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Baines O, Sha R, Kalla M, Holmes AP, Efimov IR, Pavlovic D, O’Shea C. Optical mapping and optogenetics in cardiac electrophysiology research and therapy: a state-of-the-art review. Europace 2024; 26:euae017. [PMID: 38227822 PMCID: PMC10847904 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art innovations in optical cardiac electrophysiology are significantly enhancing cardiac research. A potential leap into patient care is now on the horizon. Optical mapping, using fluorescent probes and high-speed cameras, offers detailed insights into cardiac activity and arrhythmias by analysing electrical signals, calcium dynamics, and metabolism. Optogenetics utilizes light-sensitive ion channels and pumps to realize contactless, cell-selective cardiac actuation for modelling arrhythmia, restoring sinus rhythm, and probing complex cell-cell interactions. The merging of optogenetics and optical mapping techniques for 'all-optical' electrophysiology marks a significant step forward. This combination allows for the contactless actuation and sensing of cardiac electrophysiology, offering unprecedented spatial-temporal resolution and control. Recent studies have performed all-optical imaging ex vivo and achieved reliable optogenetic pacing in vivo, narrowing the gap for clinical use. Progress in optical electrophysiology continues at pace. Advances in motion tracking methods are removing the necessity of motion uncoupling, a key limitation of optical mapping. Innovations in optoelectronics, including miniaturized, biocompatible illumination and circuitry, are enabling the creation of implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators with optoelectrical closed-loop systems. Computational modelling and machine learning are emerging as pivotal tools in enhancing optical techniques, offering new avenues for analysing complex data and optimizing therapeutic strategies. However, key challenges remain including opsin delivery, real-time data processing, longevity, and chronic effects of optoelectronic devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in optical mapping and optogenetics and outlines the promising future of optics in reshaping cardiac electrophysiology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Baines
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rina Sha
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Manish Kalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher O’Shea
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbastion, Wolfson Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Schwarzová B, Stüdemann T, Sönmez M, Rössinger J, Pan B, Eschenhagen T, Stenzig J, Wiegert JS, Christ T, Weinberger F. Modulating cardiac physiology in engineered heart tissue with the bidirectional optogenetic tool BiPOLES. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1463-1477. [PMID: 37863976 PMCID: PMC10730631 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic actuators are rapidly advancing tools used to control physiology in excitable cells, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes. In neuroscience, these tools have been used to either excite or inhibit neuronal activity. Cell type-targeted actuators have allowed to study the function of distinct cell populations. Whereas the first described cation channelrhodopsins allowed to excite specific neuronal cell populations, anion channelrhodopsins were used to inhibit neuronal activity. To allow for simultaneous excitation and inhibition, opsin combinations with low spectral overlap were introduced. BiPOLES (Bidirectional Pair of Opsins for Light-induced Excitation and Silencing) is a bidirectional optogenetic tool consisting of the anion channel Guillardia theta anion-conducting channelrhodopsin 2 (GtACR2 with a blue excitation spectrum and the red-shifted cation channel Chrimson. Here, we studied the effects of BiPOLES activation in cardiomyocytes. For this, we knocked in BiPOLES into the adeno-associated virus integration site 1 (AAVS1) locus of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), subjected these to cardiac differentiation, and generated BiPOLES expressing engineered heart tissue (EHT) for physiological characterization. Continuous light application activating either GtACR2 or Chrimson resulted in cardiomyocyte depolarization and thus stopped EHT contractility. In contrast, short light pulses, with red as well as with blue light, triggered action potentials (AP) up to a rate of 240 bpm. In summary, we demonstrate that cation, as well as anion channelrhodopsins, can be used to activate stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with pulsed photostimulation but also to silence cardiac contractility with prolonged photostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Schwarzová
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Stüdemann
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammed Sönmez
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Rössinger
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bangfen Pan
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Stenzig
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberger
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Berlin, Germany.
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Jee HJ, Zhu E, Sun M, Liu W, Zhang Q, Wang J. Anterior cingulate cortex regulates pain catastrophizing-like behaviors in rats. Mol Brain 2023; 16:71. [PMID: 37833814 PMCID: PMC10576271 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative pain expectation including pain catastrophizing is a well-known clinical phenomenon whereby patients amplify the aversive value of a painful or oftentimes even a similar, non-painful stimulus. Mechanisms of pain catastrophizing, however, remain elusive. Here, we modeled pain catastrophizing behavior in rats, and found that rats subjected to repeated noxious pin pricks on one paw demonstrated an aversive response to similar but non-noxious mechanical stimuli delivered to the contralateral paw. Optogenetic inhibition of pyramidal neuron activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during the application of repetitive noxious pin pricks eliminated this catastrophizing behavior. Time-lapse calcium (Ca2+) imaging in the ACC further revealed an increase in spontaneous neural activity after the delivery of noxious stimuli. Together these results suggest that the experience of repeated noxious stimuli may drive hyperactivity in the ACC, causing increased avoidance of subthreshold stimuli, and that reducing this hyperactivity may play a role in treating pain catastrophizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Jee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Elaine Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Weizhuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Qiaosheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Pain Research Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Shafraz O, Davis CMO, Sivasankar S. Light-activated BioID - an optically activated proximity labeling system to study protein-protein interactions. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261430. [PMID: 37756605 PMCID: PMC10656424 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximity labeling with genetically encoded enzymes is widely used to study protein-protein interactions in cells. However, the accuracy of proximity labeling is limited by a lack of control over the enzymatic labeling process. Here, we present a light-activated proximity labeling technology for mapping protein-protein interactions at the cell membrane with high accuracy and precision. Our technology, called light-activated BioID (LAB), fuses the two halves of the split-TurboID proximity labeling enzyme to the photodimeric proteins CRY2 and CIB1. We demonstrate, in multiple cell lines, that upon illumination with blue light, CRY2 and CIB1 dimerize, reconstitute split-TurboID and initiate biotinylation. Turning off the light leads to the dissociation of CRY2 and CIB1 and halts biotinylation. We benchmark LAB against the widely used TurboID proximity labeling method by measuring the proteome of E-cadherin, an essential cell-cell adhesion protein. We show that LAB can map E-cadherin-binding partners with higher accuracy and significantly fewer false positives than TurboID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Shafraz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Sanjeevi Sivasankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Vogel A, Ueberbach T, Wilken-Schmitz A, Hahnefeld L, Franck L, Weyer MP, Jungenitz T, Schmid T, Buchmann G, Freudenberg F, Brandes RP, Gurke R, Schwarzacher SW, Geisslinger G, Mittmann T, Tegeder I. Repetitive and compulsive behavior after Early-Life-Pain associated with reduced long-chain sphingolipid species. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:155. [PMID: 37635256 PMCID: PMC10463951 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain in early life may impact on development and risk of chronic pain. We developed an optogenetic Cre/loxP mouse model of "early-life-pain" (ELP) using mice with transgenic expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) under control of the Advillin (Avil) promoter, which drives expression of transgenes predominantly in isolectin B4 positive non-peptidergic nociceptors in postnatal mice. Avil-ChR2 (Cre +) and ChR2-flfl control mice were exposed to blue light in a chamber once daily from P1-P5 together with their Cre-negative mother. RESULTS ELP caused cortical hyperexcitability at P8-9 as assessed via multi-electrode array recordings that coincided with reduced expression of synaptic genes (RNAseq) including Grin2b, neurexins, piccolo and voltage gated calcium and sodium channels. Young adult (8-16 wks) Avil-ChR2 mice presented with nociceptive hypersensitivity upon heat or mechanical stimulation, which did not resolve up until one year of age. The persistent hypersensitivy to nociceptive stimuli was reflected by increased calcium fluxes in primary sensory neurons of aged mice (1 year) upon capsaicin stimulation. Avil-ChR2 mice behaved like controls in maze tests of anxiety, social interaction, and spatial memory but IntelliCage behavioral studies revealed repetitive nosepokes and corner visits and compulsive lickings. Compulsiveness at the behavioral level was associated with a reduction of sphingomyelin species in brain and plasma lipidomic studies. Behavioral studies were done with female mice. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ELP may predispose to chronic "pain" and compulsive psychopathology in part mediated by alterations of sphingolipid metabolism, which have been previously described in the context of addiction and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Timo Ueberbach
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luisa Franck
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tassilo Jungenitz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Partner Site Frankfurt, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Giulia Buchmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abe C, Katayama C, Bazek M, Nakamura Y, Ohbayashi K, Horii K, Fujimoto C, Tanida M, Iwasaki Y, Inoue T, Nin F, Morita H. Repeated activation of C1 neurons in medulla oblongata decreases anti-inflammatory effect via the hypofunction of the adrenal gland adrenergic response. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:138-150. [PMID: 37037362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is known to be controlled by the autonomic nervous system including sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus) nerves. C1 neurons in the medulla oblongata, which participate in the control of the autonomic nervous system, are responders to stressors and regulate the immune system. Short-term activation of C1 neurons suppresses inflammation, while the effect of a long-term activation of these neurons on the inflammatory reflex is unclear. We, herein, demonstrate that the coactivation of both the splenic sympathetic nerves and the adrenal gland adrenergic response are indispensable for the prognosis of acute lung injury. The chemogenetic activation of C1 neurons increased plasma catecholamine including adrenaline and noradrenaline levels. The deletion of catecholaminergic cells using local injections of viral vector in the adrenal gland abolished the protective effect against acute lung injury when the C1 neurons were stimulated by either chemogenetic or optogenetic tools. Furthermore, repeated activation of C1 neurons using chemogenetic tool inhibited the adrenal response without affecting the plasma noradrenaline levels, eliminated the protective effect against acute lung injury. This was rescued by the isoprenaline administration. We concluded that the maintenance of an adrenergic response via C1 neurons in the adrenal gland is a prerequisite for the delivery of an effective anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Preemptive Food Research Center (PFRC), Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Chikako Katayama
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Murat Bazek
