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Baines O, Sha R, Kalla M, Holmes AP, Efimov IR, Pavlovic D, O’Shea C. Optical mapping and optogenetics in cardiac electrophysiology research and therapy: a state-of-the-art review. Europace 2024; 26:euae017. [PMID: 38227822 PMCID: PMC10847904 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art innovations in optical cardiac electrophysiology are significantly enhancing cardiac research. A potential leap into patient care is now on the horizon. Optical mapping, using fluorescent probes and high-speed cameras, offers detailed insights into cardiac activity and arrhythmias by analysing electrical signals, calcium dynamics, and metabolism. Optogenetics utilizes light-sensitive ion channels and pumps to realize contactless, cell-selective cardiac actuation for modelling arrhythmia, restoring sinus rhythm, and probing complex cell-cell interactions. The merging of optogenetics and optical mapping techniques for 'all-optical' electrophysiology marks a significant step forward. This combination allows for the contactless actuation and sensing of cardiac electrophysiology, offering unprecedented spatial-temporal resolution and control. Recent studies have performed all-optical imaging ex vivo and achieved reliable optogenetic pacing in vivo, narrowing the gap for clinical use. Progress in optical electrophysiology continues at pace. Advances in motion tracking methods are removing the necessity of motion uncoupling, a key limitation of optical mapping. Innovations in optoelectronics, including miniaturized, biocompatible illumination and circuitry, are enabling the creation of implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators with optoelectrical closed-loop systems. Computational modelling and machine learning are emerging as pivotal tools in enhancing optical techniques, offering new avenues for analysing complex data and optimizing therapeutic strategies. However, key challenges remain including opsin delivery, real-time data processing, longevity, and chronic effects of optoelectronic devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in optical mapping and optogenetics and outlines the promising future of optics in reshaping cardiac electrophysiology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Baines
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rina Sha
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manish Kalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher O’Shea
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Biasci V, Santini L, Marchal GA, Hussaini S, Ferrantini C, Coppini R, Loew LM, Luther S, Campione M, Poggesi C, Pavone FS, Cerbai E, Bub G, Sacconi L. Optogenetic manipulation of cardiac electrical dynamics using sub-threshold illumination: dissecting the role of cardiac alternans in terminating rapid rhythms. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:25. [PMID: 35488105 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac action potential (AP) shape and propagation are regulated by several key dynamic factors such as ion channel recovery and intracellular Ca2+ cycling. Experimental methods for manipulating AP electrical dynamics commonly use ion channel inhibitors that lack spatial and temporal specificity. In this work, we propose an approach based on optogenetics to manipulate cardiac electrical activity employing a light-modulated depolarizing current with intensities that are too low to elicit APs (sub-threshold illumination), but are sufficient to fine-tune AP electrical dynamics. We investigated the effects of sub-threshold illumination in isolated cardiomyocytes and whole hearts by using transgenic mice constitutively expressing a light-gated ion channel (channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2). We find that ChR2-mediated depolarizing current prolongs APs and reduces conduction velocity (CV) in a space-selective and reversible manner. Sub-threshold manipulation also affects the dynamics of cardiac electrical activity, increasing the magnitude of cardiac alternans. We used an optical system that uses real-time feedback control to generate re-entrant circuits with user-defined cycle lengths to explore the role of cardiac alternans in spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardias (VTs). We demonstrate that VT stability significantly decreases during sub-threshold illumination primarily due to an increase in the amplitude of electrical oscillations, which implies that cardiac alternans may be beneficial in the context of self-termination of VT.
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Hong W, Jiang C, Qin M, Song Z, Ji P, Wang L, Tu K, Lu L, Guo Z, Yang B, Wang X, Liu J. Self-adaptive cardiac optogenetics device based on negative stretching-resistive strain sensor. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj4273. [PMID: 34818034 PMCID: PMC8612680 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine calls for high demand of continuous, closed-loop physiological monitoring and accurate control, especially for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac optogenetics is promising for its superiority of cell selectivity and high time-space accuracy, but the efficacy of optogenetics relative to the input of light stimulus is detected and controlled separately by discrete instruments in vitro, which suffers from time retardation, energy consumption, and poor portability. Thus, a highly integrated system based on implantable sensors combining closed-loop self-monitoring with simultaneous treatment is highly desired. Here, we report a self-adaptive cardiac optogenetics system based on an original negative stretching-resistive strain sensor array for closed-loop heart rate recording and self-adaptive light intensity control. The strain sensor exhibits a dual and synchronous capability of precise monitor and physiological-electrical-optical regulation. In an in vivo ventricular tachycardia model, our system demonstrates the potential of a negative stretching-resistive device in controlling-in-sensor electronics for wearable/implantable autodiagnosis and telehealth applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunpeng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ziliang Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Pengfei Ji
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Longchun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kejun Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijun Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhejun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
The electromechanical function of the heart involves complex, coordinated activity over time and space. Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias arise from asynchrony in these space-time events; therefore, therapies for prevention and treatment require fundamental understanding and the ability to visualize, perturb and control cardiac activity. Optogenetics combines optical and molecular biology (genetic) approaches for light-enabled sensing and actuation of electrical activity with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution and parallelism. The year 2020 marks a decade of developments in cardiac optogenetics since this technology was adopted from neuroscience and applied to the heart. In this Review, we appraise a decade of advances that define near-term (immediate) translation based on all-optical electrophysiology, including high-throughput screening, cardiotoxicity testing and personalized medicine assays, and long-term (aspirational) prospects for clinical translation of cardiac optogenetics, including new optical therapies for rhythm control. The main translational opportunities and challenges for optogenetics to be fully embraced in cardiology are also discussed.
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Biasci V, Sacconi L, Cytrynbaum EN, Pijnappels DA, De Coster T, Shrier A, Glass L, Bub G. Universal mechanisms for self-termination of rapid cardiac rhythm. Chaos 2020; 30:121107. [PMID: 33380016 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excitable media sustain circulating waves. In the heart, sustained circulating waves can lead to serious impairment or even death. To investigate factors affecting the stability of such waves, we have used optogenetic techniques to stimulate a region at the apex of a mouse heart at a fixed delay after the detection of excitation at the base of the heart. For long delays, rapid circulating rhythms can be sustained, whereas for shorter delays, there are paroxysmal bursts of activity that start and stop spontaneously. By considering the dependence of the action potential and conduction velocity on the preceding recovery time using restitution curves, as well as the reduced excitability (fatigue) due to the rapid excitation, we model prominent features of the dynamics including alternation of the duration of the excited phases and conduction times, as well as termination of the bursts for short delays. We propose that this illustrates universal mechanisms that exist in biological systems for the self-termination of such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Biasci
- Division of Physiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Eric N Cytrynbaum
- Department of Mathematics, UBC, Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim De Coster
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alvin Shrier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Leon Glass
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gil Bub
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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