, and accuracy fluctuated from -7.44 to 6.78%. The extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability were within acceptable levels. After treatment with ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5, some differences were found in their pharmacokinetic profiles in rats. The maximum plasma drug concentration and the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve of ginsenoside Rg5 were about 5 times bigger than those of ginsenoside Rk1 after oral administration, and 3 times higher after intravenous administration. The oral bioavailabilities of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 were 0.67 and 0.97%, respectively. The results indicated that ∆20(22) -ginsenosides showed better pharmacokinetic features than ∆20(21) -ginsenosides with the same glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyan Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafu Xue
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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Vu-Huynh KL, Nguyen HT, Van Le TH, Ma CT, Lee GJ, Kwon SW, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Accumulation of Saponins in Underground Parts of Panax vietnamensis at Different Ages Analyzed by HPLC-UV/ELSD. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133086. [PMID: 32645855 PMCID: PMC7411744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis (PV), a wild Panax species discovered in Vietnam in 1973, has been increasingly overexploited due to its economic value and therapeutic uses. This resulted in the development of PV cultivation to meet the market demand. There is little information on the accumulation of saponins in PV during cultivation, but this information could serve as an indication of the appropriate harvest time. In this study we developed an HPLC-UV/ELSD method to simultaneously determine the content of 10 characteristic saponins in PV from 2–7 years old, including G-Rb1, G-Rd, G-Rg1, G-Re, N-R1, M-R1, M-R2, V-R2, V-R11, and p-RT4. The result indicated that from 2 to 5 years, the content of saponins in PV rhizome and radix increase 3.02 and 4.2 times, respectively, whereas from 5 to 7 years, no significant changes were observed. Hence, our study suggests that after 5 years of growth could be considered as an appropriate time for PV to be harvested. Among the analyzed saponins, G-Rg1, G-Rb1, G-Rd, and especially M-R2 were the major saponins that contributed to the change of PV’s saponin content through the years. In addition, the developed and validated HPLC method was proven to be reliable and effective for quality control of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Long Vu-Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (K.L.V.-H.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (K.L.V.-H.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (T.H.V.L.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Chi Thanh Ma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (T.H.V.L.); (C.T.M.)
| | - Gwang Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (G.J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (G.J.L.); (S.W.K.)
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (G.J.L.); (S.W.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (M.D.N.); Tel.: +82-2-880-7857 (J.H.P.); +84-90-898-8820 (M.D.N.)
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (K.L.V.-H.); (H.T.N.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (M.D.N.); Tel.: +82-2-880-7857 (J.H.P.); +84-90-898-8820 (M.D.N.)
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