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuna Nakamura
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kento Ohbayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horii
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chisato Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Jain A, Dokholyan NV, Lee AL. Allosteric inactivation of an engineered optogenetic GTPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219254120. [PMID: 36972433 PMCID: PMC10083549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219254120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is a technique for establishing direct spatiotemporal control over molecular function within living cells using light. Light application induces conformational changes within targeted proteins that produce changes in function. One of the applications of optogenetic tools is an allosteric control of proteins via light-sensing domain (LOV2), which allows direct and robust control of protein function. Computational studies supported by cellular imaging demonstrated that application of light allosterically inhibited signaling proteins Vav2, ITSN, and Rac1, but the structural and dynamic basis of such control has yet to be elucidated by experiment. Here, using NMR spectroscopy, we discover principles of action of allosteric control of cell division control protein 42 (CDC42), a small GTPase involved in cell signaling. Both LOV2 and Cdc42 employ flexibility in their function to switch between "dark"/"lit" or active/inactive states, respectively. By conjoining Cdc42 and phototropin1 LOV2 domains into the bi-switchable fusion Cdc42Lov, application of light-or alternatively, mutation in LOV2 to mimic light absorption-allosterically inhibits Cdc42 downstream signaling. The flow and patterning of allosteric transduction in this flexible system are well suited to observation by NMR. Close monitoring of the structural and dynamic properties of dark versus "lit" states of Cdc42Lov revealed lit-induced allosteric perturbations that extend to Cdc42's downstream effector binding site. Chemical shift perturbations for lit mimic, I539E, have distinct regions of sensitivity, and both the domains are coupled together, leading to bidirectional interdomain signaling. Insights gained from this optoallosteric design will increase our ability to control response sensitivity in future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Jain
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA17033
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA17033
| | - Andrew L. Lee
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
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Liu W, He X, Lin H, Yang M, Dai Y, Chen L, Li C, Liang S, Tao J, Chen L. Ischemic stroke rehabilitation through optogenetic modulation of parvalbumin neurons in the contralateral motor cortex. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114289. [PMID: 36471512 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the theory of interhemispheric inhibition and the bimodal balance-recovery model in stroke, we explored the effects of excitation/inhibition (E/I) of parvalbumin (PV) neurons in the contralateral primary motor cortex (cM1) connecting the ipsilateral M1 (iM1) via the corpus callosum (cM1-CC-iM1) of ischemic stroke rats by optogenetic stimulation. METHODS We tested this by injecting anterograde and retrograde virus in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and evaluated the neurological scores, motor behavior, volume of cerebral infarction and the E/I balance of the bilateral M1 two weeks after employing optogenetic treatment. RESULTS We found that concentrations of Glu and GABA decreased and increased, respectively, in the iM1 of MCAO rats, and that the former increased in the cM1, suggesting E/I imbalance in bilateral M1 after ischemic stroke. Interestingly, optogenetic stimulation improved M1 E/I imbalance, as illustrated by the increase of Glu in the iM1 and the decrease of GABA in both iM1 and cM1, which were accompanied by an improvement in neurological deficit and motor dysfunction. In addition, we observed a reduced infarct volume, an increase in the expression of the NMDAR and AMPAR, and a decrease in GAD67 in the iM1 after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Optogenetic modulation of PV neurons of the iM1-CC-cM1 improve E/I balance, leading to reduced neurological deficit and improved motor dysfunction following ischemic stroke in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- Rehabilitation Industry institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiaojun He
- Rehabilitation Industry institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huawei Lin
- Rehabilitation Industry institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- Rehabilitation Industry institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lewen Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- General surgery, Anxi General Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Quanzhou, Fujian 362400, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- Rehabilitation Industry institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jing Tao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- Rehabilitation Industry institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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Audouard E, Michel F, Pierroz V, Kim T, Rousselot L, Gillet-Legrand B, Dufayet-Chauffaut G, Buchmann P, Florea M, Khel A, Altynbekova K, Delgaldo C, Escudero E, Soler ABA, Cartier N, Piguet F, Folcher M. Bioelectronic cell-based device provides a strategy for the treatment of the experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release 2022; 352:994-1008. [PMID: 36370877 PMCID: PMC9733677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wireless powered optogenetic cell-based implant provides a strategy to deliver subcutaneously therapeutic proteins. Immortalize Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSC-TERT) expressing the bacteriophytochrome diguanylate cyclase (DGCL) were validated for optogenetic controlled interferon-β delivery (Optoferon cells) in a bioelectronic cell-based implant. Optoferon cells transcriptomic profiling was used to elaborate an in-silico model of the recombinant interferon-β production. Wireless optoelectronic device integration was developed using additive manufacturing and injection molding. Implant cell-based optoelectronic interface manufacturing was established to integrate industrial flexible compact low-resistance screen-printed Near Field Communication (NFC) coil antenna. Optogenetic cell-based implant biocompatibility, and device performances were evaluated in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Audouard
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université; Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Michel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taeuk Kim
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Rousselot
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université; Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Béatrix Gillet-Legrand
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université; Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Dufayet-Chauffaut
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université; Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Peter Buchmann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Florea
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Claudia Delgaldo
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Functional Printing and Embedded Devices Unit, Mataró, Spain
| | - Encarna Escudero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Functional Printing and Embedded Devices Unit, Mataró, Spain
| | - Alejandra Ben Aissa Soler
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Functional Printing and Embedded Devices Unit, Mataró, Spain
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université; Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Francoise Piguet
- NeuroGenCell, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université; Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marc Folcher
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, IOB, Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author at: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Schmitt DL, Mehta S, Zhang J. Study of spatiotemporal regulation of kinase signaling using genetically encodable molecular tools. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102224. [PMID: 36347198 PMCID: PMC10031819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal organization and regulation of signal transduction networks are essential for cellular response to internal and external cues. To understand how this biochemical activity architecture impacts cellular function, many genetically encodable tools which regulate kinase activity at a subcellular level have been developed. In this review, we highlight various types of genetically encodable molecular tools, including tools to regulate endogenous kinase activity and biorthogonal techniques to perturb kinase activity. Finally, we emphasize the use of these tools alongside biosensors for kinase activity to measure and perturb kinase activity in real time for a better understanding of the cellular biochemical activity architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Internal organs, including the airway, are innervated by neurons of the autonomic and sensory nervous systems. The airway-innervating sensory neurons primarily originate from the vagus nerve, whose cell bodies are found, in rodents, in the jugular and nodose ganglia complex (JNC). About half of these sensory neurons expressed the heat-sensing ion channel TRPV1 and evolved to limit tissue damage by detecting chemical, mechanical, or thermal threats and to initiate protective airway reflexes such as coughing and bronchoconstriction. They also help monitor the host homeostasis by sensing nutrients, pressure, and O2 levels and help mount airway defenses by controlling immune and goblet cell activity. To better appreciate the scope of the physiological role and pathological contributions of these neurons, we will review gain and loss-of-function approaches geared at controlling the activity of these neurons. We will also present a method to study transcriptomic changes in airway-innervating neurons and a co-culture approach designed to understand how nociceptors modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Chiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Theo Crosson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Katz M. Genetic Methods for Cellular Manipulation in C. elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2468:51-72. [PMID: 35320560 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2181-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuron manipulation in vivo by ablation, activation or inactivation, and regulation of gene expression is essential for dissecting nervous system function. Here we describe genetic means for neuron manipulation in the nematode C. elegans, and provide protocols for generating transgenic animals containing these genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Katz
- Department of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Li W, Han JL, Entcheva E. Protein and mRNA Quantification in Small Samples of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in 96-Well Microplates. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2485:15-37. [PMID: 35618896 PMCID: PMC9565115 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2261-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for protein quantification and for mRNA quantification in small sample quantities of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Demonstrated here is how the capillary-based protein detection system Wes™ by ProteinSimple and the Power SYBR™ Green Cells-to-CT™ Kit by Invitrogen can be applied to individual samples in a 96-well microplate format and thus made compatible with high-throughput (HT) cardiomyocyte assays. As an example of the usage, we illustrate that Cx43 protein and GJA1 mRNA levels in hiPSC-CMs are enhanced when the optogenetic actuator, channelrodopsin-2 (ChR2), is genetically expressed in them. Instructions are presented for cell culture and lysate preparations from hiPSC-CMs, along with optimized parameter settings and experimental protocol steps. Strategies to optimize primary antibody concentrations as well as ways for signal normalization are discussed, i.e., antibody multiplexing and total protein assay. The sensitivity of both the Wes and Cells-to-CT kit enables protein and mRNA quantification in a HT format, which is important when dealing with precious small samples. In addition to being able to handle small cardiomyocyte samples, these streamlined and semi-automated processes enable quick mechanistic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julie L Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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14
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Deng L, Ravenscraft B, Xu XM. Exploring propriospinal neuron-mediated neural circuit plasticity using recombinant viruses after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113962. [PMID: 34953895 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Propriospinal neurons (PSNs) play a crucial role in motor control and sensory processing and contribute to plastic reorganization of spinal circuits responsible for recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Due to their scattered distribution and various intersegmental projection patterns, it is challenging to dissect the function of PSNs within the neuronal network. New genetically encoded tools, particularly cell-type-specific transgene expression methods using recombinant viral vectors combined with other genetic, pharmacologic, and optogenetic approaches, have enormous potential for visualizing PSNs in the neuronal circuits and monitoring and manipulating their activity. Furthermore, recombinant viral tools have been utilized to promote the intrinsic regenerative capacities of PSNs, towards manipulating the 'hostile' microenvironment for improving functional regeneration of PSNs. Here we summarize the latest development in this fast-moving field and provide a perspective for using this technology to dissect PSN physiological role in contributing to recovery of function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Baylen Ravenscraft
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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15
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Song Y, Li J, Li H, Cai M, Miao D. The role of ventral tegmental area orexinergic afferents in depressive-like behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 579:22-28. [PMID: 34583191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Orexin has been implicated in comorbid diseases of depression, making it a promising target for anti-depression treatment. Although orexin neurons exhibit abnormal activity in depression, the neurocircuit mechanism of orexin remains unclear. As one of the important downstream factors of orexin neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is considered crucial to the mechanism of depression. However, the role of VTA orexinergic afferents in depression remains unclear. In this study, we applied a combination of opto/chemogenetic and neuropharmacology methods to investigate whether the VTA orexinergic afferents participate in the pathogenesis of depression in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model. We found that c-Fos expression in these VTA-projecting orexin neurons specifically decreased in CUMS-treated mice. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of orexin terminals in the VTA significantly reversed depressive behavior. Microinjection of orexin-A, but not orexin-B, into the VTA significantly improved depressive-like behavior. Our study provided direct evidence that the VTA orexinergic afferents participate in the mechanism of depression, and the orexin-1 receptor plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Song
- Department of Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danmin Miao
- Department of Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Halder M, McKinnon ML, Li Y, Wenner P, Hochman S. Isolation and Electrophysiology of Murine Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons in the Thoracic Paravertebral Ganglia. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4189. [PMID: 34761062 PMCID: PMC8554813 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The thoracic paravertebral sympathetic chain postganglionic neurons (tSPNs) represent the predominant sympathetic control of vascular function in the trunk and upper extremities. tSPNs cluster to form ganglia linked by an interganglionic nerve and receive multisegmental convergent and divergent synaptic input from cholinergic sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the spinal cord (Blackman and Purves, 1969; Lichtman et al., 1980 ). Studies in the past have focused on cervical and lumbar chain ganglia in multiple species, but few have examined the thoracic chain ganglia, whose location and diminutive size make them less conducive to experimentation. Seminal studies on the integrative properties of preganglionic axonal projections onto tSPNs were performed in guinea pig (Blackman and Purves, 1969; Lichtman et al., 1980 ), but as mice have become the accepted mammalian genetic model organism, there is need to reproduce and expand on these studies in this smaller model. We describe an ex vivo approach that enables electrophysiological, calcium imaging, and optogenetic assessment of convergence, divergence, and studies on pre- to postganglionic synaptic transmission, as well as whole-cell recordings from individual tSPNs. Preganglionic axonal connections from intact ventral roots and interganglionic nerves across multiple segments can be stimulated to evoke compound action potential responses in individual thoracic ganglia as recorded with suction electrodes. Chemical block of synaptic transmission differentiates spiking of preganglionic axons from synaptically-recruited tSPNs. Further dissection, including removal of the sympathetic chain, enables whole-cell patch clamp recordings from individual tSPNs for characterization of cellular and synaptic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Halder
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Wenner
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shawn Hochman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Huang H, Possidente DR, Vecsey CG. Optogenetic activation of SIFamide (SIFa) neurons induces a complex sleep-promoting effect in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113507. [PMID: 34175361 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a universal and extremely complicated function. Sleep is regulated by two systems-sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. In a wide range of species, neuropeptides have been found to play a crucial role in the communication and synchronization between different components of both systems. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, SIFamide (SIFa) is a neuropeptide that has been reported to be expressed in 4 neurons in the pars intercerebralis (PI) area of the brain. Previous work has shown that transgenic ablation of SIFa neurons, mutation of SIFa itself, or knockdown of SIFa receptors reduces sleep, suggesting that SIFa is sleep-promoting. However, those were all constitutive manipulations that could have affected development or resulted in compensation, so the role of SIFa signaling in sleep regulation during adulthood remains unclear. In the current study, we examined the sleep-promoting effect of SIFa through an optogenetic approach, which allowed for neuronal activation with high temporal resolution, while leaving development unaffected. We found that activation of the red-light sensor Chrimson in SIFa neurons promoted sleep in flies in a sexually dimorphic manner, where the magnitude of the sleep effect was greater in females than in males. Because neuropeptidergic neurons often also release other transmitters, we used RNA interference to knock down SIFa while also optogenetically activating SIFa neurons. SIFa knockdown only partially reduced the magnitude of the sleep effect, suggesting that release of other transmitters may contribute to the sleep induction when SIFa neurons are activated. Video-based analysis showed that activation of SIFa neurons for as brief a period as 1 second was able to decrease walking behavior for minutes after the stimulus. Future studies should aim to identify the transmitters that are utilized by SIFa neurons and characterize their upstream activators and downstream targets. It would also be of interest to determine how acute optogenetic activation of SIFa neurons alters other behaviors that have been linked to SIFa, such as mating and feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Huang
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
| | - Debra R Possidente
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
| | - Christopher G Vecsey
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866.
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18
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Fry WM, Ferguson AV. The subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis: Critical roles in cardiovascular regulation and the control of fluid balance. Handb Clin Neurol 2021; 180:203-215. [PMID: 34225930 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the extensive literature describing the roles of the subfornical organ (SFO), the organum vasculosum of the terminalis (OVLT), and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), comprising the lamina terminalis, in cardiovascular regulation and the control of fluid balance. We present this information in the context of both historical and technological developments which can effectively be overlaid upon each other. We describe intrinsic anatomy and connectivity and then discuss early work which described how circulating angiotensin II acts at the SFO to stimulate drinking and increase blood pressure. Extensive studies using direct administration and lesion approaches to highlight the roles of all regions of the lamina terminalis are then discussed. At the cellular level we describe c-Fos and electrophysiological work, which has highlighted an extensive group of circulating hormones which appear to influence the activity of specific neurons in the SFO, OVLT, and MnPO. We highlight optogenetic studies that have begun to unravel the complexities of circuitries underlying physiological outcomes, especially those related to different components of drinking. Finally, we describe the somewhat limited human literature supporting conclusions that these structures play similar and potentially important roles in human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mark Fry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alastair V Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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19
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Montardy Q, Wei M, Liu X, Yi T, Zhou Z, Lai J, Zhao B, Besnard S, Tighilet B, Chabbert C, Wang L. Selective optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, vestibular nuclei neurons induces immediate and reversible postural imbalance in mice. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102085. [PMID: 34171443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons represent the neural components of the medial vestibular nuclei. We assessed the functional role of glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal pathways arising from the vestibular nuclei (VN) in the maintenance of gait and balance by optogenetically stimulating the VN in VGluT2-cre and GAD2-cre mice. We demonstrate that glutamatergic, but not GABAergic VN neuronal subpopulation is responsible for immediate and strong posturo-locomotor deficits, comparable to unilateral vestibular deafferentation models. During optogenetic stimulation, the support surface dramatically increased in VNVGluT2+ mice, and rapidly fell back to baseline after stimulation, whilst it remained unchanged during similar stimulation of VNGAD2+ mice. This effect persisted when vestibular tactilo kinesthesic plantar inputs were removed. Posturo-locomotor alterations evoked in VNVGluT2+ animals were still present immediately after stimulation, while they disappeared 1 h later. Overall, these results indicate a fundamental role for VNVGluT2+ neurons in balance and posturo-locomotor functions, but not for VNGAD2+ neurons, in this specific context. This new optogenetic approach will be useful to characterize the role of the different VN neuronal populations involved in vestibular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Montardy
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; GDR Physiopathologie Vestibulaire - unité GDR2074 CNRS, France
| | - M Wei
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - X Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - T Yi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Z Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Lai
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - B Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - S Besnard
- Aix Marseille University-CNRS, Laboratory of Sensory and Cognitive Neurosciences, UMR 7260, Team Pathophysiology and Therapy of Vestibular Disorders, Marseille, France; Université de Caen Normandie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France; GDR Physiopathologie Vestibulaire - unité GDR2074 CNRS, France
| | - B Tighilet
- Aix Marseille University-CNRS, Laboratory of Sensory and Cognitive Neurosciences, UMR 7260, Team Pathophysiology and Therapy of Vestibular Disorders, Marseille, France; GDR Physiopathologie Vestibulaire - unité GDR2074 CNRS, France.
| | - C Chabbert
- Aix Marseille University-CNRS, Laboratory of Sensory and Cognitive Neurosciences, UMR 7260, Team Pathophysiology and Therapy of Vestibular Disorders, Marseille, France; GDR Physiopathologie Vestibulaire - unité GDR2074 CNRS, France.
| | - L Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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20
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Funken M, Bruegmann T, Sasse P. Selective optogenetic stimulation of fibroblasts enables quantification of hetero-cellular coupling to cardiomyocytes in a three-dimensional model of heart tissue. Europace 2021; 22:1590-1599. [PMID: 32808019 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Besides providing mechanical stability, fibroblasts in the heart could modulate the electrical properties of cardiomyocytes. Here, we aim to develop a three-dimensional hetero-cellular model to analyse the electric interaction between fibroblasts and human cardiomyocytes in vitro using selective optogenetic de- or hyperpolarization of fibroblasts. METHODS AND RESULTS NIH3T3 cell lines expressing the light-sensitive ion channel Channelrhodopsin2 or the light-induced proton pump Archaerhodopsin were generated for optogenetic depolarization or hyperpolarization, respectively, and characterized by patch clamp. Cardiac bodies consisting of 50% fibroblasts and 50% human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were analysed by video microscopy and membrane potential was measured with sharp electrodes. Myofibroblast activation in cardiac bodies was enhanced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulation. Connexin-43 expression was analysed by qPCR and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Illumination of Channelrhodopsin2 or Archaerhodopsin expressing fibroblasts induced inward currents and depolarization or outward currents and hyperpolarization. Transforming growth factor-β1-stimulation elevated connexin-43 expression and increased cell-cell coupling between fibroblasts as well as increased basal beating frequency and cardiomyocyte resting membrane potential in cardiac bodies. Illumination of cardiac bodies generated with Channelrhodopsin2 fibroblasts accelerated spontaneous beating, especially after TGF-β1-stimulation. Illumination of cardiac bodies prepared with Archaerhodopsin expressing fibroblasts led to hyperpolarization of cardiomyocytes and complete block of spontaneous beating after TGF-β1-stimulation. Effects of light were significantly smaller without TGF-β1-stimulation. CONCLUSION Transforming growth factor-β1-stimulation leads to increased hetero-cellular coupling and optogenetic hyperpolarization of fibroblasts reduces TGF-β1 induced effects on cardiomyocyte spontaneous activity. Optogenetic membrane potential manipulation selectively in fibroblasts in a new hetero-cellular cardiac body model allows direct quantification of fibroblast-cardiomyocyte coupling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Funken
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DZHK e. V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Cheng Y, Xie X, Lu J, Gangal H, Wang W, Melo S, Wang X, Jerger J, Woodson K, Garr E, Huang Y, Janak P, Wang J. Optogenetic induction of orbitostriatal long-term potentiation in the dorsomedial striatum elicits a persistent reduction of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 191:108560. [PMID: 33894220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled drug-seeking and -taking behaviors are generally driven by maladaptive corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. The orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and its projections to the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) have been extensively implicated in drug-seeking and relapse behaviors. The influence of the synaptic plasticity of OFC projections to the DMS (OFC→DMS) on drug-seeking and -taking behaviors has not been fully characterized. To investigate this, we trained rats to self-administer 20% alcohol and then delivered an in vivo optogenetic protocol designed to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) selectively at OFC→DMS synapses. We selected LTP induction because we found that voluntary alcohol self-administration suppressed OFC→DMS transmission and LTP may normalize this transmission, consequently reducing alcohol-seeking behavior. Importantly, ex vivo slice electrophysiology studies confirmed that this in vivo optical stimulation protocol resulted in a significant increase in excitatory OFC→DMS transmission strength on day two after stimulation, suggesting that LTP was induced in vivo. Rat alcohol-seeking and -taking behaviors were significantly reduced on days 1-3, but not on days 7-11, after LTP induction. Striatal synaptic plasticity is modulated by several critical neurotransmitter receptors, including dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs). We found that delivery of in vivo optical stimulation in the presence of a D1R antagonist abolished the LTP-associated decrease in alcohol-seeking behavior, whereas delivery in the presence of an A2AR antagonist may facilitate this LTP-induced behavioral change. These results demonstrate that alcohol-seeking behavior was negatively regulated by the potentiation of excitatory OFC→DMS neurotransmission. Our findings provide direct evidence that the OFC exerts "top-down" control of alcohol-seeking behavior via the DMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xueyi Xie
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Himanshu Gangal
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Sebastian Melo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Jared Jerger
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kayla Woodson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Eric Garr
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Patricia Janak
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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22
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Leong ATL, Wang X, Wong EC, Dong CM, Wu EX. Neural activity temporal pattern dictates long-range propagation targets. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118032. [PMID: 33836268 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain possesses a complex spatiotemporal architecture for efficient information processing and computing. However, it remains unknown how neural signal propagates to its intended targets brain-wide. Using optogenetics and functional MRI, we arbitrarily initiated various discrete neural activity pulse trains with different temporal patterns and revealed their distinct long-range propagation targets within the well-defined, topographically organized somatosensory thalamo-cortical circuit. We further observed that such neural activity propagation over long range could modulate brain-wide sensory functions. Electrophysiological analysis indicated that distinct propagation pathways arose from system level neural adaptation and facilitation in response to the neural activity temporal characteristics. Together, our findings provide fundamental insights into the long-range information transfer and processing. They directly support that temporal coding underpins the whole brain functional architecture in presence of the vast and relatively static anatomical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xunda Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eddie C Wong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Celia M Dong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.
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23
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Abstract
Technology for simultaneous control and readout of the membrane potential of multiple neurons in behaving animals at high spatio-temporal resolution will have a high impact on neuroscience research. Significant progress in the development of Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs) now enables to optically record subthreshold and spiking activity from ensembles of cells in behaving animals. In some cases, the GEVIs were also combined with optogenetic actuators to enable 'all-optical' control and readout of membrane potential at cellular resolution. Here I describe the recent progress in GEVI development and discuss the various aspects necessary to perform a successful 'all-optical' electrophysiology experiment in behaving, head-fixed animals. These aspects include the voltage indicators, the optogenetic actuators, strategies for protein expression, optical hardware, and image processing software. Furthermore, I discuss various applications of the technology, highlighting its advantages over classic electrode-based techniques. I argue that GEVIs now transformed from a 'promising' technology to a practical tool that can be used to tackle fundamental questions in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Adam
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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24
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Abstract
OCD has lagged behind other psychiatric illnesses in the identification of molecular treatment targets, due in part to a lack of significant findings in genome-wide association studies. However, while progress in this area is being made, OCD's symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety can be deconstructed into distinct neural functions that can be dissected in animal models. Studies in rodents and non-human primates have highlighted the importance of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits in OCD pathophysiology, and emerging studies in human post-mortem brain tissue point to glutamatergic synapse abnormalities as a potential cellular substrate for observed dysfunctional behaviors. In addition, accumulated evidence points to a potential role for neuromodulators including serotonin and dopamine in both OCD pathology and treatment. Here, we review current efforts to use animal models for the identification of molecules, cell types, and circuits relevant to OCD pathophysiology. We start by describing features of OCD that can be modeled in animals, including circuit abnormalities and genetic findings. We then review different strategies that have been used to study OCD using animal model systems, including transgenic models, circuit manipulations, and dissection of OCD-relevant neural constructs. Finally, we discuss how these findings may ultimately help to develop new treatment strategies for OCD and other related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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25
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Tremblay S, Acker L, Afraz A, Albaugh DL, Amita H, Andrei AR, Angelucci A, Aschner A, Balan PF, Basso MA, Benvenuti G, Bohlen MO, Caiola MJ, Calcedo R, Cavanaugh J, Chen Y, Chen S, Chernov MM, Clark AM, Dai J, Debes SR, Deisseroth K, Desimone R, Dragoi V, Egger SW, Eldridge MAG, El-Nahal HG, Fabbrini F, Federer F, Fetsch CR, Fortuna MG, Friedman RM, Fujii N, Gail A, Galvan A, Ghosh S, Gieselmann MA, Gulli RA, Hikosaka O, Hosseini EA, Hu X, Hüer J, Inoue KI, Janz R, Jazayeri M, Jiang R, Ju N, Kar K, Klein C, Kohn A, Komatsu M, Maeda K, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Matsumoto M, Maunsell JHR, Mendoza-Halliday D, Monosov IE, Muers RS, Nurminen L, Ortiz-Rios M, O'Shea DJ, Palfi S, Petkov CI, Pojoga S, Rajalingham R, Ramakrishnan C, Remington ED, Revsine C, Roe AW, Sabes PN, Saunders RC, Scherberger H, Schmid MC, Schultz W, Seidemann E, Senova YS, Shadlen MN, Sheinberg DL, Siu C, Smith Y, Solomon SS, Sommer MA, Spudich JL, Stauffer WR, Takada M, Tang S, Thiele A, Treue S, Vanduffel W, Vogels R, Whitmire MP, Wichmann T, Wurtz RH, Xu H, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Shenoy KV, DiCarlo JJ, Platt ML. An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Optogenetics. Neuron 2020; 108:1075-1090.e6. [PMID: 33080229 PMCID: PMC7962465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has been mixed. To make evidence-based decisions in primate optogenetics, the scientific community would benefit from a centralized database listing all attempts, successful and unsuccessful, of using optogenetics in the primate brain. We contacted members of the community to ask for their contributions to an open science initiative. As of this writing, 45 laboratories around the world contributed more than 1,000 injection experiments, including precise details regarding their methods and outcomes. Of those entries, more than half had not been published. The resource is free for everyone to consult and contribute to on the Open Science Framework website. Here we review some of the insights from this initial release of the database and discuss methodological considerations to improve the success of optogenetic experiments in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tremblay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Leah Acker
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arash Afraz
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Albaugh
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Amita
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariana R Andrei
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Amir Aschner
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Puiu F Balan
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele A Basso
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giacomo Benvenuti
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Caiola
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Roberto Calcedo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - James Cavanaugh
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Spencer Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mykyta M Chernov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ji Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Samantha R Debes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Bioengineering, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Desimone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seth W Egger
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francesco Fabbrini
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Christopher R Fetsch
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience & Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michal G Fortuna
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert M Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Naotaka Fujii
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alexander Gail
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Supriya Ghosh
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc Alwin Gieselmann
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roberto A Gulli
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Hu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Janina Hüer
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rundong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Niansheng Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kohitij Kar
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carsten Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam Kohn
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Misako Komatsu
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeda
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - John H R Maunsell
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Neurosurgery and Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ross S Muers
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lauri Nurminen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, and Bio-X Institute, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sorin Pojoga
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rishi Rajalingham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Evan D Remington
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cambria Revsine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anna W Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Philip N Sabes
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development of Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LT, UK
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yann-Suhan Senova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, The Kavli Institute for Brain Science & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
| | - David L Sheinberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Caitlin Siu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Selina S Solomon
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John L Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William R Stauffer
- Systems Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shiming Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alexander Thiele
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Stefan Treue
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; MGH Martinos Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew P Whitmire
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Robert H Wurtz
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Haoran Xu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Neurobiology, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X Institute, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James J DiCarlo
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Marketing, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Booth LC, Yao ST, Korsak A, Farmer DGS, Hood SG, McCormick D, Boesley Q, Connelly AA, McDougall SJ, Korim WS, Guild SJ, Mastitskaya S, Le P, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Ackland GL, Malpas SC, McAllen RM, Allen AM, May CN, Gourine AV. Selective optogenetic stimulation of efferent fibers in the vagus nerve of a large mammal. Brain Stimul 2020; 14:88-96. [PMID: 33217609 PMCID: PMC7836098 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrical stimulation applied to individual organs, peripheral nerves, or specific brain regions has been used to treat a range of medical conditions. In cardiovascular disease, autonomic dysfunction contributes to the disease progression and electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve has been pursued as a treatment for the purpose of restoring the autonomic balance. However, this approach lacks selectivity in activating function- and organ-specific vagal fibers and, despite promising results of many preclinical studies, has so far failed to translate into a clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease. Objective Here we report a successful application of optogenetics for selective stimulation of vagal efferent activity in a large animal model (sheep). Methods and results Twelve weeks after viral transduction of a subset of vagal motoneurons, strong axonal membrane expression of the excitatory light-sensitive ion channel ChIEF was achieved in the efferent projections innervating thoracic organs and reaching beyond the level of the diaphragm. Blue laser or LED light (>10 mW mm−2; 1 ms pulses) applied to the cervical vagus triggered precisely timed, strong bursts of efferent activity with evoked action potentials propagating at speeds of ∼6 m s−1. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that in species with a large, multi-fascicled vagus nerve, it is possible to stimulate a specific sub-population of efferent fibers using light at a site remote from the vector delivery, marking an important step towards eventual clinical use of optogenetic technology for autonomic neuromodulation. Described is a method of selective efferent vagus nerve stimulation using light. Vagal preganglionic neurons are targeted to express light-sensitive channels. Specific efferent VNS by light delivery to the cervical vagus is achieved in a large animal model. Demonstrates feasibility of using optogenetic technology for autonomic neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsea C Booth
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Song T Yao
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, MDHS, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David G S Farmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sally G Hood
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel McCormick
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Quinn Boesley
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angela A Connelly
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDougall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Willian S Korim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phuong Le
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- Physiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Physiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon C Malpas
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin M McAllen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clive N May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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Schwabe MR, Taxier LR, Frick KM. It takes a neural village: Circuit-based approaches for estrogenic regulation of episodic memory. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 59:100860. [PMID: 32781195 PMCID: PMC7669700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behaviors, such as episodic memory formation, are complex processes involving coordinated activity in multiple brain regions. However, much of the research on hormonal regulation of cognition focuses on manipulation of one region at a time or provides a single snapshot of how a systemic treatment affects multiple brain regions without investigating how these regions might interact to mediate hormone effects. Here, we use estrogenic regulation of episodic memory as an example of how circuit-based approaches may be incorporated into future studies of hormones and cognition. We first review basic episodic memory circuitry, rapid mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol can alter circuit activity, and current knowledge about 17β-estradiol's effects on episodic memory. Next, we outline approaches that researchers can employ to consider circuit effects in their estrogen research and provide examples of how these methods have been used to examine hormonal regulation of memory and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Schwabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Lisa R Taxier
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States
| | - Karyn M Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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Kloc ML, Velasquez F, Niedecker RW, Barry JM, Holmes GL. Disruption of hippocampal rhythms via optogenetic stimulation during the critical period for memory development impairs spatial cognition. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1535-1547. [PMID: 32871261 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal oscillations play a critical role in the ontogeny of allocentric memory in rodents. During the critical period for memory development, hippocampal theta is the driving force behind the temporal coordination of neuronal ensembles underpinning spatial memory. While known that hippocampal oscillations are necessary for normal spatial cognition, whether disrupted hippocampal oscillatory activity during the critical period impairs long-term spatial memory is unknown. Here we investigated whether disruption of normal hippocampal rhythms during the critical period have enduring effects on allocentric memory in rodents. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that disruption of hippocampal oscillations via artificial regulation of the medial septum during the critical period for memory development results in long-standing deficits in spatial cognition. METHODS After demonstrating that pan-neuronal medial septum (MS) optogenetic stimulation (465 nm activated) regulated hippocampal oscillations in weanling rats we used a random pattern of stimulation frequencies to disrupt hippocampal theta rhythms for either 1Hr or 5hr a day between postnatal (P) days 21-25. Non-stimulated and yellow light-stimulated (590 nm) rats served as controls. At P50-60 all rats were tested for spatial cognition in the active avoidance task. Rats were then sacrificed, and the MS and hippocampus assessed for cell loss. Power spectrum density of the MS and hippocampus, coherences and voltage correlations between MS and hippocampus were evaluated at baseline for a range of stimulation frequencies from 0.5 to 110 Hz and during disruptive hippocampal stimulation. Unpaired t-tests and ANOVA were used to compare oscillatory parameters, behavior and cell density in all animals. RESULTS Non-selective optogenetic stimulation of the MS in P21 rats resulted in precise regulation of hippocampal oscillations with 1:1 entrainment between stimulation frequency (0.5-110 Hz) and hippocampal local field potentials. Across bandwidths MS stimulation increased power, coherence and voltage correlation at all frequencies whereas the disruptive stimulation increased power and reduced coherence and voltage correlations with most statistical measures highly significant (p < 0.001, following correction for false detection). Rats receiving disruptive hippocampal stimulation during the critical period for memory development for either 1Hr or 5hr had marked impairment in spatial learning as measured in active avoidance test compared to non-stimulated or yellow light-control rats (p < 0.001). No cell loss was measured between the blue-stimulated and non-stimulated or yellow light-stimulated controls in either the MS or hippocampus. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that robust regulation of hippocampal oscillations can be achieved with non-selective optogenetic stimulation of the MS in rat pups. A disruptive hippocampal stimulation protocol, which markedly increases power and reduces coherence and voltage correlations between the MS and hippocampus during the critical period of memory development, results in long-standing spatial cognitive deficits. This spatial cognitive impairment is not a result of optogenetic stimulation-induced cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Kloc
- Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Francisco Velasquez
- Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Rhys W Niedecker
- Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jeremy M Barry
- Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Epilepsy Development and Cognition Group, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Su Y, Huang X, Huang Z, Huang T, Li T, Fan H, Zhang K, Yi C. Early But Not Delayed Optogenetic RAF Activation Promotes Astrocytogenesis in Mouse Neural Progenitors. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4358-68. [PMID: 32598937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway promotes gliogenesis but the kinetic role of RAF1, a key RAF kinase, in the induction of astrocytogenesis remains to be elucidated. To address this challenge, we determine the temporal functional outcome of RAF1 during mouse neural progenitor cell differentiation using an optogenetic RAF1 system (OptoRAF1). OptoRAF1 allows for reversible activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway via plasma membrane recruitment of RAF1 based on blue light-sensitive protein dimerizer CRY2/CIB1. We found that early light-induced OptoRAF1 activation in neural progenitor cells promotes cell proliferation and increased expression of glial markers and glia-enriched genes. However, delayed OptoRAF1 activation in differentiated neural progenitor had little effect on glia marker expression, suggesting that RAF1 is required to promote astrocytogenesis only within a short time window. In addition, activation of OptoRAF1 did not have a significant effect on neurogenesis, but was able to promote neuronal neurite growth.
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Fredericks JM, Dash KE, Jaskot EM, Bennett TW, Lerchner W, Dold G, Ide D, Cummins AC, Der Minassian VH, Turchi JN, Richmond BJ, Eldridge MAG. Methods for mechanical delivery of viral vectors into rhesus monkey brain. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108730. [PMID: 32302596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern molecular tools make it possible to manipulate neural activity in a reversible and cell-type specific manner. For rhesus monkey research, molecular tools are generally introduced via viral vectors. New instruments designed specifically for use in monkey research are needed to enhance the efficiency and reliability of vector delivery. NEW METHOD A suite of multi-channel injection devices was developed to permit efficient and uniform vector delivery to cortical regions of the monkey brain. Manganese was co-infused with virus to allow rapid post-surgical confirmation of targeting accuracy using MRI. A needle guide was designed to increase the accuracy of sub-cortical targeting using stereotaxic co-ordinates. RESULTS The multi-channel injection devices produced dense, uniform coverage of dorsal surface cortex, ventral surface cortex, and intra-sulcal cortex, respectively. Co-infusion of manganese with the viral vector allowed for immediate verification of injection accuracy. The needle guide improved accuracy of targeting sub-cortical structures by preventing needle deflection. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The current methods, hand-held injections or single slow mechanical injection, for surface cortex transduction do not, in our hands, produce the density and uniformity of coverage provided by the injector arrays and associated infusion protocol. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency and reliability of vector delivery has been considerably improved by the development of new methods and instruments. This development should facilitate the translation of chemo- and optogenetic studies performed in smaller animals to larger animals such as rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Megan Fredericks
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - Kiana E Dash
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emilia M Jaskot
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Walter Lerchner
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Dold
- Section on Instrumentation, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Ide
- Section on Instrumentation, NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Janita N Turchi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bo B, Li Y, Li W, Wang Y, Tong S. Optogenetic translocation of protons out of penumbral neurons is protective in a rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:881-90. [PMID: 32289721 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular acidosis in the ischemic penumbra can contribute to further cell death, effectively enlarging the infarct core. Restoring the acid-base balance may enhance tissue survivability after cerebral ischemia. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether translocating protons out of penumbral neurons could mitigate tissue acidification and induce neuroprotection in a rodent model of acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS We modulated the penumbral neurons via a light-driven pump to translocate protons out (i.e., archaerhodopsin/ArchT group) or into (i.e., channelrhodopsin-2/ChR2 group) neurons after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Intracellular pH values were imaged via neutral red (NR) fluorescence and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored through laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). Global CBF responses to electrical stimulation of the hindlimbs were obtained 24 h and 48 h after ischemia to assess neurological function. Behavioral and histological outcomes were evaluated 48 h after ischemia. A control group without gene modification was included. RESULTS The reduction of relative pH (RpH), the amplitude of negative peak of hypoemic response (RNP) and the hemispheric lateralization index (LI) in ArchT group were significantly less than those of the ChR2 or control group. Moreover, RpH was strongly correlated with RNP (r = 0.60) and LI (r24h = 0.80, r48h = 0.59). In addition, behavioral and histological results supported a neuroprotective effect of countering neuronal acidosis in penumbra through optogenetic stimulation. CONCLUSION(S) These results indicate that countering intracellular acidosis by optogenetically translocating protons out of penumbral neurons during the acute ischemic stage could induce protection after ischemic brain injury.
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Faye C, Hen R, Guiard BP, Denny CA, Gardier AM, Mendez-David I, David DJ. Rapid Anxiolytic Effects of RS67333, a Serotonin Type 4 Receptor Agonist, and Diazepam, a Benzodiazepine, Are Mediated by Projections From the Prefrontal Cortex to the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:514-25. [PMID: 31623825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of serotonin (5-HT) type 4 receptors (5-HT4Rs) has been shown to have anxiolytic effects in a variety of animal models. Characterizing the circuits responsible for these effects should offer insights into new approaches to treat anxiety. METHODS We evaluated whether acute 5-HT4R activation in glutamatergic axon terminals arising from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) induced fast anxiolytic effects. Anxiolytic effects of an acute systemic administration (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or intra-mPFC infusion with the 5-HT4R agonist, RS67333 (0.5 μg/side), were examined in mice. To provide evidence that anxiolytic effects of RS67333 recruited an mPFC-DRN neural circuit, in vivo recordings of firing rate of DRN 5-HT neurons, cerebral 5-HT depletion, and optogenetic activation and silencing were performed. RESULTS Acute systemic administration and intra-mPFC infusion of RS67333 produced fast anxiolytic effects and increased DRN 5-HT cell firing. Serotonin depletion prevented anxiolytic effects induced by mPFC infusion of RS67333. Surprisingly the anxiolytic effects of mPFC infusion diazepam (1.5 μg/side) were also blocked by 5-HT depletion. Optogenetically activating mPFC terminals targeting the DRN reduced anxiety, whereas silencing this circuit blocked RS67333 and diazepam mPFC infusion-induced anxiolytic effects. Finally, anxiolytic effects induced by an acute systemic RS67333 or diazepam administration were partially blocked after optogenetically inhibiting cortical glutamatergic terminals in the DRN. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that activating 5-HT4R acutely in the mPFC or targeting mPFC pyramidal cell terminals in the DRN might constitute a strategy to produce a fast anxiolytic response.
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Yousefi OS, Hörner M, Wess M, Idstein V, Weber W, Schamel WWA. Optogenetic Tuning of Ligand Binding to The Human T cell Receptor Using The opto-ligand-TCR System. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3540. [PMID: 33659514 PMCID: PMC7842703 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are one major cell type of the immune system that use their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to bind and respond to foreign molecules derived from pathogens. The ligand-TCR interaction half-lives determine stimulation outcome. Until recently, scientists relied on mutating either the TCR or its ligands to investigate how varying TCR-ligand interaction durations impacted on T cell activation. Our newly created opto-ligand-TCR system allowed us to precisely and reversibly control ligand binding to the TCR by light illumination. This system uses phytochrome B (PhyB) tetramers as a light-regulated TCR ligand. PhyB can be photoconverted between a binding (ON) and non-binding (OFF) conformation by 660 nm and 740 nm light illumination, respectively. PhyB ON is able to bind to a synthetic TCR, generated by fusing the PhyB interacting factor (PIF) to the TCRβ chain. Switching PhyB to the OFF conformation disrupts this interaction. Sufficiently long binding of PhyB tetramers to the PIF-TCR led to T cell activation as measured by calcium influx. Here, we describe protocols for how to generate the tetrameric ligand for our opto-ligand-TCR system, how to measure ligand-TCR binding by flow cytometry and how to quantify T cell activation via calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Sascha Yousefi
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hörner
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wess
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Idstein
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Sunshine MD, Sutor TW, Fox EJ, Fuller DD. Targeted activation of spinal respiratory neural circuits. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113256. [PMID: 32087253 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal interneurons which discharge in phase with the respiratory cycle have been repeatedly described over the last 50 years. These spinal respiratory interneurons are part of a complex propriospinal network that is synaptically coupled with respiratory motoneurons. This article summarizes current knowledge regarding spinal respiratory interneurons and emphasizes chemical, electrical and physiological methods for activating spinal respiratory neural circuits. Collectively, the work reviewed here shows that activating spinal interneurons can have a powerful impact on spinal respiratory motor output, and can even drive rhythmic bursting in respiratory motoneuron pools under certain conditions. We propose that the primary functions of spinal respiratory neurons include 1) shaping the respiratory pattern into the final efferent motor output from the spinal respiratory nerves; 2) coordinating respiratory muscle activation across the spinal neuraxis; 3) coordinating postural, locomotor and respiratory movements, and 4) enabling plasticity of respiratory motor output in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Sunshine
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, United States of America; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States of America; Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, United States of America; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, United States of America
| | - Tommy W Sutor
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, United States of America; Rehabilitation Science PhD Program, University of Florida, United States of America; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily J Fox
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, United States of America; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, United States of America; Clinical Research Center, Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, United States of America; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States of America; Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, United States of America.
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Balthazart J. How technical progress reshaped behavioral neuroendocrinology during the last 50 years… and some methodological remarks. Horm Behav 2020; 118:104682. [PMID: 31927020 PMCID: PMC7019036 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first issue of Hormones and Behavior was published 50 years ago in 1969, a time when most of the techniques we currently use in Behavioral Endocrinology were not available. Researchers have during the last 5 decades developed techniques that allow measuring hormones in small volumes of biological samples, identify the sites where steroids act in the brain to activate sexual behavior, characterize and quantify gene expression correlated with behavior expression, modify this expression in a specific manner, and manipulate the activity of selected neuronal populations by chemogenetic and optogenetic techniques. This technical progress has considerably transformed the field and has been very beneficial for our understanding of the endocrine controls of behavior in general, but it did also come with some caveats. The facilitation of scientific investigations came with some relaxation of methodological exigency. Some critical controls are no longer performed on a regular basis and complex techniques supplied as ready to use kits are implemented without precise knowledge of their limitations. We present here a selective review of the most important of these new techniques, their potential problems and how they changed our view of the hormonal control of behavior. Fortunately, the scientific endeavor is a self-correcting process. The problems have been identified and corrections have been proposed. The next decades will obviously be filled with exciting discoveries in behavioral neuroendocrinology.
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Zhang C, Yang S, Flossmann T, Gao S, Witte OW, Nagel G, Holthoff K, Kirmse K. Optimized photo-stimulation of halorhodopsin for long-term neuronal inhibition. BMC Biol 2019; 17:95. [PMID: 31775747 PMCID: PMC6882325 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Optogenetic silencing techniques have expanded the causal understanding of the functions of diverse neuronal cell types in both the healthy and diseased brain. A widely used inhibitory optogenetic actuator is eNpHR3.0, an improved version of the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin derived from Natronomonas pharaonis. A major drawback of eNpHR3.0 is related to its pronounced inactivation on a time-scale of seconds, which renders it unsuited for applications that require long-lasting silencing. Results Using transgenic mice and Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing an eNpHR3.0-EYFP fusion protein, we here report optimized photo-stimulation techniques that profoundly increase the stability of eNpHR3.0-mediated currents during long-term photo-stimulation. We demonstrate that optimized photo-stimulation enables prolonged hyperpolarization and suppression of action potential discharge on a time-scale of minutes. Conclusions Collectively, our findings extend the utility of eNpHR3.0 to the long-lasting inhibition of excitable cells, thus facilitating the optogenetic dissection of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Zhang
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Present Address: Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shang Yang
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, & Institute of Physiology - Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tom Flossmann
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Present Address: Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, & Institute of Physiology - Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, & Institute of Physiology - Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Knut Holthoff
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Knut Kirmse
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Jing MY, Han X, Zhao TY, Wang ZY, Lu GY, Wu N, Song R, Li J. Re-examining the role of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons in motor activity and reinforcement by chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulation in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1421-1430. [PMID: 31313126 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise contributions of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons to reward-related behaviors are a longstanding hot topic of debate. Whether the activity of VTA DAergic neurons directly modulates rewarding behaviors remains uncertain. In the present study, we investigated the fundamental role of VTA DAergic neurons in reward-related movement and reinforcement by employing dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre transgenic mice expressing hM3Dq, hM4Di or channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) in VTA DAergic neurons through Cre-inducible adeno-associated viral vector transfection. On the one hand, locomotion was tested in an open field to examine motor activity when VTA DAergic neurons were stimulated or inhibited by injection of the hM3Dq or hM4Di ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), respectively. CNO injection to selectively activate or inhibit VTA DAergic neurons significantly increased or decreased locomotor activity, respectively, compared with vehicle injection, indicating that VTA DAergic neuron stimulation is directly involved in the regulation of motor activity. On the other hand, we used the optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) model to investigate the causal link between reinforcement and VTA DAergic neurons. Active poking behavior but not inactive poking behavior was significantly escalated in a frequency- and pulse duration-dependent manner. In addition, microdialysis revealed that the concentration of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was enhanced by selective optogenetic activation of VTA DAergic neurons. Furthermore, systemic administration of a DA D1 receptor antagonist significantly decreased oICSS reinforcement. Our research profoundly demonstrates a direct regulatory role of VTA DAergic neurons in movement and reinforcement and provides meaningful guidance for the development of novel treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric diseases related to the malfunction of the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tai-Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guan-Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Abstract
Modulation of the embryonic stem cell state is beneficial for elucidating the innate mechanisms of development and regenerative medicine. Ion flux plays important roles in modulating the transition between stemness and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Optogenetics is a novel tool for manipulating ion flux. To investigate the impact of optical stimulation on embryonic stem cells, optogenetically engineered V6.5 mESCs were used to measure the depolarization mediated by ChR2 on the proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of mESCs. Blue light stimulation significantly inhibited ChR2-GFP-V6.5 ESC proliferation and disrupted the cell cycle progression, reducing the proportion of cells in the S phase. Interestingly, optical stimulation could inhibit ChR2-GFP-V6.5 ESC self-renewal and trigger differentiation by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Our data suggest that membrane potential changes play pivotal roles in regulating the proliferation, self-renewal and initiation of differentiation of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China.,2Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071 China.,3Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Lu Du
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China.,3Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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Juneau ZC, Stonemetz JM, Toma RF, Possidente DR, Heins RC, Vecsey CG. Optogenetic activation of short neuropeptide F (sNPF) neurons induces sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:143-156. [PMID: 30935941 PMCID: PMC6520144 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sleep abnormalities have widespread and costly public health consequences, yet we have only a rudimentary understanding of the events occurring at the cellular level in the brain that regulate sleep. Several key signaling molecules that regulate sleep across taxa come from the family of neuropeptide transmitters. For example, in Drosophila melanogaster, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-related transmitter short neuropeptide F (sNPF) appears to promote sleep. In this study, we utilized optogenetic activation of neuronal populations expressing sNPF to determine the causal effects of precisely timed activity in these cells on sleep behavior. Combining sNPF-GAL4 and UAS-Chrimson transgenes allowed us to activate sNPF neurons using red light. We found that activating sNPF neurons for as little as 3 s at a time of day when most flies were awake caused a rapid transition to sleep that persisted for another 2+ hours following the stimulation. Changing the timing of red light stimulation to times of day when flies were already asleep caused the control flies to wake up (due to the pulse of light), but the flies in which sNPF neurons were activated stayed asleep through the light pulse, and then showed further increases in sleep at later points when they would have normally been waking up. Video recording of individual fly responses to short-term (0.5-20 s) activation of sNPF neurons demonstrated a clear light duration-dependent decrease in movement during the subsequent 4-min period. These results provide supportive evidence that sNPF-producing neurons promote long-lasting increases in sleep, and show for the first time that even brief periods of activation of these neurons can cause changes in behavior that persist after cessation of activation. We have also presented evidence that sNPF neuron activation produces a homeostatic sleep drive that can be dissipated at times long after the neurons were stimulated. Future studies will determine the specific roles of sub-populations of sNPF-producing neurons, and will also assess how sNPF neurons act in concert with other neuronal circuits to control sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Claire Juneau
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, United States of America
| | - Jamie M Stonemetz
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, United States of America
| | - Ryan F Toma
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, United States of America
| | - Debra R Possidente
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, United States of America
| | - R Conor Heins
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, United States of America
| | - Christopher G Vecsey
- Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, United States of America; Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, United States of America.
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Desjardins M, Kılıç K, Thunemann M, Mateo C, Holland D, Ferri CGL, Cremonesi JA, Li B, Cheng Q, Weldy KL, Saisan PA, Kleinfeld D, Komiyama T, Liu TT, Bussell R, Wong EC, Scadeng M, Dunn AK, Boas DA, Sakadžić S, Mandeville JB, Buxton RB, Dale AM, Devor A. Awake Mouse Imaging: From Two-Photon Microscopy to Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2018; 4:533-542. [PMID: 30691968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in awake behaving mice is well positioned to bridge the detailed cellular-level view of brain activity, which has become available owing to recent advances in microscopic optical imaging and genetics, to the macroscopic scale of human noninvasive observables. However, though microscopic (e.g., two-photon imaging) studies in behaving mice have become a reality in many laboratories, awake mouse fMRI remains a challenge. Owing to variability in behavior among animals, performing all types of measurements within the same subject is highly desirable and can lead to higher scientific rigor. METHODS We demonstrated blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI in awake mice implanted with long-term cranial windows that allowed optical access for microscopic imaging modalities and optogenetic stimulation. We started with two-photon imaging of single-vessel diameter changes (n = 1). Next, we implemented intrinsic optical imaging of blood oxygenation and flow combined with laser speckle imaging of blood flow obtaining a mesoscopic picture of the hemodynamic response (n = 16). Then we obtained corresponding blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI data (n = 5). All measurements could be performed in the same mice in response to identical sensory and optogenetic stimuli. RESULTS The cranial window did not deteriorate the quality of fMRI and allowed alternation between imaging modalities in each subject. CONCLUSIONS This report provides a proof of feasibility for multiscale imaging approaches in awake mice. In the future, this protocol could be extended to include complex cognitive behaviors translatable to humans, such as sensory discrimination or attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Desjardins
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Martin Thunemann
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Celine Mateo
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christopher G L Ferri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan A Cremonesi
- Biology Undergraduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Baoqiang Li
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown
| | - Qun Cheng
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kimberly L Weldy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Payam A Saisan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Bussell
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric C Wong
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - David A Boas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown
| | - Joseph B Mandeville
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown
| | - Richard B Buxton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anna Devor
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown
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Putri RR, Chen L. Spatiotemporal control of zebrafish (Danio rerio) gene expression using a light-activated CRISPR activation system. Gene 2018; 677:273-9. [PMID: 30077009 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system is the convenient tool for targeted-gene activation, it has been developed and combined with a lighting-based system that can control transcription initiation spatially and temporally by utilizing photoreceptor derived from plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A blue light photoreceptor the Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), and its binding partner CIB1 will dimerize by exposure to the blue light and it has been applied to human cells. However, the application of a combination of these two systems to zebrafish cell is still not explored. We performed zebrafish gene activation using p65 and VP64 activators in the zebrafish cells (ZF4). Our study demonstrated that we have successfully controlled the transcription level of ASCL1a, BCL6a, and HSP70 genes using blue light-activated CRISPR activation system. The result showed that using this system, mRNA level expression of ASCL1a, BCL6a, and HSP70 genes increased after irradiated under blue light for several hours and significantly different to those which treated in the dark.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Psychological stress can impact memory systems in several different ways. In individuals with healthy defense and coping systems, stress results in the formation of negatively valenced memories whose ability to induce emotional and somatic distress subsides with time. Vulnerable individuals, however, go on to develop stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suffer from significant memory abnormalities. Whether expressed as intrusive trauma memories, partial amnesia, or dissociative amnesia, such abnormalities are thought to be the core source of patients' symptoms, which are often debilitating and implicate an entire socio-cognitive-affective spectrum. Recent Findings With this in mind, and focusing on stress-responsive hippocampal microcircuits, this article highlights recent advances in the neurobiology of memory that allow us to (1) isolate and visualize memory circuits, (2) change their activity using genetic tools and state-dependent manipulations, and (3) directly examine their impact on socio-affective circuits and global network connectivity. By integrating these approaches, we are now in a position to address important questions that have troubled psychiatry for a long time-questions such as are traumatic memories special, and why are stress effects on memory diverse. Summary Furthering our fundamental understanding of memory in the framework of adaptive and maladaptive stress responses has the potential to boost the development of new treatments that can benefit patients suffering from psychological trauma.
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Nedrud D, Schmidt D. Combinatorial Assembly of Lumitoxins. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1684:193-209. [PMID: 29058193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7362-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels are among the most important proteins in neuroscience and serve as drug targets for many brain disorders. During development, learning, disease progression, and other processes, the activity levels of specific ion channels are tuned in a cell-type specific manner. However, it is difficult to assess how cell-specific changes in ion channel activity alter emergent brain functions. We have developed a protein architecture for fully genetically encoded light-activated modulation of endogenous ion channel activity. Fusing a genetically encoded photoswitch and an ion channel-modulating peptide toxin in a computationally designed fashion, this reagent, which we call Lumitoxins, can mediate light-modulation of specific endogenous ion channel activities in targeted cells. The modular lumitoxin architecture may be useful in a diversity of neuroscience tools. Here, we delineate how to construct lumitoxin genes from synthesized components, and provide a general outline for how to test their function in mammalian cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nedrud
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 321 Church Street SE, 6-160 Jackson, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Dergacheva O, Mendelowitz D. Combined hypoxia and hypercapnia, but not hypoxia alone, suppresses neurotransmission from orexin to hypothalamic paraventricular spinally-projecting neurons in weanling rats. Brain Res 2017; 1679:33-38. [PMID: 29162453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Both orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and spinally-projecting pre-sympathetic neurons (PSNs) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular function under normal conditions and during cardiovascular challenges such as hypoxia and/or hypercapnia. We have previously established, using selective optogenetic excitation of orexin neurons and pathways, there is a heterogeneous neurotransmission from orexin neurons to PSNs in the PVN. This study was undertaken to test whether this pathway is altered by acute exposure to hypoxia alone and/or combined hypoxia and hypercapnia (H/H). To test this hypothesis, we selectively expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and photoactivated ChR2-expressing fibers to evoke postsynaptic currents in spinally-projecting PSNs in an in vitro slice preparation in rats. In accordance with previously published data, two subpopulations of spinally-projecting PSNs were established, including those with glutamatergic or GABAergic inputs from orexin neurons. Hypoxia alone did not alter the peak amplitude of either glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission, however, H/H significantly inhibited both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission from orexin neurons to SPNs. In conclusion, H/H may modulate cardiovascular function by affecting heterogeneous pathways from orexin neurons to spinally-projecting PSNs in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dergacheva
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - David Mendelowitz
- *Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Han X, Jing MY, Zhao TY, Wu N, Song R, Li J. Role of dopamine projections from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex in reinforcement behaviors assessed using optogenetic manipulation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1491-1502. [PMID: 28523568 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are predicted to play important roles in reward. In pharmacological studies, the rewarding effects of methamphetamine are mediated by DA neurons localized in the VTA. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortices (mPFC) are the main projections from the VTA. However, the role of these projections remains unclear, particularly the mPFC projections. In the present study, DAT-Cre transgenic mice received an injection of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) or control vector into the VTA resulting in the selective expression of these opsins in DA neurons. Then, we stimulated the VTA, NAc (core and shell) or mPFC (prelimbic cortex (PL) and infralimbic cortex (IL)) via an optical fiber. The mice with ChR2 learned instrumental responses corresponding to the delivery of photostimulation into the VTA. The projections to the NAc core and shell from the VTA and stimulation of the NAc subregion both induced reinforcement. For projections to the mPFC (IL and PL), we verified that stimulation of the IL induced reinforcement dependent on DA from the VTA but not the PL. Furthermore, micro-infusion of methamphetamine into the NAc core and NAc shell also induced hyper-locomotion in a dose-dependent manner with a slight tendency of increased excitation of the IL but not PL. Taken together, excitation of the projection into the NAc core, NAc shell and IL elicited positive behavior during reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Man-Yi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tai-Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Rui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Hu C, Sun T, Zeng Z, Cai X, Li H, Hu Z. Optogenetic regulation of artificial microRNA improves H 2 production in green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:257. [PMID: 29151886 PMCID: PMC5678773 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an ideal model organism not only for the study of basic metabolic processes in both plants and animals but also the production of biofuels including hydrogen. Transgenic analysis of C. reinhardtii is now well established and very convenient, but inducible exogenous gene expression systems remain under-studied. The most commonly used heat shock-inducible system has serious effects on algal cell growth and is difficult and costly to control in large-scale culture. Previous studies of hydrogen photoproduction in Chlamydomonas also use this heat-inducible system to activate target gene transcription and hydrogen synthesis. RESULTS Here we describe a blue light-inducible system with which we achieved optogenetic regulation of target gene expression in C. reinhardtii. This light-inducible system was engineered in a photosynthetic organism for the first time. The photo-inducible heterodimerizing proteins CRY2 and CIB1 were fused to VP16 transcription activation domain and the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, respectively. This scheme allows for transcription activation of the target gene downstream of the activation sequence in response to blue light. Using this system, we successfully engineered blue light-inducible hydrogen-producing transgenic alga. The transgenic alga was cultured under red light and grew approximately normally until logarithmic phase. When illuminated with blue light, the transgenic alga expressed the artificial miRNA targeting photosynthetic system D1 protein, and altered hydrogen production was observed. CONCLUSIONS The light-inducible system successfully activated the artificial miRNA and, consequently, regulation of its target gene under blue light. Moreover, hydrogen production was enhanced using this system, indicating a more convenient and efficient approach for gene expression regulation in large-scale microalgae cultivation. This optogenetic gene control system is a useful tool for gene regulation and also establishes a novel way to improve hydrogen production in green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinqin Jiang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Changxing Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Cai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
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Sun QQ, Zhou C, Yang W, Petrus D. Continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep in a mouse model of focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1581-1593. [PMID: 27527919 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine if mice with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) develop spontaneous epileptic seizures and, if so, determine the key electroencephalography (EEG) features. METHODS Unilateral single freeze lesions to the S1 region (SFLS1R) were made in postnatal day 0-1 pups to induce a neocortical microgyrus in the right cortical hemisphere. Continuous 24-h recordings with intracranial EEG electrodes and behavioral tests were performed in adult SFLS1R and sham-control mice to assess neurologic status. RESULTS A high percentage of adult SFLS1R animals (89%, 40/45) exhibited at least one or more spontaneous nonconvulsive seizure events over the course of 24 h. Of these animals, 60% (27/45) presented with a chronic seizure state that was persistent throughout the recording session, consisting of bursts of rhythmic high-amplitude spike-wave activities and primarily occurring during periods of slow-wave sleep. In comparison, none of the control, age-matched, mice (0/12) developed seizures. The epileptic discharge pattern closely resembled a pattern of continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep (CSWS) of the human syndrome described as an electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES). Key findings in the SFLS1R model indicated that the observed CSWS (1) were more prevalent in female (18/23) versus male (9/22, p < 0.05), (2) were strongest in the right S1 region although generalized to other brain regions, (3) were associated with significant cognitive and behavioral deficits, (4) were temporarily alleviated by ethosuximide treatment or optogenetic activation of cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and (5) theta and alpha band rhythms may play a key role in the generalization of spike-wave activities. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of an in vivo animal FCD model that induces chronic spontaneous electrographic brain seizures. Further characterization of the abnormal oscillations in this mouse model may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of CSWS/ESES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A
| | - Weiguo Yang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Petrus
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A
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Abstract
Photoswitchable proteins are becoming increasingly common tools for manipulating cellular processes with high spatial and temporal precision. Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is a small, water-soluble protein that undergoes a blue light induced change in conformation. It can serve as a scaffold for designing new tools to manipulate biological processes, but with respect to other protein scaffolds it presents some technical challenges. Here, we present practical information on how to overcome these, including how to synthesize the PYP chromophore, how to express and purify PYP, and how to screen for desired activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakeb M Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3H6.
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Zhao M, Alleva R, Ma H, Daniel AGS, Schwartz TH. Optogenetic tools for modulating and probing the epileptic network. Epilepsy Res 2015; 116:15-26. [PMID: 26354163 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects roughly 1% of the population worldwide. Although effective treatments with antiepileptic drugs are available, more than 20% of patients have seizures that are refractory to medical therapy and many patients experience adverse effects. Hence, there is a continued need for novel therapies for those patients. A new technique called "optogenetics" may offer a new hope for these refractory patients. Optogenetics is a technology based on the combination of optics and genetics, which can control or record neural activity with light. Following delivery of light-sensitive opsin genes such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), halorhodopsin (NpHR), and others into brain, excitation or inhibition of specific neurons in precise brain areas can be controlled by illumination at different wavelengths with very high temporal and spatial resolution. Neuromodulation with the optogenetics toolbox have already been shown to be effective at treating seizures in animal models of epilepsy. This review will outline the most recent advances in epilepsy research with optogenetic techniques and discuss how this technology can contribute to our understanding and treatment of epilepsy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Rose Alleva
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Hongtao Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Andy G S Daniel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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50
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Snowball A, Schorge S. Changing channels in pain and epilepsy: Exploiting ion channel gene therapy for disorders of neuronal hyperexcitability. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1620-34. [PMID: 25979170 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain and epilepsy together affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. While traditional pharmacotherapy provides essential relief to the majority of patients, a large proportion remains resistant, and surgical intervention is only possible for a select few. As both disorders are characterised by neuronal hyperexcitability, manipulating the expression of the most direct modulators of excitability - ion channels - represents an attractive common treatment strategy. A number of viral gene therapy approaches have been explored to achieve this. These range from the up- or down-regulation of channels that control excitability endogenously, to the delivery of exogenous channels that permit manipulation of excitability via optical or chemical means. In this review we highlight the key experimental successes of each approach and discuss the challenges facing their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Snowball
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephanie Schorge
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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